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Data, records, and transactions define the structures in our public system. Yet these tools and the bureaucracies to manage these by public institutions operate still much the same way as decades ago. At the same time, governments face challenges in the digital age and must find new ways in how to create trust in their systems while handling new societal challenges. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) of which blockchain is one system has experienced in recent years a lot of attention as it offers new ways of bringing public services to citizens and businesses. Because of this, governments have started experimenting and investing in blockchain and DLT solutions for the public sector. The OECD (2018) found already more than 200 government-led blockchain initiatives in more than 40 different countries. To understand where applicability of blockchain should be considered, it is important to recognize that DLT can be seen as a form of “general purpose technology”. This is due to the infrastructural character of the technology. This means that whether DLT or blockchain is a solution to a given problem in the public sector and can impact public value can only be answered on a case-to-case basis. In this report, we present a total of 21 DLT use cases associated to each of the Dutch ministries to show potential opportunities for application in different public sectors and services in the Netherlands. The use cases analysed build the basis for a new decision-making approach, in which we highlight the different steps that can be taken by the government to identify application possibilities in the future.

Contracts, transactions, and the records of them are among the defining structures in our government and public sector. Yet these critical tools and the bureaucracies managed by public institutions operate still much the same way as decades ago. At the same time, governments face challenges in the digital age and must find new ways in how to create trust in their systems while handling societal challenges. In this context, blockchain and other Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) applications in various public sectors have experienced a lot of attention in recent years because of their potential to enable effectiveness, trust and transparency. Still, the future of DLT implementation by governments is uncertain. This policy brief presents results from a study conducted for the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (BZK) in the Netherlands in 2021. The research aimed to investigate if DLT, can be a solution to overcome new challenges. Therefore, we ask three core questions: How can DLT be applied in the public sector? What public values can be strengthened or weakened through DLT adoption? And, what next steps should governments take regarding DLT?

In dit rapport presenteren we in totaal 21 DLT-use cases die verband houden met elk van de Nederlandse ministeries om mogelijke toepassingen te tonen in verschillende publieke sectoren en diensten in Nederland. De geanalyseerde use cases vormen input voor het ontwikkelen van een mogelijk nieuwe besluitvormingsaanpak, waarin we de verschillende stappen belichten die de overheid kan nemen om de toepassingsmogelijkheden in de toekomst te identificeren. Onze bevindingen benadrukken dat DLT een bijdrage kan leveren aan de volgende publieke waarden: • de democratische waarden; • de publieke integriteit; • samenwerking en participatie; • de efficiëntie van de overheid.

The present document is a deliverable of the hackAIR project, funded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 programme.The deliverable presents the final version of the project Data Management Plan. This final version lists the various datasets that have been produced by the project, the main data sharing and the major management principles that have been followed.

The present document is a deliverable of the hackAIR project, funded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 programme. This deliverableis concerned with the development of an effective strategy for promoting the adoption and usage of the hackAIR platform.

The present document is a deliverable of the hackAIR project, funded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 programme.The purpose of the current deliverable was to present the 1st Data Management plan of the hackAIR project. The deliverable was a collective product of work among the coordinator and the rest of the consortium partners. It includes detailed descriptions of all datasets that were collected, processed or generated in all Work packages during the first six months of the hackAIR project.

In this paper we present the DataBait platform, a set of privacy awareness tools and methods that offer online social network (OSN) users the ability to better manage their online presence and to better understand the economic value of their shared data in the context of EU FP7 USEMP project [17]. DataBait offers transparency on how users of OSNs may be profiled by their providers and third parties, while making visible what information they unknowingly disclose about themselves. Simultaneously DataBait offers tools to automatically change one’s privacy settings, based on the profile transparency that is provided. The paper starts by recounting the privacy paradox that refers to people sharing their private information even though they explicitly indicate that they would rather not share so much. It then explains how the DataBait tools will contribute to a new form of user empowerment, capable of reducing the privacy paradox. We follow up with an explanation of the legal ground that covers the processing of personal data, discussing the Data Licensing Agreement. Finally, we explain the architecture of the DataBait platform, hoping to clarify that and how data mining operations on the side of the users can enhance their awareness of the knowledge and information they leak while interacting with their preferred OSN.

In the past, much privacy research has focused on how social media use and social relationships are interrelated. Lately, more attention is given to the access and the use of personal data by Online Social Network (OSN) providers and other third parties. Here, data mining algorithms, machine learning techniques or other data extraction techniques play an essential role in creating meaningful information for understanding and predicting personal information of the user. This leads to a risk of disempowerment through the loss of user agency. Our research investigates how we could counter this data power imbalance, by confronting social groups and users with the way that their data is being collected, processed and inferred. From a theoretical perspective we build on the integration of Science and Technology Studies (STS) with Media and Communication Studies (MCS) (Gillespie et al., 2014), more in particularly taking a critical stance on the co- construction of technological systems (van Dijck, 2013; Mansell, 2012; Feenberg, 1999). In the paper we present the results of an in-depth user study within the interdisciplinary EU project USEMP (http://www.usemp-project.eu/). The study took place in Flanders (Belgium), in November and December 2014. Our findings discuss people's awareness and attitudes towards the way OSN providers and specific third parties can reason on their social media data and related inferences. Through means of 14 semi-structured qualitative interviews using a diverse and innovative set of probes, we captured insights on which personal data people generally find appropriate to share online and their attitudes towards the different ways of data gathering (volunteered, observed and inferred). Later on, we confronted our results with the data-reachability matrix (Creese et al., 2012) wherein the authors define which potential personal information can be inferred through the use of existing data extraction techniques on (a combination of) data, typically exposed on OSNs. Starting from these insights we analyze the need for and the possibility of an end-user visualization of personal data sharing behavior.

Location based services (LBS) have often been described as becoming the next "killer application" of mobile commerce since their launch, now almost a decade ago (cfr. Junglas and Watson, 2008). Partly due to the implementation of more accurate localization techniques, mobile service providers can - by taking the usage context into account - offer entirely new services, or add value to existing ones (Barnes, 2003). This contextual offering, i.e. the customer's perceived value of being able to access information at the right time in the right place, is one of the unique selling propositions of using LBS (Lee, 2005; Pura, 2005). As a result of these benefits of location information, mobile operators and other companies started to make important investments to extract, use and market it (Spiekermann, in: Schiller & Voisard, 2004). However, we do see that users are still reluctant to fully adopt these services, as adoption rates still remain very low (TNS Global, 2012; PewResearchCenter, 2013). The usage of personal data by third parties for commercial purposes and the provision of location-specific advertisements, make the use of personal data in LBS much more explicit. LBS require information about the users' physical location and sometimes identity and financial information to provide relevant services. Even when the identity is not explicitly revealed, the trace of location information can potentially lead to the identification of individuals (Jonker et al., 2005). Furthermore, since location-based networks are founded on a social computing technology that facilitates interpersonal communication and self-disclosure, it might also raise privacy issues when disclosing personal information in the location-based social network (Lowry, Cao & Everard, 2011). These possible losses of privacy, or breaches of the users' information privacy through tracking of their preferences, behaviour or identity, makes LBS users concerned to adopt these services (Zhou, 2012; Zhou, 2011; Xu, Teo & Yan, 2005). In the first place these privacy concerns decrease the users' intention to disclose personal information (Zhao et al., 2012; Xu, Teo, Tan & Agarwal, 2009). We suggest that in order to overcome these privacy concerns we need to question the underlying design principles of LBS. As LBS are a specific type of context aware applications where 'embodied interactions' are at stake (Dourish, 2004), we follow the plea from Belloti & Edwards (2001) to support intelligibility of system behavior and accountability for human users or to follow critical user participatory design principles (Claeys & Criel, 2009). When offering a highly personalized context-rich service, service providers and mobile network operators should empower users by enhancing their control over the data they distribute or interact with instead of disguising it. Based on the users' decision-making processes to reveal location information, an optimal privacy protection and balance between human and machine control should be guaranteed when using LBS. However, still little is know which factors influence the LBS users' intention to disclose location-related information, and especially within a European context. Based on a literature review and qualitative pre-study, our study builds therefore a privacy calculus model, in which individuals make privacy decisions based on an analysis of perceived risks and benefits resulting from the location information disclosure. In addition, the role of privacy intervention approaches used by LBS service providers is investigated by including incentives provision, privacy policy and privacy control. Using a survey distributed among a large- scale sample of 2.000 smartphone and mobile Internet users located in Belgium, we will test this model using the structural equation modelling technique (SEM). The results of this paper will enrich privacy research within the LBS context, but will more importantly provide practical recommendations to LBS service providers and mobile network operators in how to empower users with regard to the management of their personal data. A better understanding and control of the users' location information are a must, if LBS are to become - the legitimate application - of the 21st century.

A popular buzzword these days is SoLoMo; a term to describe the convergence of Social, Local and Mobile technologies. This phenonom is powered by the everincreasing adoption of smartphones, and the willingness to respond to the always connected and interactive modern consumer. However, these envisioned SoLoMo services and platforms rise a number of challenges towards the exploitation and access of (big) data and interrelated privacy concerns. Privacy issues are not a recent development, but they become more pronounced in the SoLoMo environment. An enormous amount of personal data are created, shared and collected by users everyday; data that could possibly be gathered by third parties. In addition to these concerns, users are also aware of the threats stemming from their social environment. These privacy concerns make many users rather reluctant to fully adopt SoLoMo services. Novel identity management and location privacy solutions should be integrated, so the user can decide how, when and with whom his mobile identity is being shared. The Proxy Technology Assessment (PTA) technique will be deployed to gain deeper insights into users' (location) privacy concerns and users' willingness to disclose location information. By means of existing technologies, that show as much similarities as possible with the technology under development (proxy technologies), we will explore how users engage with location privacy. This technique puts the user in the center of the innovation, and makes it possibile to understand how technology and new applications become part of people's everyday life. Participants will test two existing location-based services, Foursquare and Glympse, for a period of three weeks. These two different classes of location-based services were chosen, as initial exploration showed significant differences in sharing location information between social-driven (Foursquare) and purpose-driven services (Glympse). The privacy awareness, attitudes, capabilitiesand practices of users will be investigated, whilst also taking into account the social context in which these users are embedded. Based on these insights, we will formulate some concrete location privacy solutions for an optimal usage of SoLoMo services, in which users are comfortable sharing location information. Different design implications will be considered for future location-based services. The perceived value, the role of feedback, time and type of place are hereby important willingness to share parameters. Eventually, our study will yield a more robust understanding on how to find a right balance between offering highly targeted, context-rich services and an optimal privacy protection for each involved stakeholder

This paper investigates how self-organization can be supported at the level of the urban neighborhood, based on the interactions of neighborhood inhabitants using a prototyped and implemented social computing application called ZWERM1. According to Vasileva (2012), “Social Computing Applications” (SCA) allow users to discuss various topics in online forums, share their thoughts in blogs, share photos, videos, bookmarks, and connect with friends through social networks.” (Vasileva, 2012, p178). From the description, we can infer that SCA is a very similar concept to what is often called social media. Many initiatives exist that try to get people to know each other and do things together at the local level, but the number of digital systems that aim for this is limited. Even fewer are the systems that try to support selforganization. Heylighen et al (in presss) introduces the concept of the “mobilization system”, which can be defined as: “a socio-technological system that motivates and coordinates people to work towards a given objective” (Heylighen et al in press, p2). In this definition, the elements of coordination and motivation are important. Heylighen (2012) mentions amongst others gamification as an approach to create mobilization systems. From a societal point of view, such a system should act under the principle of libertarian paternalism, inciting people to do what is good for the collective, without law enforcement The focus of this paper is on how to support local self-organization in urban neighborhoods through a SCA mobilization system that uses gamification. To achieve this, two main objectives were put forward. Firstly, people should get to know each other. This is what we refer to as consolidating social capital. Secondly, this social capital should be made to act as the basis on which action can be undertaken. This is what we mean when we refer to the activation of social capital. Combining the above, the paper addresses the following central research question: “How can both the activation and the consolidation of social capital be achieved through the coordination and motivation elements that are typically found in mobilization systems built as social computing applications, in order to stimulate self-organization in urban neighborhoods?”

Innovation and creativity are highly valued concepts in today's industrial discourses. Interdisciplinary teams are seen as a way to avoid innovation failures (people centered design). Also in European research culture these ideas are put into practice during collaborate projects between universities and R&I company labs. Theoretical discourses on this topic are omnipresent, but showing impact of interdisciplinary work stays difficult because reflections on how this works in practice is limited. From a STS perspective we want to analyze the displacement between the plans and the path(s) such a team took, to learn more about the complex constellation and situational drivers that help or withheld the concepts of "interdisciplinary research" and "people centered design" to be realized in practice. Our case is the trajectory of the Belgian team working with members at universities and in industry during the ITEA2 project DIYSE. The project resulted in "Sensetale", an Internet-of-Things application creation platform that makes it possible for non-technical users to create own visualizations of self-installed sensors and defined concepts. In this paper a self-reflective study on the meta-process is presented, using interviews with the team reflecting on different types of the boundary objects (presentations, demonstrators, user research material, pictures, ...) as data. Starting to trace back from the Sensetale platform as a formal end point, we present the different views in the team on "interdisciplinary research". In this way we try to recollect the paths that turned into dead ends and the informal, less visible impact. Finally, the main lessons learned are presented, e.g creating new mixed methods, tracing impact.

This paper elaborates on the first results of an ongoing living lab project on ‘smart’ city engagement and offers a theoretical, methodological and empirical contribution to the field of user-driven innovation by describing a crowdsourcing experiment conducted in collaboration with the city of Ghent (Flanders). Our presented living lab approach has a double goal. First, it wants to empower citizens by systematically transforming the relationship(s) between citizens and between citizens (as service users) and local city-related governmental institutes (as service providers) by offering smart city applications. Second, it has the ambition to go beyond reactively studying information systems as change agents and wants to pro-actively improve engineering systems that can contribute to the desired changes in city engagement. Supporting citizens as self-actuating sensors to open up more innovative ways of collecting data is an important boundary of the research within a living lab context. We aim for user-driven innovation by involving citizens in the co-production of new electronic public services. Therefore we choose to go through a co-design process (Sanders & Stappers, 2008) with citizens defining the smart engagement applications that most probably will be developed and implemented in a living lab setting. Today, various innovation companies and organizations envision a central role for the user when looking for innovations. The attention for participation of the user is growing since the 80’s, although that the meaning of the concept ‘participation’ is not stable. Different people have used ‘participation’ in a wide variety of different situations and the widespread use of the term has tended to mean that ‘participation’ is used to refer to a wide variety of different situations by different people (Pateman, 1972). Therefore some point to participation as an empty signifier (Carpentier, 2007). The history and origin (and radicalism) of the concept as related to power issues is fading away under the diversity of its different meanings. Recently different participative methods were developed and are used to learn about users and their needs. Some known user-centered methods within industry are working with living labs (Niitamo, Kulkki, Eriksson, & Hribernik, 2006) and crowdsourcing (Hudson-Smith, Batty, Crooks, & Milton, 2009). Although participative methods were initially mainly focused on handing over the power to the user, currently much more attention is given to usability of applications and market forecasting when in the context of user involvement or co-creation. The analysis of power relations is fading slowly away. In our research the notion of participation is used in two ways: as a political phrase, referring to users who are gaining more power and impact on societal changes, and as a practical phrase referring to the forecasting of the success of urban smart engagement apps. This paper is structured in four parts. The first part of the paper introduces the concepts of engagement and ‘smartness’. The second part of the paper introduces crowdsourcing and also elaborates on the related concepts of ‘Web 2.0”, ‘collective intelligence’ and ‘wisdom of crowds’. The third part of the paper describes our methodology, introduces the online crowdsourcing enabler ‘mijndigitaalideevoorgent’, and presents the first, preliminary results of our crowdscourcing experiment. The fourth and last part of the paper formulates a conclusion and discussion of the results.

Ontology creation methodology for smart hospital

In this paper we present the AmIE project. AmIE is a product concept for independent living of elderly people within the field of Ambient Intelligence. Within the research 'independence' is defined in a holistic and empowering way. The implications for the design and development of the product concept are presented in this paper.

In onderzoek naar (on)gelijke kansen in de netwerkmaatschappij, meestal gedefinieerd als onderzoek naar de 'digitale kloof', wordt veelal cijfers en indicatoren naar voor geschoven om de verschillen in toegang tot de netwerkmaatschappij weer te geven en te problematiseren. Ook al worden tal van kanttekeningen geplaatst bij het concept 'digitale kloof' (o.a. Brants & Frissen, 2003; Carpentier, 2003), en verschuift ook beleidsmatig de aandacht van digitale kloof naar e-inclusie (Commissie van de Europese Gemeenschap, 2005), de onderzoekswereld heeft pas recent aandacht voor de consequenties van het wel of niet hebben van internettoegang en internetgebruik voor het leven in een netwerkmaatschappij (o.a. Wyatt, Henwood, e.a. 2000; Brants & Frissen, 2003). Verschillende auteurs (o.a. van Dijk, 2003, Clement & Shade, 2000) schuiven een reeks toegangsdrempels naar voor die overwonnen moeten worden om 'ingesloten' te zijn in de netwerkmaatschappij. Maar 'gelijke kansen' is meer dan dit. Het is eveneens belangrijk om informatie over persoonlijke voorkeuren en levenslopen van individuen mee te nemen in het begrip van 'gelijke kansen'. Gelijke kansen betekent namelijk niet hetzelfde als gelijkheid. Of zoals Amartya Sen het verwoordt in Inequality reexamined (1992): “[e]quality in terms of one variable may not coincide with equality in another. For example, equal opportunities can lead to very unequal incomes. Equal incomes can go with very significant differences in wealth. Equal wealth can coexist with very unequal happiness” (Sen, 1992: 2). Om de diversiteit en complexiteit van drempels en levenslopen mee te nemen en om bepaalde kwantitatieve vaststellingen te verklaren of de impact van ICT te kunnen inschatten of begrijpen, is het daarom belangrijk om aanvullende gedragsfenomenen van dichterbij en gedetailleerder te onderzoeken (Shade, 2002; Servaes, 2003). In dit doctoraatsproefschrift wordt daarom gekozen voor een interpretatieve benadering van de invulling van gelijke kansen in de netwerkmaatschappij. Het antwoord op de vraag naar gelijke kansen in de netwerk-maatschappij moet volgens mij dus niet gezocht worden in het zoeken naar de definiëren van de have en de have not's in de samenleving. Want de invulling van 'gelijke kansen' is mijns inziens niet gelijkheid, en dus niet 'iedereen online'. Wat het dan wel betekent onderzoek ik in dit doctoraatsproefschrift . Mijn zoektocht naar een andere invulling van gelijke kansen in de netwerkmaatschappij wordt geleid door de betekenissen die 'gewone' gebruik(st)ers aan ICT toegekennen in hun dagelijkse leefwereld. Daarbij wil ik niet enkel kijken naar wat individuen en beleidsmakers kunnen doen om tot meer gelijke kansen te komen, maar poog ik ook de rol van ICT-ontwerp(st)ers of ontwikkelaars te betrekken in mijn analyse. Deze rol lijkt me vaak onderschat in de mens- en sociale wetenschappen. Het zijn nog steeds mensen, ontwerp(st)ers die artefacten creëren waarin ze bepaalde scripts van handelingen inschrijven en zo meebepalen welke soorten ICT-gebruik mogelijk worden.

The present document is a deliverable of the hackAIR project, funded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 programme. This deliverable aims to outline a generic strategy for engaging multiple stakeholders and user groups with an interest in air quality information and/or who are especially affected by poor air quality to make use of the hackAIR platform and the tools provided.