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Introduction: without knowledge and understanding of demographic changes and structures, one cannot make decisions and choose appropriate policies, strategies and solutions in the field of spatial justice and urban planning. The purpose of this research is to investigate the distribution of service uses in Tabriz metropolis with regard to population distribution and structure.Data and Method: First, using the nearest neighbor method, the situation of the type of distribution of services and facilities has been examined, and then 12 layers of information about the uses of Tabriz city have been examined using the fuzzy gamma method, and finally, the results of the fuzzy gamma have been compared with the population distribution of Tabriz city.Results: The results showed that among the 10 regions of Tabriz, region 10 is the least privileged and region 1 is the most privileged. In the end, population distribution has been compared with the amount of wealth, and it was found that the population of 0 to 14 years has the highest percentage of wealth (35.44 percent), and on the other hand, the population over 65 years has the lowest wealth with 21.10 percent.Conclusion: The elderly population over 65 years of age in Tabriz live in areas that have fewer facilities and urban services available to them than other population groups; Therefore, it can be concluded that the elderly population is more marginalized in order to access urban services and facilities, and it is the younger population that has better access to services and facilities.

Introduction: without knowledge and understanding of demographic changes and structures, one cannot make decisions and choose appropriate policies, strategies and solutions in the field of spatial justice and urban planning. The purpose of this research is to investigate the distribution of service uses in Tabriz metropolis with regard to population distribution and structure. Data and Method: First, using the nearest neighbor method, the situation of the type of distribution of services and facilities has been examined, and then 12 layers of information about the uses of Tabriz city have been examined using the fuzzy gamma method, and finally, the results of the fuzzy gamma have been compared with the population distribution of Tabriz city. Results: The results showed that among the 10 regions of Tabriz, region 10 is the least privileged and region 1 is the most privileged. In the end, population distribution has been compared with the amount of wealth, and it was found that the population of 0 to 14 years has the highest percentage of wealth (35.44 percent), and on the other hand, the population over 65 years has the lowest wealth with 21.10 percent. Conclusion: The elderly population over 65 years of age in Tabriz live in areas that have fewer facilities and urban services available to them than other population groups; Therefore, it can be concluded that the elderly population is more marginalized in order to access urban services and facilities, and it is the younger population that has better access to services and facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the widespread use of social networks, citizens actively use this channel to discuss problems and events arising during life in the city. Thus, representatives of the authorities and other stakeholders can monitor the process of interaction between people and urban infrastructure and services in real time. However, monitoring is complicated by the noisy and unstructured nature of spontaneous data. Informed decision-making based on such data requires extracting the cause of the messages, formulated as an event, to infer them from the unknown and characterize them. The method proposed in the work allows to extract from the flow of spontaneous data events and their spatial and temporal characteristics, as well as to form connections between them. Results of the experiment shows that this approach can represent processes with semantic similarity in the context of urban spatial model with different levels of localization and variants of distribution. Such events can be used for the effective management of urban processes based on spontaneous data, which acquires for maximum permissible level of spatial detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of work of modern services dealing with processing citizens' reports on problems of city services a massive data stream forms. This data is heterogeneous due to different social and technical reasons. That leads to appearance of anomalies. This data has spatio-temporal and functional characteristics, which makes it possible to conduct an automated analysis in order to detect hidden anomalies in dynamics of reports. Accounting such information will make it possible to plan measures to improve the work of city infrastructure and services more effectively as well as to provide some insight into local citizen activity. The article describes a method of detecting anomalous events based on e-participation data analysis taking into account physical, functional, and management classes of objects of urban environment. This method consists of two main blocks of algorithm: a modelling block, where incidents are grouped by the combination of classes and time periods, and a detection block, where event dynamics is analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban service development is considered as one of the most important axes by urban planners. In between spatial, fair, and stable distribution is one of the key structures of plans, designs, and is for all people. Current investigation is practical Concerning its aim and descriptive-analytical concerning its data collection. The sample size of the study is the four areas of Kerman city. In order to reach the aims of the study, sanitary and therapeutic indexes (main clinics and hospitals), cultural-religious indexes (cinemas and mosques), urban installation and equipment major post centers and gas stations) are taken into consideration which are analyzed by Geoda software and then using the Saw model, the regions were ranked based on their services. The results indicate that except religious practicality, urban installation and equipment the distribution of other services in kerman city are not in line with spatial justice. Also according to the rankings done by Saw model among all the areas, area 3 had the first rank among the districts of the services under study.

An increasing phenomenon in contemporary cities is to work in multiple places, such as home, offices, and coffee shops, while simultaneously using ICT devices and networks. However, little attention has been paid to the new socio-spatial demands facing city services. This phenomenon has been empirically studied through a comparative case study in the city centre of Helsinki, Finland, by conducting observations of one public library (Library 10) and one coffee shop (Café Köket), as well as semi-structured interviews with the multi-local workers and managers of the two places. This comparative case study shows that multi-local workers with different profiles (age, level of education, contract of employment) and varied socio-spatial working practices use the library and coffee shop for several working purposes, such as individual or collective informal offices, or as temporary workplaces of a larger city network with urban ambiance. Thus, discussion of this phenomenon has shifted to a re-conceptualizing of the third place as well as future visioning of the business model of coffee shops and service concepts of libraries. The results might be useful to managers, architects, planners and policy makers when developing the network of facilities within the cities as well as the multi-functionality of urban spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local governments operate 311 service request lines across the United States, and the publicly available data from these lines provide a continuously measured, geographically fine-grained, and non-self-reported measure of citizens’ interactions with government. It seems a promising measure of neighborhood political participation. However, these data are empirically and theoretically different from many common citizen-level participation measures. We compare geographically aggregated 311 call data with three other measures of political and civic participation: voter turnout, political donations, and census return rates. We show that rates of 311 calls are negatively related to lower cost activities (voter turnout and census return rates), but positively related to the high-cost activity of campaign donation. We caution against interpreting 311 data as a generic measure of political engagement or participation, at least in the absence of high-quality controls for neighborhood condition. However, we argue that these data are still potentially useful for researchers, because they are by definition a measure of the service demands that neighborhoods place on city governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt to scrape the position of the municipal company in the system of providing the public service in the city is contents of the article, as the fundamental unit of the local self-government. City authorities are making choice of the effective form of the own execution of tasks. The council company constitutes is an economic organization closely connected with organs of the city. In the operations of this company a visible contradiction is occurring between represented social objectives through mayor or of president, and with goals of the company as the business entity. The role of the supervisory board has a regulating capacity and relies on the similarity of these purposes, with cost of lowering the effectiveness of action.

La primera ola de innovación y centralización tecnológica llegó a los servicios urbanos de Valparaíso en las décadas de 1850 y 1860. La experimentación con nuevos modos de organizar negocios acompañó a la nueva tecnología: una empresa mixta pública-privada construyó la primera red de gas, y una sociedad anónima construyó el ferrocarril urbano. Ambas compañías pertenecían y estaban controladas por personas de Valparaíso, y ayudaron a establecer patrones de servicio que sobrevivieron aún después de la inclusión de capitalistas extranjeros y agencias estatales al final del siglo XIX. La retórica acerca de los dos proyectos muestra los cambios en las ideas sobre la tecnología y los servicios necesarios en una ciudad. Los conflictos entre las compañías, los concejos municipales y los funcionarios públicos muestran lo difícil que es planificar en tiempos de cambio tecnológico, y los problemas que podía causar la falta de planificación adecuadaThe 1850s and 1860s saw the first major wave of technological innovation and centralization in Valparaíso’s city services. Experiments with new ways of organizing business accompanied the new technology: A public-private partnership built the first gas network, while a corporation built the horsecar line. Both ventures were locally owned, and they helped to establish patterns of service that persisted even after foreign investors and state agencies came in the late nineteenth century. The rhetoric surrounding the two projects shows changing ideas about technology and the services needed in a city. The conflicts among the companies, city councils, and state officials involved show the difficulty of planning at times of technological change and the problems that poor planning could cause

Young people are important to cities, bringing skills and energy and contributing to economic activity. New technologies have led to the idea of a smart city as a framework for city management. Smart cities are developed from the top-down through government programmes, but also from the bottom-up by residents as technologies facilitate participation in developing new forms of city services. Young people are uniquely positioned to contribute to bottom-up smart city projects. Few diagnostic tools exist to guide city authorities on how to prioritise city service provision. A starting point is to understand how the youth value city services. This study surveys young people in Braamfontein, Johannesburg, and conducts an importance-performance analysis to identify which city services are well regarded and where the city should focus efforts and resources. The results show that Smart city initiatives that would most increase the satisfaction of youths in Braamfontein include wireless connectivity, tools to track public transport and information on city events. These results identify city services that are valued by young people, highlighting services that young people could participate in providing. The importance-performance analysis can assist the city to direct effort and scarce resources effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are pleased to present, Performance Management: A Guide for City Leaders, a report written and published as a service to NLC members and all cities. This guide presents an overview of existing performance management best practices with an eye toward the future of service delivery in cities. We also aim to empower more city leaders to launch performance management programs in their own cities. Performance management and data analytics in general are key aspects of the continued shift toward data-driven decision-making in cities nationwide. Data-driven decisions help local governments provide city services that are efficient, effective and driven by community priorities. The value of making data- driven decisions is imperative as many cities continue to face the post-recession realities of decreased city revenues, limited intergovernmental aid and reduced municipal workforces. At the same time, there is a growing trend towards openness and making the inner workings of municipal governments more accountable and transparent. Looking to the future, as advanced data analytics and open data become more prevalent in cities, there will be more opportunities to prepare and predict service needs of constituents. We plan to continue highlighting the importance of this epochal shift in city governance through our City of the Future initiative that seeks to advise cities on coming trends and opportunities. Within the Center for City Solutions and Applied Research we strive to strengthen communities, transform and improve cities and assist city leaders. Performance Management: A Guide for City Leaders was developed through staff interviews and surveys with a cross-section of large cities across the United States. This work was supported financially by a grant to the National League of Cities Institute by The Pew Charitable Trusts. We join the authors in thanking the city officials who helped make this work possible, and welcome comments and thoughts from readers, as we continue to work to help city leaders lead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internationally, sanitation management has been a critical area of contention, especially in recent years with tightening budgets and resource reductions to public services. Our article reviews the management strategies, actions, and developments that have led to sanitation incidents of piling trash and public health concerns. These incidents will be reviewed from a public management perspective underscoring the role of performance measurement and management. The key influences associated with the varying cases are discussed. Both the negative and positive factors of international cases of sanitation management are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This literature review analyzes and classifies methodological contributions that answer the different challenges faced by smart cities. This study identifies city services that require the use of artificial intelligence (AI); which they refer to as AI application areas. These areas are classified and evaluated, taking into account the five proposed domains (government, environment, urban settlements, social assistance, and economy). In this review, 168 relevant studies were identified that make methodological contributions to the development of smart cities and 66 AI application areas, along with the main challenges associated with their implementation. The review methodology was content analysis of scientific literature published between 2013 and 2020. The basic terminology of this study corresponds to AI, the internet of things, and smart cities. In total, 196 references were used. Finally, the methodologies that propose optimization frameworks and analytical frameworks, the type of conceptual research, the literature published in 2018, the urban settlement macro-categories, and the group city monitoring–smart electric grid, make the greater contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]