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本研究は、都市近郊に活用されないまま偏在する緩衝緑地、圃場、里山をフィールドとして、環境デザイン、プロダクト・インテリアデザイン、ソーシャルアートの見地から、持続可能な地域協働型のデザイン教育モデルを構築することを目的としている。 具体的には、研究学園都市周辺地域の荒廃した保安林や緑地、共生ゾーン集落の里山、国営明石海峡公園神戸地区、キーナの森公園、神出里づくり地域などの活用されないまま残る緑地、里山、圃場地等において、自然生態、歴史、文化、環境、空間、素材などの調査活動および、立地環境や整備派生材を生かしたワークショップの企画・運営を実践し、地域協働型のデザイン教育モデルを試行した 。 令和3年度においては、調査対象地における、①地理的・歴史的・文化的側面からのランドスケープおよび建造物調査、②樹木や希少植物などの植生調査を中心に、既存資料などの集約を行い、対象地の利用価値について検討する基礎資料を作成した。実証実験では、地域の教育機関と連携した体験学習会を実施したほか、大学・大学院授業において里山をテーマとした制作を行った。また、調査や実験のプロセス、結果をリアルタイムに映像化・可視化し、SNS等によって情報公開を行った。, The purpose of this research is to construct a sustainable collaborative regional design education model from the perspectives of environmental design, product and interior design, and social art, using buffer green spaces, fields, and satoyama, which remain unutilized and unevenly distributed in the urban suburbs, as fields. In 2021, the project focused on (1) landscape and building surveys from geographical, historical, and cultural perspectives, (2) vegetation surveys of trees and rare plants, and compiled existing materials to create basic data for considering the us e value of the target sites. In the demonstration experiment, hands on learning sessions were conducted in collaboration with local educational institutions, and satoyama themed productions were conducted in university and graduate school classes. In addition, the process and results of the surveys and experiments were visualized in real time and made public through SNS and other means.

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally wide-spread parasite that infects almost all species of mammals and birds, including humans. We studied the spatial distribution of individual T. gondii-seropositive wild boar in Gifu Prefecture (10,621 km2), Japan. Altogether, 744 wild boars were captured at 663 points around human settlements in Gifu Prefecture. Serum samples were collected after recording the exact capture locations, along with each wild boar’s body length and sex. We then used a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for swine to measure anti-T. gondii antibodies in these animals. Among the 744 wild boars, 169 tested positive for T. gondii (22.7%). No significant difference in T. gondii seroprevalence was observed between the mountainous northern region with high winter snow cover and the mild-wintered geographical plain of the southern part of the prefecture. In contrast, 8 of the 11 wild boars that were captured in a public park surrounded by residential areas showed T. gondii seropositivity (72.7%), a value significantly higher than those of the wild boar populations in the other prefecture areas. This in-depth analysis, which spans the big city suburbs and rural areas of a whole prefecture, explains the seroprevalence of zoonotic T. gondii in wild boar and has public health implications.

INTRODUCTION. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States1. When cardiovascular disease results in cardiac arrest, the ability to perform basic life support (BLS) can change the outcome from death to survival. There is no definitive statistical data on high schoolers’ awareness of BLS. METHODS. A survey-based research study was conducted to find high schoolers’ awareness of BLS. 105 students, primarily from Kansas City suburbs, took a survey with questions ranging from their views on whether BLS courses should be integrated into the high school curriculum to the steps they would take when a person collapses on the ground. Results were analyzed to determine the students’ knowledge of different aspects of BLS and their interest in taking a BLS course in school. RESULTS. Over 70% of the students would take a BLS course should it be offered in a high school class. Most students answered questions regarding BLS steps correctly but lacked critical knowledge on an automated external defibrillator (AED). CONCLUSIONS. We have found that although over 70% of the students were aware of the basics of BLS, most students lacked knowledge on the critical aspects of BLS, such as the use of an AED. Most students recognize the importance of BLS in the high school curriculum and would acquire the skills in a high school class. We conclude that introducing a BLS course in the high school curriculum would improve the students’ knowledge and contribute to improved survival rates of victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest2.

In cities across Canada, suburbs have become important immigrant-receiving sites. This ‘suburbanization of immigrants’ is significantly affecting the housing situation in the Vancouver area, as the market responds to the preferences and requirements of new immigrant groups. This paper draws from a case study examining the settlement and housing experiences of recent immigrants from Mexico living in three Vancouver suburbs (Burnaby, Surrey, and Abbotsford). The findings from our survey of 129 Mexican immigrants and interviews with 60 key stakeholders reveal that housing affordability is a major issue for Mexican immigrant homeowners and renters. Almost half of the survey respondents spent more than 30% of their monthly income on housing. Renters used various strategies to afford housing, including sharing housing with relatives and co-ethnic friends (sometimes in overcrowded conditions), while some homeowners sublet rooms or rented out basement suites. The findings also revealed that in addition to facing employment and housing market challenges similar to other immigrant groups in Vancouver, Mexican immigrants experienced housing discrimination related to suspicions about undocumented immigration. Despite facing barriers to integration, the Mexican immigrants in our study were largely successful in improving their housing status in Canada. Policymakers and service planners must understand the ‘ethnic refashioning’ of major city suburbs and the housing issues faced by new groups of immigrants to better assist their integration.

Resumen En este artículo nos proponemos analizar las nociones de infancia que distintos actores sociopolíticos ponen en juego en barrios populares del área metropolitana bonaerense. Nos referimos a iniciativas impulsadas por pobladores, voluntarios y militantes políticos que se han planteado una propuesta colectivizada del cuidado de los niños y las niñas. El análisis busca documentar los modos en que la elaboración de qué significan los niños y cuáles son sus necesidades tienen lugar conforme se moldean y gestan las subjetividades políticas de quienes impulsan las obras. Este proceso, lejos de quedar restringido a los adultos, involucra de lleno a los niños, quienes participan activamente de la construcción de las acciones que los tienen por objeto y del reconocimiento de sus necesidades. Nos basaremos en el registro proveniente del trabajo de campo antropológico y etnográfico que llevamos adelante desde el año 2001 en la zona norte y noroeste del Gran Buenos Aires. Abstract In this article we set out to analyze the images of childhood that different sociopolitical actors put into play in popular neighborhoods of the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. We refer to initiatives promoted by residents, volunteers and political activists who have come up with a collectivized proposal for the care of children. We will base our analysis on the records that come from the anthropological and ethnographic field work that we have carried out since 2001 in the north and north-west of Buenos Aires city suburbs (Gran Buenos Aires). The analysis seeks to document the ways in which the production of images regarding children and their needs takes place as the political subjectivities of those who promote these actions are generated and shaped. This process, far from being restricted to adults, involves children fully, who turn out to be active in the processes of construction of those actions that have them as their object. Resumo Neste artigo propomos analisar as imagens da infância que diferentes atores sociopolíticos colocam em jogo nos bairros populares da Região Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Referimo-nos a iniciativas promovidas por moradores, voluntários e ativistas políticos que elaboraram uma proposta coletivizada para o atendimento de crianças. Nos basearemos no registro que vem do trabalho de campo antropológico e etnográfico que realizamos desde 2001 no norte e no noroeste da Grande Buenos Aires. A análise busca documentar as formas pelas quais a produção de imagens sobre crianças e suas necessidades acontece à medida que as subjetividades políticas daqueles que promovem os trabalhos são moldadas e gestadas. Esse processo, longe de se restringir aos adultos, envolve plenamente os filhos, que se mostram ativos nos processos de construção das ações que se destinam a eles.

Denpasar City as the capital of Bali Province is attractive to regional development. The limited space of Denpasar City directs the development towards the periphery. The extension of physical urban form will be a significant factor of suburban developments. The study aims to examine the type of urban sprawl development in the Denpasar suburbs, and their relation to the existence of agriculture. The qualitative research method is used to analyze the type of urban sprawl with the following indicators of typical land uses covering rice fields, forest park, open land, and settlements. Remote sensing analysis of these four indicators applies GIS model drawn from three time-series data of 2005, 2010 and 2015. Spatial approaches are applied to examine the patterns and structures of urban sprawl types. The results find two main types of urban sprawl development in the city suburbs, that is, leapfrog type which is mostly scattered in the north, and the ribbon type mainly centered in the eastern part of Denpasar City. Both types of urban sprawl play a crucial role in decreasing the amount of agricultural land, especially rice fields, in the suburbs of Denpasar.

Golf courses are wildlife habitats. Wetlands, roughs, trees, and wildflowers, all of these support wildlife. In the evolutionary process leading to modem methods of course design and construction, many of the natural features were plowed and leveled, allowing for a uniform surface upon which a golf ball could travel virtually unhindered. As natural and agricultural lands disappear under parking lots and urban industrial development, golf courses assume an increasingly important role for wildlife. A diversity of habitat is found on a golf course. Smooth, green tees and gently rolling fairways are soothing to the eye and the spirit. Aesthetics of the golf course are at least as important as the game itself. Golf courses create valuable green space in urban areas, reducing temperature and noise away from the asphalt and traffic of neighboring city suburbs. All species, including humans, are ultimately subject to potential exposure as the result of pesticides applied on golf course turfgrass.

The role of student housing in academic formative paths is rapidly changing and increasing in importance. According to international trends, university residencies are shifting their function from mere dormitories for students to more open structures for urban territories and the local population and are starting to be considered as important opportunities for enhancing and revitalizing the peripheral and problematic contexts in which they often are located. The case of the Politecnico di Milano is emblematic, due to the large investments the university injected into this sector over recent years, leading to the opening of three new residencies in the suburbs of Milan. This chapter reports on the activities developed by the authors over the last few years, aiming at fostering a more direct relationship among academic knowledge, educational strategies, and urban contexts. This comes via the experimentation of new forms of didactic and research, which attach great importance for university residencies for their possibility to share services, facilities, knowledge among students and the local population. The research focuses on the consequences of this change not only in sociological terms, but also in architectural ones, considering the new implications for the morpho-techno-typological design of structures. The results aim at going beyond the rigid constraints of the current regulation, developing a more open approach to design, which could be a starting point for the advisable revision of the law 338/2000, which is now 20 years old.

The article analyzes the processes of suburbanization and transformation of the spatial structure of the city of Ulan-Ude. On the example of intensive growth of the suburb, modern trends of socio-spatial stratification of resettlement, caused by socio-economic and historical factors of development, are clearly seen.

This paper dissects the ways in which Fordist and other corporate and state actors laid social and urban frameworks for Detroit in the early twentieth century and considers the urban practices of immigrant groups as these industries declined. I look at Arab and South Asian immigrants, many of whom arrived in the United States during periods of intense economic and national crises, and examine how they navigated through an “Americanized” and industrially fractured landscape. I argue that these immigrant groups drew into dense immigrant-oriented neighborhoods, where each community had their own means of propagating identity through national and religious forms, constructing and reusing buildings through a range of architectural references, and reinventing local and traditional building forms. Half a century later, these neighborhoods served as platforms that put forth the visions of immigrant communities, economically sustained a deteriorating industrial landscape, and became the vehicles by which immigrants claimed territoriality and belonging in Detroit.

Wiedza na temat stanu biologicznego średniowiecznej i nowożytnej ludności Torunia jest wysoce niewystarczająca. Niniejszy artykuł stara się tę lukę nieco wypełnić. Badania oparto głównie o materiały osteologiczne pochodzące ze stanowiska 114 przy ul. Wały gen. Sikorskiego w Toruniu. Przedstawiono ogólną strukturę płci i wieku zmarłych, charakterystyki kraniologiczne oraz zrekonstruowaną wysokość ciała. Podano wartości częstości niektórych markerów stresu oraz zmian patologicznych. The paper presents a general anthropological characterization of early Post-medieval inhabitants of Toruń, carried out based on the anthropological examination of skeletons coming from the cemetery discovered at Wały gen. Sikorskiego Street in Toruń (site 114). Craniological measurements were used for the preliminary comparison of skulls from Toruń and skulls from selected, historical populations diversified both in chronological and geographical terms. There was also reconstructed the height of body of former Toruń inhabitants, which is presented against the background of other historical communities of Poland. It was also carried out a review of some of more interesting pathological changes, amongst others of inflammatory, infectious and metabolic nature, as well as traces of bone injuries and degenerative changes of joints. The population in question, living in the 14th–18th century in the city suburbs, in terms of size and proportions of skulls’ construction have some similarities to craniological series obtained from not too distant Słaboszewo, as well as from Wrocław and central Germany. Skull of men and women from Toruń in light of length-width indicator are short (brachycephalic). Body height of the analysed population is in the range of medium and low values. In this respect the inhabitants of Toruń suburb resemble even the early medieval population. The qualitative image of pathological changes recorded on the remains most likely does not differ from other skeletal populations from Pomerania and wider from Poland. Nevertheless, the population in question is characterized by a particularly high percentage of skulls showing cribra orbitalia. It can be also assumed that population of Toruń suburbs was not particularly exposed to the risk of skeleton injury. New skeletal materials, as well as modern research techniques, which we plan to apply in subsequent stages of research will enable, perhaps, even more detailed and indepth recognition of life history and circumstances of death of former Toruń inhabitants.

Resort compound is a new stage of transformation and upgrading of tourism project. It’s high time to take an urgent measure to strengthen the research. According to the compilation and analysis of concept planning of Degang Resort in Feilai of Qingyuan City, we can draw a conclusion: the industrial spatial layout of optimal allocation, the holiday theme with distinctive characteristics, the humanities combining Geographical characteristics, the market-oriented means with characteristic management and cheap facilities with efficient activities are planning features on the Degang holiday project, which play a positive guiding role in the similar resort planning .

Various forms of physical training were widespread in the national culture of the East Slavs. One of its original forms was fisticuffs. North-west of Russia was not an exception. There was a fisticuffs version called Skobar, which was practised in the territory where the Krivichi, the powerful union of the East Slavic tribes, used to live. One of the versions explains the word Skobar as an alteration of Pskovar, which denotes an inhabitant of the Pskov region. Traditions of fisticuffs are known to have continued up to the second half of the 19th century. Their descriptions published in the magazine Pchela (The Bee) in 1878 have survived until today. So, for example, in Pskov fights were held 'wall on wall - in an avalanche', some hundreds of people on each side. Other cities of the province were famous for fisticuffs as well. In Velikie Luki they were a usual youth entertainment at Christmastide and Shrovetide. Com- petitions were generally held in the city suburbs. City dwellers set out on a fight against peasants of Sergievskaya village, which was part of the city suburbs. At the end of the 19th century fisticuffs were banned by the authorities. But this prohibition was not always observed. Writer Yury Tynyanov mentioned that during his schooldays (1904) fisticuffs were held between city suburbs that were at war, and the pupils of Pskov Grammar School participated in them.

This article begins examining closely all written testimonies that allow to situate churches in Cordova and its surroundings during the eighth-tenth centuries, and concludes that if there were Christian worship places in the countryside and the mountains (the monasteries of the sierra ), and the city suburbs ( arrabales/arbād ), none may be localised with certainty in the madīna , the old walled city. The second part is an attempt to explain such situation, with the help of legal texts of the time, particularly of a fatwā that took place at the beginning of the tenth century, claiming that church building or restoration was allowed only apart from the view of Muslims, and off their “sanctuary” ( haram ). The conclusion is that, if there were churches indeed, and Christians attending them, in Cordova, during the eighth to tenth centuries, they where located in the urban periphery, and their integration in the city resulted only from the growth of the agglomeration and the mass conversion movement, at the end of the eighth and during the tenth century, re-introducing the religious mix that Muslim authorities had tried to prevent.

En 2005, le critique rock Nik Cohn faisait paraître une étonnante élégie pour le rap de la Nouvelle-Orléans. Coincée entre ses deux imposantes sœurs des côtes Ouest et Nord-Est, la musique rap du Sud des États-Unis, parfois appelée scène « Dirty South » en raison de ses accointances gangsta, est plus souvent associée à des villes comme Atlanta (Lil John) ou Houston. Pourtant, New Orleans, célèbre musicalement pour le jazz, les fanfares funk, et la culture carnavalesque des Second Lines, a vu ...

Fruit trees are hardly ever sought for their wood until recently. Fruit trees likeC. albidumis now being used for structural and non structural purposes in city suburbs. This study investigated wood properties and few tree characteristics ofC. albidumgrown in Akinyele Local Government Area (ALGA), Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The aim was to mitigate the dearth of information on these features in relation to its utilization. Samples were collected from five emerging settlements in the study area while structured questionnaire and on-the-spot assessment were the instruments employed for data collection during survey stage. Physical appearance, moisture content (MC), green and oven-dry density, specific gravity of oven-dry samples, natural durability against termite, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) were determined via experimentation. Samples used for static bending strength were prepared in accordance with ASTM D 143 standard of 1991. The obtainable mean bole length, basal, middle and top girths were 4958mm, 1823mm, 1473mm and 1427mm respectively and the tree is moderately buttressed. The wood is brownish-white, crossed grain, coarse textured and fairly resistant to termite attack. Averagely on wet basis, MC and density are 52.46 %, 949 kg/m3respectively and dry density is 739 kg/m3. Also MOR and MOE are respectively 1964N/mm2and 1163.60N/mm2. The wood density compares with that of few commercially known tree species in N7-strength group thus preferred for non-structural than structural use especially when high bending stress is required.

Nowadays the suburbs built after the World War II is now considered as heritage. Tapiola garden city is a one of the pioneer of city suburbs in Finland. It is situated in Espoo, next to Helsinki. The garden city's construction was started from 1950s, and still it is growing. The whole area is regarded as National Built Environment and also National Landscape. Although the project of stretching metro from the centre of Helsinki is now ongoing. This paper concerns how Tapiola garden city manages between conservation and development, and also the system of inventory, evaluation and city plan.

Expression artistique, la musique rap, que ce soit en Amérique du Nord ou en Europe de l’Ouest, est porteuse d’un discours politique représentant et diffusé par les populations des quartiers populaires. Aujourd’hui, le rap est très certainement l’élément culturel qui est le plus convoqué pour symboliser médiatiquement les cités de banlieues populaires françaises. Évoquer le rap, c’est articuler espaces urbains pauvres, minorités ethniques reléguées et discours politiques engagés. L’engagement véhiculé par de très nombreux rappeurs conduit à la dénonciation d’un racisme institutionnel, hérité tant de la période de la traite négrière que de l’époque de la soumission coloniale. Art post-ségrégation aux États-Unis, le rap est un art postcolonial en France.

Dans le cadre de la politique de la ville en France, des evenements culturels (cultures urbaines, musiques du monde) sont organises pour des jeunes de banlieue identifies de facon implicite comme les nouvelles classes dangereuses. Il est demontre dans les arguments qui prouvent l’utilite de ces actions la necessite de « recreer du lien social » et de « desenclaver les quartiers d’exil » par la promotion de cultures a forte connotation ethnique pour des jeunes « issus de l’immigration » mais nes en France et de culture francaise. Quelle est la logique de ces politiques publiques et a quelles valeurs se referent-elles si l’on considere que les populations implicitement visees sont issues des anciennes colonies francaises ? Pour repondre a ces questions, nous presenterons trois exemples : les actions menees par un operateur specialise dans les musiques du monde, l’exemple d’un atelier de musique caribeenne mene dans un quartier, l’exemple des « arbres a palabres », forums de discussions organises en parallele des concerts. L’hypothese que ces manifestations illustrent un processus segregatif et qu’elles participent a la construction d’une identite ethnique apparait peu a peu. L’identite ethnique n’est plus une transition episodique appelee a disparaitre mais devient un statut, une caracteristique heritee qui doit etre en permanence re-mediatisee.

In this study, components of the creation of open spaces along the riverside and human activity during the later Edo Period were explored through examination of the illustrations in "Yodogawa Ryogan Ichiran" which depicts scenic spots along the Yodo River in the Edo Period. Riverside scenic spots of the period and greenery landscapes were also clarified. It revealed that the riverside was bustling with life within the city center, and the combination of spaces used in various ways, such as for boat traffic, the uniquely shaped revetments, riverside structures, and so on, in conjunction with single, tall trees created an overall well-integrated space. Entertainment spots were created in the out-lying areas of the city through a greenery landscape which consisted of lines of trees planted in mass around the riverbank. At famous spots within the city suburbs, structures such as ferries, shrines, temples and castles served as auxiliary landscapes against the background landscape of trees in the precinct and hills. Additionally, a more verdant landscape was created in the city suburbs through the overlapping greenery of grass and trees near the waterfront, as well as individual and groups of trees on the plains and in the mountain range.

Publicly owned trees have important environmental and amenity values contributing to the quality of urban life. Community officials charged with managing this resource face a lack of funding and underestimate the value that residents place on street trees. A survey of residents in 44 Missouri, USA, communities included a contingent valuation method item designed to estimate how residents' willingness-to-pay for improved tree care and maintenance varied with community size and location. Residents in communities with a population of 50 000 or more, in the St Louis and Kansas City suburbs, and in St Louis and Kansas City show strong support for a ballot issue establishing a tree fund supported by a tax of between $14 and $16 per household per year. The results of this survey, together with recent surveys of community forestry officials and street tree inventories, are used to make recommendations to state agencies charged with managing community forests.

The wave of violence that struck France in November 2005 cannot be explained simply as a reflection of the crisis in its city suburbs. Two other levels of analysis should also be included: firstly, the nation as a limit of democracy, which globalization and the figure of the foreign immigrant throw into question; and, secondly, the changes in political representation, caused by the crisis of an industrial society. More than a crisis in the city suburbs, France is today living through a crisis in the bases of democracy as a functioning institution.

Cet article présente l’étude de deux scènes musicales dites émergentes à Montréal au Canada. Ce sont la scène musicale électronique minimale et la scène musicale post-rock. Depuis 1998, la musique à Montréal a connu de nombreux changements, des nouveaux styles musicaux ont augmenté la visibilité internationale de la ville. C’est particulièrement vrai pour le groupe de post-rock Godspeed You ! Black Emperor et le projet musical de Marc Leclair intitulé Akufen. Puisqu’elles sont relativement nouvelles et qu’elles connaissent une renommée internationale croissante, ces deux scènes sont appelées émergentes. Les deux scènes sont étudiées à partir de quatre dimensions principales qui permettent de mettre en évidence les solidarités, divergences ou conflits. Les dimensions sont esthétiques, territoriales, de valeurs et de langue. L’article met en évidence quelques pistes de réflexion quant à l’origine de rapprochements entre scènes musicales ayant des univers esthétiques différents. L’article émet également quelques hypothèses quant à l’origine de dissensions existant au sein d’une scène partageant une même approche esthétique de la musique tout en évitant une approche micro-historique. L’étude se base sur la connaissance et l’expérience personnelle de l’auteur, une analyse de la littérature journalistique et scientifique, une recherche qualitative par entretiens biographiques ainsi qu’une lecture assistée par ordinateur de 340 chroniques hebdomadaires couvrant l’actualité musicale locale.

Since the 1980s, the increase of Asian migrants in large cities has contributed significantly to the cultural landscape of Australia, especially in the city suburbs. Based on the Census and in-depth interviews of 103 Taiwanese migrants, this research examines the location decisions and residential preferences of Taiwanese migrants in Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne. The reasons for choosing the state, the particular city, and specific area of residence are probed into. The survey shows that migrants moved to Australia mainly for children’s education, lifestyle and political instability reasons. The main reasons for choosing to settle in Sydney were favourable business opportunities, and the northern part of Sydney was preferred. Those who chose Brisbane are attracted by the good climate there, and the residents preferred the Sunnybank area. Melbourne was chosen for the good education it offers, and areas on transportation lines near good schools are selected. Choice of residence was based mainly on their needs and their resources which may change over time. In general, they always choose to locate in close proximity to their family, friends and Taiwanese communities. Their locational choice depends on income and housing budget, proximity to good schools and shopping centers, and information from friends or earlier migrants. Based on such factors, this study clearly demonstrates that the Taiwanese immigrants are fundamentally different from early Chinese settlers who once aimed to settle at Chinatown locations.

This paper considers the issues that the middle suburbs of Sydney are facing in dealing with the emerging problems of urban obsolescence and replacement in the housing stock. Much of the housing in these suburbs, developed broadly between the 1940s and 1960s, is now coming towards the end of its life cycle and faces major repair or replacement. The links between housing and other social issues in these middle suburbs are also drawn out.

When I graduated from college 15 years ago, I had the same goal as many beginning astrophysicists: to become a tenured professor. I was living at my parents' house in the New York City suburbs, preparing to pursue a master's degree in England followed by a Ph.D. at the University of California (UC

Kenya distinguishes itself from other sub-Saharan African countries with its well-established system of early childhood development and education (ECDE). This chapter describes environmental, economic and social-cultural circumstances in Kenya and how these affect ECDE program design, curriculum and preschool activities. The author will provide a brief historical overview of early childhood educational contexts in Kenya and how preschool teachers meet minimum standards of a quality program using Guidelines for Early Childhood Development in Kenya (NACECE (National Center for Early Childhood Education). (2003). Guidelines for early childhood development in Kenya. Nairobi: Author.) with an African approach. Specific focus will be given to the diverse and contrasting program settings for early childhood care and education from the affluent city suburbs to the rural agrarian farms and the arid and semi arid (ASAL) areas of Kenya.

In the mid-1980s fiscal incentives were introduced to encourage new private residential construction and refurbishment in the inner areas of Ireland's main cities. These were subsequently extended to include the city suburbs and large towns and were abolished only in 2006. At the same time the economic context for their implementation changed radically as an economic, housing and population boom, replaced prolonged recession and population decline. This article reviews the changes to the design of these fiscal incentives over their lifetime, describes their outputs and critically assesses their impacts, intended and unintended. It argues that, in their early years, they were successful in drawing development and higher-income residents into declining areas. However, the decision to extend their lifespan and geographical focus was problematic as, during Ireland's economic boom they had less success in achieving their aims and were associated with deadweight, displacement and excess housing supply. Other funder Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences (IRCHSS) 18M enbargo -> release in December 2013 - AV 1/06/2011

Le présent article reprend en partie les résultats d’une recherche du PIRVE impliquant chercheurs en géographie sociale, géographes de l’environnement et climatologues de l’urbain. Il s’agissait pour les auteures de comprendre comment les perceptions du climat interfèrent avec les pratiques des habitants de deux quartiers périurbains de Toulouse, à Blagnac et Saint-Orens, et comment elles sont influencées par des représentations, des perceptions et des savoirs socialement constitués. Elles montrent l’ambivalence du contexte périurbain aiguisant la météo-sensibilité de ses habitants, mais offrant des opportunités de régulation du confort climatique induisant une certaine indifférence aux aléas du temps. The paper dwells on parts of a previous piece of research by PIRVE, which brought together social geographers, urban climatologists and geographers seasoned in ecology. The all-female team of researchers wanted, first, to understand how the way people living in two outskirts of Toulouse – Blagnac and St Orens – grasp their climate affects their ways of life, and, second, how these people are being influenced by a cluster of socially framed sensitivity, representation and knowledge. This paper demonstrates the very ambivalence of such neighbourhoods : how it comes to sharpen people’s awareness to the climate while, at the same time, providing them with a capacity to control home temperatures that makes weather less of a challenge. Este artículo retoma en parte los resultados de una investigación del PIRVE implicando investigadores en geografía social, geógrafos del medio ambiente y climatólogos del medio urbano. Para los autores se trata de comprender cómo las percepciones del clima interfieren en las prácticas de los habitantes de dos barrios suburbanos de Toulouse : Blagnac y Saint-Orens, y cómo ellas son influenciadas por representaciones, percepciones y saberes socialmente constituidos. Ellas muestran la ambivalencia del contexto periurbano punzando sobre la meteo-sensibilidad de sus habitantes, pero ofreciendo oportunidades de regulación del confort climático induciendo una cierta indiferencia a los aleas del tiempo.

In recent years, in the elections held at the county and xiang (township) levels at times when the transition is being made from the end of one term to the beginning of another, a phenomenon has emerged in some districts in our province in which a relatively large number of women cadres have been defeated in the elections and there is a declining trend in the proportion of women cadres in positions of leadership to the total number of leadership cadres in the counties and xiang. Thus, in order to find out why women cadres have lost in these elections, to get to the bottom of the matter of the obstacles that stand in the way of women cadres' growth to maturity, and to provide scientific and relatively detailed and truthful data for the work of cultivating and promoting women cadres, we conducted an investigative survey of twenty women cadres who had suffered electoral defeats in the twelve counties and city suburbs within our province. This survey was conducted from September to November of last year.

This is a case study of homicides carried out within the Second Section of the Justice Court, in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. It has been observed that: most homicides are carried out by males (95,7%), Afro-Brazilians (62,9%), between 15 and 25 years (45,7%), illiterate or with incomplete schooling (74,3%), and unemployed (18,6%). It was also observed that the victims' profiles are very similar. Most homicides take place on public streets (41,4%), in the city suburbs, between 20 and 24 o'clock, (51,4%). In 50,0% of the cases, the victim did not receive help from any public health service. In the cases where any family member helped (37,41%), the victims were taken to the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital. Firearms were the prevailing weapons (70,0%) and motives for all crimes were futile, or banal; in most cases (57,0%), alcohol was involved. Este trabalho trata-se de um estudo de caso, realizado na Segunda Vara do Tribunal do Júri, de Campo Grande, MS. Verificou-se que: a maioria dos homicídios foi praticada por homens (95,7%), pardos e negros (62,9%), entre 15 e 25 anos (45,7%), analfabetos ou com primeiro grau incompleto (74,3%) e desempregados (18,6%). O perfil da vítima é semelhante ao do réu. A maioria dos homicídios ocorreu em via pública (41,4%), na periferia da cidade, entre as 20 e 24 horas (51,4%). Em 50,0% dos casos não houve socorro e encaminhamento para serviços de saúde. Nos casos socorridos por familiares (37,4%) as vítimas foram levadas à Santa Casa de Misericórdia. A arma de fogo foi o principal instrumento dos homicídios (70,0%). A motivação para o crime, em todos os casos, foi motivo fútil, ou banal. A maioria (57,0%), envolveu o uso de álcool.

This paper examines the evolution of late antique ceramic production in Africa, pointing to continuity and change in morphology, technology and economy. Throughout this period, African ceramic shapes retained Punic traits, and remained firmly anchored in Roman tradition, but also seem to have been influenced by some new Byzantine patterns. Technology did not change radically, but there were some slight changes (impoverishment?) in the production of existing objects. The most obvious changes entailed a short distance transfer of amphora production sites from city suburbs to the countryside and to town centres, as well as a long distance transfer of Red Slip Ware workshops from Zeugitana, to Byzacena and then back to Zeugitana, to the region around Carthage.

Este foi um estudo de natureza qualitativa, que teve como objetivo compreender, a partir da experiência de mulheres que se tornaram mães na adolescência, o significado da maternidade no contexto de vida destas mães. Participaram 14 mulheres na faixa etária de 20 a 24 anos, residentes na periferia de Maceió, capital do estado de Alagoas. A coleta de informação foi realizada por meio de entrevistas, utilizando a história oral temática como procedimento metodológico. Foram construídas narrativas, a partir das histórias de vida das mulheres, posteriormente, analisadas à luz do referencial de gênero. Observamos que as entrevistadas tiveram sua iniciação sexual durante o período de namoro quando não haviam recebido orientações prévias sobre sexualidade ou saúde reprodutiva. Algumas mulheres conviviam com seus parceiros quando aconteceu a gravidez, porém, mesmo assim, consideraram esse fato inesperado. Houve aceitação da gravidez pela maioria delas, e também ocorreu a união, ainda que não de maneira legalizada, de muitos casais que não viviam juntos. Tentativas de abortamento, quando da não-aceitação imediata do parceiro, foram relatadas. As questões de gênero mostram-se presentes nas relações conjugais, com os parceiros figurando como provedores da família e as mulheres mantidas sob sua dependência, centradas no ambiente doméstico, assumindo responsabilidade pelo cuidado da casa, dos filhos e do companheiro. Os homens agiam mais livremente, mantendo relações extraconjugais e chegavam a agredir suas mulheres, em casa. Apesar de ressentidas com essa atitude dos companheiros, elas mantinham o relacionamento com eles. As entrevistadas deixaram explícito que lamentavam a perda da liberdade, do lazer, da oportunidade de trabalho e de estudo ao assumirem a maternidade. Por outro lado, enfatizaram seu não-arrependimento por terem levado a gravidez até o fim. Assim o cotidiano dessas mulheres parece centralizado no cuidar dos filhos, conscientes de que são elas as principais responsáveis por eles, voltando todos os seus projetos de vida para este cuidado. A vida dessas mães é marcada pelas condições de desigualdade em que vivem, social-econômica-cultural e de gênero. Dessa forma, apesar de seus desejos manifestos elas encontram poucas oportunidades objetivas de romperem com o contexto de vida em que estão inseridas. A qualitative study, which aimed at comprehending, by the experiences of women who became mother in adolescence, the meaning of maternity in their context of life. Fourteen women from 20 to 24 years old, who lived in Maceio suburbs, capital of Alagoas State, took part in the study. The information collection was carried out through interviews, using thematic oral history as methodological procedure. We built narratives from these women’s life history and, later, we analyzed these narratives based on gender referential. We observed that interviewees had their sexual initiation during dating period when they had received no previous orientation concerning sexuality or reproductive health. Some women lived with their partners when pregnancy occurred, even though they considered it to be unexpected. The great majority of them accepted pregnancy, and there were also unions, even if they were not legalized, of many couple who did not lived together. There were reports of abortion attempts when the partner did not accept the pregnancy immediately. Gender questions are present in conjugal relations, with the partners figuring as family providers and women dependent on them, focused on domestic environment, taking the responsible by home, kids and partner’s care. Men acted freely, maintaining extra-conjugal relations and hitting their wives at home. Although resentful with their partner’s attitude, they maintained the relation. The interviews made explicit the lamentation with the lost of freedom, working and studying opportunities when assuming maternity. On the other hand, they emphasized their non-regret for taking their pregnancy till the end. This way, their daily living seems to be centered on their kids caring and they are conscious that they are the main responsible by them, turning their projects of life for this care. These mothers’ lives are marked by inequality, social, economical, cultural and gender conditions in which they live. This way, despite their manifested desire, they find few objective opportunities of breaking with life context in which they are inserted.

Purpose. The study was designed to investigate differences in predisposing factors, enabling factors, reinforcing factors, and smoking behavior among middle school students living in the city, suburbs, and rural areas of Shanghai. Design. A one-time cross-sectional survey design was applied in this study. Setting. The study was conducted in 11 schools in three areas. Subjects. A total number of 1116 students from these three areas participated in this study. The response rates were 92, 88, and 84% for city, suburbs, and rural areas, respectively. Measure. A PRECEDE instrument including predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors was employed to collect data. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Multiple Regression Analysis were used to analyze the data. Results. Smoking was reported by 39.8% of boys and 5.14% of girls. Students in the city of Shanghai had the best (against smoking) predisposing factors, but students in rural areas had the best (against smoking) enabling and reinforcing factors and consumed the fewest cigarettes. Conclusion. Results indicated that smoking behavior in students was affected strongly by enabling factors and reinforcing factors that were related to socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental influences in China.

Migration streams of persons age 60 years and older that share a common origin state, but with widely separated county-group destinations, were examined to determine the relative effect of distance upon migration selectivity. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics common to selectivity studies were used for the comparisons. The findings showed that distance made little difference. Controlling for destination, we matched and compared the characteristics of older migrants from states of different distances. We looked at those coming to Arizona from California, Illinois, and Ohio, to the New York City suburbs from Pennsylvania and Florida, and to Chicago from Michigan and California. Repeatedly the story was the same. Distance was not an important factor; significant differences between these streams were rare. This analysis used the 1-in-100 1970 census public use microdata sample and used tests for identifying significant differences between streams.

Data from a survey of seclusion and restraint practices in New York state hospitals were analyzed to determine if they differed by hospital location. The study included 19 hospitals--five in New York City, four in New York City suburbs, three in large towns, and seven in small towns. Overall, New York City and large-town hospitals had the highest rates of seclusion and restraint, but analysis by age group showed that New York City had the lowest rate for patients under age 35, who constituted the majority of patients who were secluded or restrained, and large towns had the highest rate. Compared with suburban and small-town hospitals, city and large-town hospitals used seclusion more often than restraint and had a higher ward census and a lower-staff patient ratio. In all groups males and blacks were overrepresented compared with the hospital population. The authors believe clarification of regional variations in assaultive behavior is important for treatment and system planning.

58gFeltranEste artigo descreve e analisa a operacao de “tribunais do crime”, implementados por faccoes criminosas nas periferias da cidade de Sao Paulo. Argumento que a disseminacao desse dispositivo, hoje “institucionalizado” nos territorios estudados, somente se tornou possivel depois de o “mundo do crime” ter ascendido a posicao de instância normativa legitima entre parcela minoritaria, mas relevante, dos moradores das periferias urbanas. Esse fenomeno remete, no minimo, a tres decadas de transformacoes ocorridas nas esferas do trabalho, da familia, da religiao e da acao coletiva, pilares da vida social das periferias urbanas. Mapeando essas transformacoes amparado por uma etnografia realizada entre 2005 e 2009, argumento que os dispositivos de regulacao interna ao “mundo do crime” seriam os fatores explicativos centrais da queda das taxas de homicidio em Sao Paulo, notavel nos anos 2000, e reivindicada publicamente por governos e policias. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: periferia urbana, criminalidade, homicidio, PCC, Sao Paulo. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN THE CITY: the repertoires of justice and the question of murder on the outskirts of Sao Paulo Gabriel de Santis Feltran This paper describes and analyzes the operation of “crime courts” deployed by criminal gangs in the outskirts of Sao Paulo. I argue that the spread of this device, now “institutionalized” in the territories studied, only became possible after the “criminal world” had ascended to the position of legitimate legislative body among a minor, but relevant part of the residents of city suburbs. This phenomenon refers to at least three decades of changes occurring in work, family, religion and collective action spheres of, pillars of social life in the city suburbs. Mapping these changes and supported by an ethnography conducted between 2005 and 2009, I argue that the internal adjustment devices of the “criminal world” would be the central factors explaining the drop in homicide rates in Sao Paulo, notable in the decade of 2000, and claimed publicly by government and police. KEY WORDS: urban periphery, crime, murder, PCC, Sao Paulo. CRIME ET CHÂTIMENT DANS LA VILLE: les repertoires de la justice et la question des homicides dans les banlieues de Sao Paulo Gabriel de Santis Feltran Cet article decrit et analyse le fonctionnement des “tribunaux du crime” mis en oeuvre par des bandes criminelles dans les banlieues de Sao Paulo. L´argument avance est que la dissemination de cet appareil, “institutionnalise” de nos jours sur les territoires etudies, n’est devenue possible qu´apres la reconnaissance du “monde du crime” en tant qu´organe normatif legitime au sein de groupements minoritaires, mais de poids, formes par les residents des banlieues de la ville. Ce phenomene remonte au moins a trois decennies de changements qui se produisirent dans les domaines du travail, de la famille, de la religion et des collectivites, piliers de la vie sociale dans les banlieues. La cartographie de ces changements, basee sur une ethnographie realisee entre 2005 et 2009, permet d´affirmer que les dispositifs de reglementation interne du “monde du crime” seraient les principaux facteurs permettant d´expliquer la baisse du nombre d’homicides a Sao Paulo, notamment en 2000, phenomene revendique publiquement par les gouvernements et par la police. MOTS-CLES: Peripherie urbaine, banlieue, criminalite, homicides, PCC, Sao Paulo. Publicacao Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

Works increased rapidly through the years following World War II, when an accelerated influx of people came into the Milwaukee service area. During these same years, construction materials, appliances, and new manufacturing processes became abundantly available, with the result that people used more water than they had previously used. People were now earning more money and could purchase such labor-saving devices as automatic dishwashers, automatic washing machines, garbage disposals, and air conditioning equipment that demanded the use of more water. Industry responding to civilian demands for more goods and products required more water to produce them. People in city suburbs that previously depended upon vanishing ground water supplies now requested use of Lake Michigan as their source of water supply from the city of Milwaukee.

"Se presenta el primer registro de la mascarita pico grueso (Geothlypis poliocephala) para la región del Eje Neovolcánico Transversal, México. Los sitios donde registramos/capturamos esta especie se encuentran en los suburbios de la ciudad de Morelia, 427 marriba del ámbito altitudinal descrito para la especie. Esto puede deberse a 2 factores: 1) la urbanización que genera hábitats propicios para la especie en su periferia, y 2 ) el incremento de la temperatura en la región en la que se encuentra la ciudad de Morelia. Ambos factores facilitan que esta especie de tierras bajas pueda habitar en áreas de mayor altitud. Así, nuestros registros sugieren que la mascarita pico grueso puede catalogarse como especie potencial a utilizar hábitats suburbanos cuando éstos son similares a los hábitats en los que se distribuye de manera natural."