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Heat treatment is used in the orange juice industry to neutralize the action of pathogenic microorganisms. However, it can reduce the nutritional value of the juice. Thus, our study assessed the cold plasma treatment as an alternative method against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in 'Lima' orange juice. Both, plasma and heat treatments, reduced the amount of E. coli in the juice, inactivating 16.72 and 100%, respectively. Plasma did not inactivate C. albicans, but heat treatment inactivated 100%. Plasma and heat treatment increased Hue angle and luminosity (more yellowish juice). Plasma reduced vitamin C, carotenoids, and polyphenols content, while increased flavonoids. Heat treatment reduced the carotenoid content. However, neither heat nor plasma treatment altered the antioxidant activity. The plasma treatment reduced the intensity of color (chroma), the soluble solids content and the acidity ratio, total sugars, and the vitamin C content of juice compared to the heat-treated and control juices. Plasma-treated juice showed increased levels of yellow flavonoids, total phenolics and antioxidant activity until the 12th day of storage. Resumo O tratamento térmico é utilizado na indústria de suco de laranja para neutralizar a ação de microrganismos patogênicos. No entanto, pode reduzir o valor nutricional do suco. Assim, o estudo avaliou o tratamento com plasma frio como método alternativo contra Escherichia coli e Candida albicans em suco de laranja 'Lima'. Ambos os tratamentos, plasma e calor, reduziram a quantidade de E. coli no suco, inativando 16.72 e 100%, respectivamente. O plasma não inativou C. albicans, mas o tratamento térmico inativou 100%. Plasma e tratamento térmico aumentaram o ângulo Hue e a luminosidade do suco (tom mais amarelo). O plasma reduziu o conteúdo de vitamina C, carotenóides e polifenóis, enquanto aumentou os flavonóides. O tratamento térmico reduziu o teor de carotenóides. No entanto, nem o calor nem o tratamento com plasma alteraram a atividade antioxidante. O tratamento com plasma reduziu a intensidade da cor (croma), o teor de sólidos solúveis e a razão de acidez, açúcares totais e o teor de vitamina C do suco em comparação com os sucos tratados termicamente e controle. O suco tratado com plasma apresentou maiores teores de flavonóides amarelos, fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante até o 12º dia de armazenamento.

Mandarins commercialization at international market requires seedless fruit production in addition to its ideal organoleptic and visual quality. The objective of the work was to evaluate the efficiency of applications of gibberellic acid and of copper sulfate during anthesis in reducing the number of seeds and in the productive behavior of the 'Nadorcott' mandarin in the conditions of the southern Brazil. The experiment was performed in an orchard of 'Nadorcott' mandarin trees grafted on Poncirus trifoliata. Two applications were conducted at anthesis with different levels and combinations of gibberellic acid and copper sulfate. Also, net was used as one of the treatments to prevent pollination. Net treatment provided a high frequency of seedless fruits, with greater skin color, however with less production. Gibberellic acid applications increased linearly the frequency of seedless fruits and with a maximum of two seeds. Copper sulphate applications did not affect any evaluated characteristics. Sprays of gibberellic acid of 100 mg L-1 concentration reduce the number of seeds per fruit and increase parthenocarpy, without effect on fruit size and peel color.

Viroids represent a threat to the citrus industry and also display an intricate matter for citrus tristeza virus (CTV) control as most of the commercial citrus rootstocks that are resistant/tolerant to CTV appear to be highly susceptible to viroid infection. Therefore, a detailed knowledge of the viroid’s incidence and distribution, along with the assessment of unexplored epidemiological factors leading to their occurrence, are necessary to further improve control measures. Herein, a large-scale epidemiological study of citrus viroids in five districts, 38 locations and 145 fields in Greece is presented, based on the analysis of 3005 samples collected from 29 cultivars of six citrus species. We monitored the occurrence of citrus exocortis (CEVd), hop stunt (HSVd), citrus dwarfing (CDVd), citrus bark cracking (CBCVd), and citrus bent leaf (CBLVd) viroids, and addressed their epidemiological patterns and factors shaping their population structure. Our results show a high frequency and wide distribution of four viroids in all areas and in almost all hosts, whereas CBLVd occurrence was restricted to Crete. Mixed infections were found in all districts in which a wide spread of viroids was observed. We identified a potential pathogens’ different preferences that could be partially explained by the host and cultivar, including the type of infection (single or mixed) and the number of viroids in the mixed infections. Overall, this work provides the first detailed epidemiological study on citrus viroids, enriching our knowledge for the implementation, production, and distribution of certified citrus propagative material, and the development of sustainable control strategies.

Highlights • Mandarin peel extracts inhibited the growth of A. flavus by up to 52% over 7 days. • The MIC of mandarin extracts was 300-400 mg mL−1 depending on the extraction solvent. • Phenolic-rich SPE fractions showed 40% higher antifungal activity than crude extracts. • Narirutin and hesperidin were most abundant phenolic compounds in mandarin extracts., Aspergillus flavus is a pathogenic fungus associated with food safety issues worldwide. This study investigated the antifungal activity of citrus peel extracts prepared using food-grade solvents (hot water or ethanol). Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) peel ethanol extracts inhibited the mycelial growth of A. flavus (39.60%) more effectively than those of orange (32.31%) and lemon (13.51%) after 7 days of incubation. The growth of A. flavus could be completely inhibited by mandarin extracts at 300–400 mg mL−1, depending on the extraction solvent. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) separated the polyphenol-rich fractions, which showed up to 40% higher antifungal activity than crude extracts. Twelve polyphenols (2 phenolic acids and 10 flavonoids) were identified by HPLC-DAD, narirutin and hesperidin were the most abundant. In conclusion, citrus peels are promising bioresources of antifungal agents with potential applications in food and other industries.

The present study had the aim of evaluating the effects of substrate composition and the inoculationof two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus clarum and Acaulospora scrobiculata) on thevegetative development, carbohidrate contents and percentage of radicular colonization settling by AMF in Citrange Troyer (Poncirus trifoliata L. RAF. x Citrus sinensis L. Osb.). The treatments consisted of twosubstrates: S1 = soil + sand (1:1, v:v), and S2 = soil + sand + decomposed residue of acacia (2:2:1, v:v:v). Both treatments were submited to inoculation with two species of AMF (G. clarum e A. scrobiculata) and no inoculation. The addition of a source of O. M. (decomposed residue of acacia bark) in S2, improved the chemical and physical properties of the substrate, resulting in better vegetative development of the citrus plants. Also, a significant interaction between type of substrate and effect of AMF on dry matter (aerial part and roots) and carboidratecontents was determined. Efficiency of symbiosis varied according to substrate composition and AMF species. A positive effect of AMF was noted only when the mixture soil + sand was used, a poorer substrate, being A. scrobiculate the most efficient species. O presente estudo teve por objetivos avaliar o efeito da composição do substrato e da inoculação de duas espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) (Glomus clarum e Acaulospora scrobiculata) sobre o desenvolvimento vegetativo, o conteúdo em substâncias de reserva nos tecidos e a porcentagem de colonização radicular por FMA em Citrange Troyer (Poncirus trifoliata L. RAF. x Citrus sinensis L. Osb.). Os tratamentos consistiram de dois substratos: S1 = solo + areia (1:1, v:v) e S2 = solo + areia + resíduo decomposto de casca deacácia-negra (2:2:1, v:v:v) ambos com e sem inoculação isolada de duas espécies de FMA (G. clarum e A. scrobiculata). Constatou-se que a adição de resíduo decomposto de casca de acácia-negra melhorou as características químicas e físicas do substrato, permitindo um maior desenvolvimento vegetativo e acúmulo de substâncias de reserva às plantas de Citrange Troyer em relação ao substrato solo + areia. A eficiência da simbiose foi variável com o substrato e com a espécie de FMA, em que o efeito positivo dos FMA foi observado apenas no substrato solo + areia, mais pobre nutricionalmente, sendo A. scrobiculata a espécie mais eficiente.

O presente estudo teve por objetivos avaliar o efeito da composição do substrato e da inoculação de duas espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) (Glomus clarum e Acaulospora scrobiculata) sobre o desenvolvimento vegetativo, o conteúdo em substâncias de reserva nos tecidos e a porcentagem de colonização radicular por FMA em Citrange Troyer (Poncirus trifoliata L. RAF. x Citrus sinensis L. Osb.). Os tratamentos consistiram de dois substratos: S1 = solo + areia (1:1, v:v) e S2 = solo + areia + resíduo decomposto de casca de acácia-negra (2:2:1, v:v:v) ambos com e sem inoculação isolada de duas espécies de FMA (G. clarum e A. scrobiculata). Constatou-se que a adição de resíduo decomposto de casca de acácia-negra melhorou as características químicas e físicas do substrato, permitindo um maior desenvolvimento vegetativo e acúmulo de substâncias de reserva às plantas de Citrange Troyer em relação ao substrato solo + areia. A eficiência da simbiose foi variável com o substrato e com a espécie de FMA, em que o efeito positivo dos FMA foi observado apenas no substrato solo + areia, mais pobre nutricionalmente, sendo A. scrobiculata a espécie mais eficiente.

Citriculture has considerable economic and social importance in Brazil, and the quality of the citrus groves is directly related to the rootstock used. Trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] has been shown to be a good rootstock, being used in Brazil in the southern region of the country. The objective was to evaluate the growth of trifoliate orange seedlings and the dry matter yield of shoot and roots in two soil layers as affected by lime and agricultural gypsum doses. Trifoliate orange seedlings were grown columns of PVC pipe, with dimensions of 15 × 35 cm (diameter × length). The columns were sectioned in two rings: upper (15 cm high) and lower (20 cm high) rings. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications, arranged in a factorial scheme (2×4)+1, with two liming treatments and four doses of agricultural gypsum (both applied only in the soil of the upper ring), and an additional treatment (with liming application in the soil of both rings). Liming and doses of gypsum did not affect the shoot growth of the trifoliate orange seedlings, however there was a higher chlorophyll content at 55 days after transplanting (DAT) with gypsum application without liming. Liming increased the yield of root dry matter in the superficial layer (0-15 cm deep), showing the importance of correcting soil acidity for adequate development of root system in trifoliate orange seedlings. La especie Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. ha demostrado ser un buen portainjerto para cítricos. La utilización de caliza y yeso disminuye la acidez del suelo en la superficie y el subsuelo, respectivamente, lo que puede mejorar el crecimiento y desarrollo de raíces y parte aérea de las plantas. El objetivo fue evaluar el crecimiento de plántulas de P. trifoliata y la producción de materia seca de parte aérea y raíces en dos capas de suelo en función de los efectos del encalado y dosis de yeso. Las plántulas se cultivaron en columnas de tubo de PVC (jarrones) con dimensiones de 15 cm (diámetro) × 35 cm (altura), se seccionaron en dos anillos: el anillo superior (0-15 cm de profundidad) y el anillo inferior (15-35 cm de profundidad). El experimento fue constituido por nueve tratamientos, siguiendo un esquema factorial (2×4)+1, con dos tratamientos de encalado y cuatro dosis de yeso (aplicado solo al suelo del anillo superior), y un tratamiento adicional (con encalado en el suelo de ambos anillos, superior e inferior). El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. Las dosis de yeso y encalado no afectaron el desarrollo de la parte aérea de las plántulas de P. trifoliata, sin embargo hubo mayor contenido de clorofila a los 55 días después del trasplante con yeso sin encalado. El encalado aumentó la producción de materia seca radicular en la capa superior del suelo (0-15 cm de profundidad), mostrando la importancia de corregir la acidez del suelo para el desarrollo del sistema radicular en las plántulas de P. trifoliata. A qualidade da formação dos pomares de citros está diretamente relacionada ao porta-enxerto utilizado. A espécie Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., conhecida como trifoliata, tem-se mostrado como boa opção de porta-enxerto, sendo usada na região Sul do Brasil. O calcário e o gesso agrícola são os principais insumos usados para manejar a acidez do solo em superfície e subsuperfície, respectivamente, podendo melhorar o desenvolvimento de raízes e parte aérea das plantas. Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento e produção de matéria seca de raízes e parte aérea em mudas de trifoliata cultivadas sob efeitos da gessagem e calagem. As mudas foram cultivadas em colunas de tubo de PVC (vasos), com 15 cm de diâmetro e 35 cm de altura, seccionadas em dois anéis: o anel superior, 0-15 cm de profundidade, e o anel inferior, 15-35 cm de profundidade. O experimento foi realizado em esquema fatorial (2×4)+1, sendo dois tratamentos de calagem e quatro tratamentos de doses de gesso agrícola, que foram aplicados apenas no solo do anel superior, e um tratamento adicional que recebeu calagem no solo de ambos os anéis, superior e inferior. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatros repetições. A calagem e as doses de gesso não afetaram o desenvolvimento da parte aérea das mudas de trifoliata, porém houve maior teor de clorofila aos 55 dias após transplantio com a gessagem sem a calagem. A calagem aumentou a produção de matéria seca de raiz na camada superficial do solo (0-15 cm de profundidade), mostrando a importância da correção da acidez do solo para o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular em mudas de trifoliata.

Many people around the world believed that herbal tea had a lot of antioxidants contained in it, thus it was widely drunk all over the world. However, the antioxidant capacities of herbal tea may be various because it is affected by the usage of different plants as its primary ingredient. As a result, this study examines the antioxidant activity of herbal tea made from dried Citrus sp. and Clitoria ternatea flower petals. The antioxidant potential was assessed by performing a DPPH and H2O2 scavenging activity assay on 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity assay, total phenolic, and flavonoid content assay, ABTS reduction, and FRAP assay. This study showed that pure telang (Clitoria ternatea) herbal tea has antioxidant properties. Dried Telang (Clitoria ternatea) tea had the highest activity of antioxidants as we refer to the results of it had the highest activity value in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assay and also had the lowest IC-50 value. Followed by TEMON infusion which showed the second-highest antioxidant activity after pure telang infusion. The decrease in antioxidant activity in the mixture of telang and lemon was due to the mixture of lemons which tended to have the lowest antioxidant activity among the three types of infusions tested. The addition of dried lemon has the aim of enhancing the flavor of the tea infusion.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2020-02-11T20:25:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o de mestrado.Leanderson Oliveira.pdf: 1957735 bytes, checksum: d5841d99e57a7cfea6ff9f3f4f0ad8f5 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-02-11T20:25:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o de mestrado.Leanderson Oliveira.pdf: 1957735 bytes, checksum: d5841d99e57a7cfea6ff9f3f4f0ad8f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-03-22 Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES Huanglongbing (HLB) is a citrus disease caused by bacteria of the genus Candidatus which induces blotchy mottling, diminishment of fruit size and irregular fruit maturation, phloem degeneration and abortion of the seeds. Currently, HBL is the most devastating disease of citrus in the world. In Brazil, HLB can be disseminated in the orchards through the insect vector, the psyllid Diaphorina citri or through grafting of contaminated propagative material. There is still no resistant variety to the pathogens and the management of the disease includes the eradication of all symptomatic plants, the use of disease-free seedling produced in insect-proof nurseries and control of D. citri. In Brazil, the disease is restricted to S?o Paulo, Minas Gerais and Paran? states. The state of Bahia is considered HLB-free area, even though the state presents all of the suitable conditions for the occurrence of the disease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the attractiveness of citrus varieties grown in the State of Bahia on Diaphorina citri and to identify the volatile organic compounds emitted. For this purpose, the following varieties were analysed: 'Valencia', 'Westin' and 'Pera' sweet orange scions (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) and the rootstocks, ?Rangpur lime? (Citrus limonia Osbeck), 'Sunki Tropical' (Citrus sunki (Hayata) hort ex. Tanaka), and 'HTR059' (Poncirus trifoliata - hybrid). The 'Flying Dragon' rootstock (Poncirus trifoliata L. (Raf.) was used as the least attractive control and the orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata L. Jack), as the most attractive control to the vector. The olfactometer bioassays were conducted in a four-way olfactometer to identify the most and the least attractive variety to the psyllid and the data obtained were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality, and t test for assessing differences between the average of the treatments. The VOCs were extracted according to the SPME technique and identified through GC-MS. The data obtained were evaluated through the principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering (HCA) in Metaboanalyst software. The results showed that only the varieties 'Sunki Tropical', ?Rangpur lime' and 'Valencia' were more attractive than the less attractive control ?Flying Dragon?. Regarding to the more attractive control orange jasmine, the ?HTR 059' rootstock was the least attractive. The main compounds found in the least attractive varieties were ?-pinene and linalol for 'Pera', ?-pinene and decanol for 'Westin', ?-caryophyllene and ?- element for 'HTR 059'. In this way, ?HTR 059? hybrid and ?Pera? and ?Westin? sweet orange scions are the varieties indicated to implement actions to prevent the introduction and spread of the disease in the State of Bahia. The Valencia sweet orange and the 'Sunki Tropical' and ?Rangpur lime' rootstocks were the most attractive cultivars, and therefore less suitable for cultivation in Bahia when HLB prevention is required. O huanglongbing (HLB) ? uma doen?a dos citros causada por bact?rias do g?nero Candidatus que provoca mosqueado nas folhas, redu??o no tamanho e matura??o irregular dos frutos, degenera??o do floema e abortamento das sementes. Atualmente, o HLB ? a doen?a mais devastadora para a citricultura no mundo. No Brasil, o HLB pode ser disseminado nos pomares pelo inseto vetor, o psil?deo Diaphorina citri ou atrav?s da enxertia de material propagativo infectado. Ainda n?o existem variedades resistentes aos pat?genos e o manejo da doen?a se d? por meio da erradica??o das plantas sintom?ticas, produ??o de mudas livres do agente causal e controle das popula??es de D. citri. No Brasil, a doen?a ? restrita aos Estados de S?o Paulo, Minas Gerais e Paran?, sendo o estado da Bahia considerado ?rea livre do HLB, embora apresente condi??es adequadas ? ocorr?ncia da doen?a. Neste sentido, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a atratividade de variedades de citros, cultivados no estado da Bahia, sobre a Diaphorina citri e identificar os compostos org?nicos vol?teis emitidos. Para tanto, foram analisadas as copas de laranja doce (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) ?Val?ncia?, ?Westin? e ?Pera? e os porta-enxertos, limoeiro ?Cravo? (Citrus limonia Osbeck), ?Sunki Tropical? (Citrus sunki (Hayata) hort ex. Tanaka), e o ?HTR 059? (h?brido de P. trifoliata). O porta enxerto ?Flying Dragon? (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) foi utilizado como controle menos atrativo e a murta de cheiro (Murraya paniculata L. Jack), como controle mais atrativo ao vetor. Os bioensaios de olfatometria foram conduzidos em em olfat?metro de quatro vias para identificar as variedades mais e menos atrativas ao psil?deo e os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste Shapiro-Wilk para verifica??o da normalidade, e ao test t para avaliar a diferen?as entre as m?dias dos tratamentos. Os COV?s foram extra?dos conforme a t?cnica SPME e identificados atrav?s da GC-MS. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados atrav?s da an?lise de componentes principais (PCA) e de agrupamento hier?rquico (HCA) no software Metaboanalyst. Os resultados demonstraram que as variedades ?Sunki Tropical?, limoeiro ?Cravo? e ?Val?ncia? foram mais atrativas do que o controle menos atrativo. Em rela??o ao controle mais atrativo, a variedade ?HTR 059? foi a menos atrativa. Os principais compostos encontrados nas variedades menos atrativas foram ?-pineno e linalol para a copa ?Pera?, ?-pineno e decanol para a copa ?Westin?, ?-cariofileno e ?-elemeno para o porta-enxerto h?brido ?HTR 059?. Desta forma, o porta-enxerto h?brido ?HTR 059? e as copas ?Pera? e ?Westin? s?o as variedades indicadas em a??es de preven??o ? introdu??o e dissemina??o da doen?a no estado da Bahia. A copa ?Val?ncia? e os porta-enxertos ?Sunki Tropical? e limoeiro ?Cravo? foram os mais atrativos e menos indicados para cultivo quando se almeja a preven??o do HLB na Bahia.

Inhibitory activity of thirty-one ethanol extracts obtained from albedo, flavedo, seed and leaf parts of 17 cultivars of Citrus species from Turkey, the bark and leaves of Olea europaea L. from two locations (Turkey and Cyprus) as well as caffeic acid and hesperidin was tested against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, using ELISA microtiter assays at 500 mu g/mL. Metal-chelating capacity of the extracts was also determined. BChE inhibitory effect of the Citrus sp. extracts was from (7.7 +/- 0.7) to (70.3 +/- 1.1) %, whereas they did not show any inhibition against AChE. Cholinesterase inhibitory activity of the leaf and bark ethanol extracts of 0. europaea was very weak ((10.2 +/- 3.1) to (15.0 +/- 2.3) %). The extracts had either no or low metal-chelating capacity at 500 mu g/mL. HPTLC fingerprinting of the extracts, which indicated a similar phytochemical pattern, was also done using the standards of caffeic acid and hesperidin with weak cholinesterase inhibition. Among the screened extracts, the albedo extract of C. limon 'Interdonato', the flavedo extracts of 'Kara Limon' and 'Cyprus' cultivars and the seed extract of C. maxima appear to be promising as natural BChE inhibitors.

O sucesso de técnicas biotecnológicas no melhoramento in vitro de citros está condicionado à existência prévia de uma metodologia eficiente de regeneração de plantas e muitos fatores estão relacionados à fase de enraizamento e aclimatização, influenciando positiva e/ou negativamente o estabelecimento de protocolos de micropropagação. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de fitorreguladores no enraizamento in vitro dos cultivares cítricos laranjeira Pêra e limoeiro Cravo, assim como a taxa de sobrevivência dos brotos enraizados na etapa de aclimatização. Para o enraizamento, foram utilizadas brotações cultivadas in vitro de cv. Pêra e cv. Cravo, inoculadas em meio de cultura ½ MS, sacarose a 3%, associada a diferentes combinações de BAP (benzilaminopurina), ANA (ácido naftalenoacético) e AIB (ácido indolbutírico) durante quatro semanas. Na aclimatização ex vitro as plântulas foram transferidas para casa de vegetação em recipientes plásticos utilizando vermiculita autoclavada como substrato e adição de 10 mL/planta de solução nutritiva quinzenalmente, com avaliações da taxa de sobrevivência das plântulas durante quatro semanas, conforme o meio de enraizamento a que foram submetidas anteriormente. Os resultados para o enraizamento in vitro, mostraram os maiores índices de formação de raízes, comprimento de broto e número de gemas, nos meios contendo 1,0 mg L-1 ANA + 1,5 mg L-1 AIB e 0,5 mg L-1 ANA + 2,0 mg L-1 AIB, apresentando raízes longas, ramificadas e finas, proporcionando altas taxas de sobrevivência e melhor desenvolvimento das plântulas durante a aclimatização.

A água é um dos fatores limitantes ao desenvolvimento de plantas cítricas, o que faz da reposição hídrica uma prática comum, em plantios onde a sua distribuição é escassa. O gel hidroretentor tem sido uma das tecnologias disponíveis de fornecimento de água para plantas, podendo ser uma alternativa no plantio de mudas cítricas, contribuindo para o uso racional da água. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a eficiência do hidrogel como alternativa para minimizar os efeitos do défice hídrico, em mudas de cultivares apirênicas de tangerineiras ('Ortanique', 'Okitsu'e 'Clemenules') e de laranjeiras ('Navelina', 'Navelate' e 'Lanelate'), todas enxertadas sobre Poncirus trifoliata. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, no qual plantas com hidrogel foram comparadas a plantas sob irrigação convencional e a plantas submetidas a estresse hídrico, em fatorial triplo. Foram determinadas as taxas de assimilação líquida de carbono, condutância estomática, transpiração e razão entre concentrações interna e externa de CO2. Verificou-se que o efeito do hidrogel na manutenção do status hídrico de mudas cítricas é variável e dependente de mecanismos fisiológicos de resposta ao défice hídrico. As mudas de 'Ortanique'e 'Navelate'não responderam à aplicação de hidrogel. Este promoveu recuperação e manutenção do status hídrico das mudas de 'Okitsu', 'Clemenules', 'Navelina' e 'Lanelate', porém, estas cultivares foram sensíveis a variações no status hídrico, apresentando redução considerável nas trocas gasosas. Water is a limiting factor in citrus development which makes hydric replacement a common practice in plantations where its distribution is scarce. The hydroretentor gel has been one of the available technologies for water supply to plants and may also be an alternative that contributes to the rational use of water for planting citrus seedlings. This study evaluated the efficiency of hydrogel as an alternative to minimize the effects of water deficit in seedlings of seedless cultivars of tangerines ('Ortanique', 'Okitsu' and 'Clemenules') and oranges ('Navelina', 'Navelate' and 'Lanelate'), all grafted on Poncirus trifoliata. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a randomized blocks design, where plants with hydrogel were compared to plants under conventional irrigation and also to plants under water deficit, in a triple factorial arrangement. The rates of carbon liquid assimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration and the ratio between internal and external CO2 concentrations were evaluated. It was verified that the effect of the hydrogel for maintaining the hydric status of citrus seedlings is variable and dependent on physiological mechanisms of response to water deficit. There was no response of 'Ortanique' and 'Navelate'seedlings to the hydrogel application. The hydrogel promoted the recovering and maintenance of the hydric status of 'Okitsu', 'Clemenules', 'Navelina' and 'Lanelate' seedlings, however, these cultivars were sensitive to changes in the water status, with considerable reduction of gas exchange.

Water is a limiting factor in citrus development which makes hydric replacement a common practice in plantations where its distribution is scarce. The hydroretentor gel has been one of the available technologies for water supply to plants and may also be an alternative that contributes to the rational use of water for planting citrus seedlings. This study evaluated the efficiency of hydrogel as an alternative to minimize the effects of water deficit in seedlings of seedless cultivars of tangerines ('Ortanique', 'Okitsu' and 'Clemenules') and oranges ('Navelina', 'Navelate' and 'Lanelate'), all grafted on Poncirus trifoliata. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a randomized blocks design, where plants with hydrogel were compared to plants under conventional irrigation and also to plants under water deficit, in a triple factorial arrangement. The rates of carbon liquid assimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration and the ratio between internal and external CO2 concentrations were evaluated. It was verified that the effect of the hydrogel for maintaining the hydric status of citrus seedlings is variable and dependent on physiological mechanisms of response to water deficit. There was no response of 'Ortanique' and 'Navelate'seedlings to the hydrogel application. The hydrogel promoted the recovering and maintenance of the hydric status of 'Okitsu', 'Clemenules', 'Navelina' and 'Lanelate' seedlings, however, these cultivars were sensitive to changes in the water status, with considerable reduction of gas exchange.

Agriculture is a co-evolutionary process between society and nature. Agroecology is an environmental science which focuses on ecosystem-culture and society-nature interactive systems, the effect of human intervention in the transformation of ecosystems. The central objects are agroecosystems and the units of study are production units. These production units are conceived of as agricultural systems and are found in the crossroads of multiple interactions between biophysical, socioeconomical, cultural, and production components, which must be analyzed with an integrated concept. In the present study, a characterization and typification of the citrus agroecosystems of the department of Meta were pursued (Colombia). The pertinence of implementing the methodology designed by the Latin-American Center for Rural Development (Centro Latinoamericano para el Desarrollo Rural-RIMISP) was evaluated, grouping the variables with a focus on an analysis of livelihoods. A survey and interview were defined as methods of collecting the primary information in the municipalities of Puerto López, Villavicencio, Granada, Lejanías, Guamal and San Martin, where 78.4% of the citrus area of the department is found. This study involved the selection and definition of the evaluation variables, validation and adjustment of said variables, collection of primary and secondary information, and the application of multivariate statistical analysis techniques to conform and characterize the recommendation domains or groups. The more important results indicated that it is possible to increase knowledge of the interrelations that exist between the different components of farm agroecosystems and their relationship with the principal agroecological structure. The existence of six agricultural groups or recommendation domains was established, with some productive characteristics very similar within the group but very heterogeneous to the outside of the group, with particular necessities.

Inhibitory activity of thirty-one ethanol extracts obtained from albedo, flavedo, seed and leaf parts of 17 cultivars of Citrus species from Turkey, the bark and leaves of Olea europaea L. from two locations (Turkey and Cyprus) as well as caff eic acid and hesperidin was tested against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, using ELISA microtiter assays at 500 μg/mL. Metal-chelating capacity of the extracts was also determined. BChE inhibitory effect of the Citrus sp. extracts was from (7.7±0.7) to (70.3±1.1) %, whereas they did not show any inhibition against AChE. Cholinesterase inhibitory activity of the leaf and bark ethanol extracts of O. europaea was very weak ((10.2±3.1) to (15.0±2.3) %). The extracts had either no or low metal-chelating capacity at 500 μg/mL. HPTLC fingerprinting of the extracts, which indicated a similar phytochemical pattern, was also done using the standards of caffeic acid and hesperidin with weak cholinesterase inhibition. Among the screened extracts, the albedo extract of C. limon ‘Interdonato’, the flavedo extracts of ‘Kara Limon’ and ‘Cyprus’ cultivars and the seed extract of C. maxima appear to be promising as natural BChE inhibitors., U radu je pomoću ELISA čitača mikrotitarskih ploča ispitana sposobnost inhibicije acetilkolinesteraze i butirilkolinesteraze, enzima povezanih s razvojem Alzheimerove bolesti, u trideset i jednom alkoholnom ekstraktu (u koncentraciji od 500 μg/mL) albeda (unutarnjeg, bijelog dijela kore), flaveda (kore plodova), sjemena ili dijelova lišća 17 kultivara citrusa iz Turske, kore i lišća masline (Olea europaea L.) uzgojenih na dvije lokacije (Turska i Cipar), te kafeinske kiseline i hesperidina. Također je ispitana i kelirajuća aktivnost ekstrakata. Ekstrakti citrusa inhibirali su od (7.7±0.7) do (70.3±1.1) % butirilkolinesteraze, no nisu pokazali sposobnost inhibicije acetilkolinesteraze. Alkoholni ekstrakti lišća i kore masline imali su slabu sposobnost inhibicije kolinesteraza, i to od (10.2±3.1) do (15.0±2.3) %. Ekstrakti u koncentraciji od 500 μg/mL imali su slabu ili nikakvu kelirajuću aktivnost. Pomoću metode HPTLC, koristeći kafeinsku kiselinu i hesperidin kao standardne spojeve slabe sposobnosti inhibicije kolinesteraze, određeni su specifični spojevi u ekstraktima, te je utvrđeno da je fitokemijski profil ekstrakata sličan. Od svih ispitanih uzoraka, ekstrakt albeda kultivara Citrus limon ‘Interdonato’, ekstrakti flaveda kultivara ‘Kara limon’ i ciparskog kultivara limuna, te ekstrakt sjemena pomela (Citrus maxima) imali su najbolju sposobnost inhibicije butirilkolinesteraze.

In order to study the physiology of perception of saline stress in ‘Common Sunki’ mandarin hybrids, an experiment was realized in a greenhouse at the CCTA - UFCG, Pombal, PB, Brazil,using using a randomized block design with a 2x4 factorial , with two levels of salinity (0.3 and 4.0 dS m-1) and four ‘Common Sunki’ mandarin hybrids (1 - TSKC x CTARG–019; 2 - TSKC x CTSW–028; 3 - TSKC x CTSW–033 and 4 - TSKC x CTSW-041), with three replications and four plants per plot. The plants were grown hydroponically and 90 days after sowing, a saline water solution was applied on rootstocks and evaluations of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were carried out 24 and 48 hours after saline stress. Changes on physiologic conditions were observed in the hybrids TSKC x CTSW - 028, TSKC x CTSW - 033 and TSKC x CTSW - 041 during the first 24 hours of saline stress. Fot the hybrid TSKC x CTARG – 019, changes were observed after 48 hours od salinity stress. According to salinity tolerance, the hybrids could be classified as follows: TSKC x CTARG - 019 > TSKC x CTSW - 028 = TSKC x CTSW – 041 > TSKC x CTSW - 033., Objetivou-se estudar a fisiologia da percepção e a tolerância ao estresse salino em híbridos de tangerineira ‘Sunki Comum’. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido do Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar, CCTA, da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, UFCG, Pombal, PB, em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com esquema fatorial (2x4), composto por dois níveis de salinidade (0,3 e 4,0 dS m-1) e quatro híbridos de tangerineira ‘Sunki Comum’(TSKC), a saber: 1-TSKC x Citrange argentina (CTARG) -019; 2– TSKC x Citrumelo Swingle (CTSW) -028; 3 - TSKC x CTSW-033 e 4 - TSKC x CTSW–041), com três repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. As plantas foram cultivadas em sistema hidropônicoe, aos 90 dias após a semeadurainiciou-se a aplicação das soluções nutritivas preparadas com águas salinizadas nos portas-enxertos, procedendo-se avaliações relativas às trocas gasosas e fluorescência da clorofila aàs 24 e 48 horas do iníciodo estresse salino. Nos híbridosTSKC x CTSW-028, TSKC x CTSW–033 e TSKC x CTSW-041 a submissão à solução salina durante as primeiras 24h proporcionou alterações nos aspectos fisiológicos; no TSKC x CTARG – 019,a salinidade ocasionou alterações após 48h.Quanto ao grau de tolerância dos híbridos, pode-se classificar, em escala decrescente: TSKC x CTARG-019 >TSKC x CTSW-028 = TSKC x CTSW-041 > TSKC x CTSW-033.

As fibras alimentares são consumidas naturalmente em cereais, frutas e hortaliças, mas também são adicionadas na forma concentrada em alimentos processados. Diferentes fontes de fibras têm diferentes estruturas e composições químicas, que irão definir a sua finalidade nutricional ou tecnológica. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a caracterização de fibra alimentar do albedo da laranja submetida a dois métodos de secagem (liofilização e convencional) e divididas por intervalos granulométricos. Para as determinações de densidade, área superficial, porosidade e distribuição de tamanho de poro, utilizaram-se técnicas clássicas da tecnologia de sistema particulado e foram comparadas com imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados apontaram que o método de secagem é o que mais influenciou na redução do volume de poros do material, também visualizado nas características microestruturais reveladas pela análise de imagem. O intervalo granulométrico da fibra particulada apresentou-se inversamente proporcional à densidade e à área superficial específica do material. A fibra alimentar do albedo da laranja apresentou características estruturais que permitem a diversificação de novos produtos alimentícios com alto valor nutritivo e comercial.The food fibers are consumed naturally in cereals, fruits and vegetables, and they are also added in a concentrated form in processed foods. Different fiber sources have different structures and chemical composition that will define their nutritional or technological purpose. This research aims the characterization of orange albedo dietary fiber submitted to two methods of drying (conventional and lyophilization) and split by granulometric intervals. For the density determinations, surface area, porosity and pore size distribution it was used classical techniques of the particulate systems tecnology and it was compared whit images of scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the drying method influence more in the material pore volume reduction, this is also visualized in the microstructural characteristics reveled by image analysis. The granulometric interval of particulate fiber showed itself inversely proportional to the material density and material specific surface area. The orange albedo dietary fiber showed structural characteristics that allow the diversification of new food products with high nutritional and commercial value.

As fibras alimentares são consumidas naturalmente em cereais, frutas e hortaliças, mas também são adicionadas na forma concentrada em alimentos processados. Diferentes fontes de fibras têm diferentes estruturas e composições químicas, que irão definir a sua finalidade nutricional ou tecnológica. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a caracterização de fibra alimentar do albedo da laranja submetida a dois métodos de secagem (liofilização e convencional) e divididas por intervalos granulométricos. Para as determinações de densidade, área superficial, porosidade e distribuição de tamanho de poro, utilizaram-se técnicas clássicas da tecnologia de sistema particulado e foram comparadas com imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados apontaram que o método de secagem é o que mais influenciou na redução do volume de poros do material, também visualizado nas características microestruturais reveladas pela análise de imagem. O intervalo granulométrico da fibra particulada apresentou-se inversamente proporcional à densidade e à área superficial específica do material. A fibra alimentar do albedo da laranja apresentou características estruturais que permitem a diversificação de novos produtos alimentícios com alto valor nutritivo e comercial. The food fibers are consumed naturally in cereals, fruits and vegetables, and they are also added in a concentrated form in processed foods. Different fiber sources have different structures and chemical composition that will define their nutritional or technological purpose. This research aims the characterization of orange albedo dietary fiber submitted to two methods of drying (conventional and lyophilization) and split by granulometric intervals. For the density determinations, surface area, porosity and pore size distribution it was used classical techniques of the particulate systems tecnology and it was compared whit images of scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the drying method influence more in the material pore volume reduction, this is also visualized in the microstructural characteristics reveled by image analysis. The granulometric interval of particulate fiber showed itself inversely proportional to the material density and material specific surface area. The orange albedo dietary fiber showed structural characteristics that allow the diversification of new food products with high nutritional and commercial value.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para estimar a fertilidade do pólen e determinar o nível de ploidia em progênies dos cruzamentos da tangerineira 'Montenegrina' (C. deliciosa Ten.) com a tangerineira 'King' (C. nobilis Lour.) e com a laranjeira 'Caipira' (C. sinensis (L.) Osb.). As plantas, de pés-francos e com idade entre 11 e 12 anos, são mantidas na Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, em Eldorado do Sul. Avaliaram-se o nível de ploidia, através da contagem dos cromossomos em células em meiose, e a fertilidade do pólen, por coloração do pólen com carmim propiônico, em 2005 e 2006. Todos os híbridos avaliados são diplóides e a fertilidade de pólen variou de zero a 98%. C27 - híbrido de 'Montenegrina' x 'Caipira' - revelou-se praticamente estéril, e a fertilidade de C21, do mesmo cruzamento, é de 10%. A menor fertilidade observada no cruzamento da 'Montenegrina' x 'King' foi de 42%.This work was performed to estimate pollen fertility and determinate the ploidy level of 11 to 12 years old progenies of crosses of 'Montenegrina' mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) with 'King' mandarin (C. nobilis Lour.) and with 'Caipira' sweet orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osb.) maintained at Estação Experimental Agronômica of UFRGS, in Eldorado do Sul, Brazil. The ploidy level was determined by chromosome countings in meiosis cells and pollen fertility evaluated by staining pollen grains with propionic carmine. All evaluated hybrids are diploid and pollen fertility varied from zero to 98%. C27, a hybrid 'Montenegrina' x 'Caipira', was found is sterile, and C21, from the same cross, showed 10 % fertility. The lowest observed fertility in the progeny 'Montenegrina' x 'King' was 42 %.

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento vegetativo de porta-enxertos de citros produzidos em diferentes substratos comerciais, mantidos em recipientes de quatro litros. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação, na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul, RS, no período de junho/2003 a março/2004, e seguiu o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, testando-se três substratos comerciais: Turfa preta (Comercial 1); cascas processadas e enriquecidas, vermiculita expandida, perlita expandida e turfa (Comercial 2); e casca de pínus compostada e vermiculita (Comercial 3) e três porta-enxertos: ("Trifoliata"; citrangeiro "C13" e limoeiro "Cravo"). A irrigação foi feita por gotejamento. Avaliaram-se as seguintes variáveis: diâmetro do colo; altura da parte aérea; número de folhas e área foliar; matéria seca das raízes, da parte aérea e total; conteúdo de nutrientes nas folhas e percentual de porta-enxertos aptos à enxertia. A interpretação dos resultados revelou que o substrato com cascas processadas e enriquecidas, vermiculita expandida, perlita expandida e turfa possibilitou maior desenvolvimento vegetativo aos porta-enxertos utilizados, devido ao maior aporte de nutrientes. Os porta-enxertos mostraram desenvolvimento diferenciado, sendo que o citrangeiro "C13" tem potencial de uso para a diversificação de porta-enxertos na citricultura, devido ao seu desenvolvimento vegetativo. This research was aimed at evaluating the vegetative growth of citrus rootstocks produced in different commercial substrates and cultivated in four liters containers. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions at the Estação Experimental Agronômica of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, from June 2003 to July 2004. Three commercial substrates [black peat (Commercial 1); processed and enriched husks, expanded vermiculite, expanded perlite and peat (Commercial 2); and (pinus husks and expanded vermiculite (Commercial 3)] and three rootstocks (Trifoliate orange - Poncirus trifoliata [ L. ] Raf.; "C13" citrange - Citrus sinensis [ L. ] Osbeck x P. trifoliata, and Rangpur lime - C. limonia Osbeck) were tested in randomized blocks under dripping irrigation. The following variables were evaluated: stem height and diameter; leaf number and area; root, aerial and total dry mass; leaf nutrient content and relative number of available rootstocks for grafting. The substrate with processed and enriched husks, expanded vermiculite, expanded perlite and peat provided greater vegetative development of rootstocks due to higher nutrient availability. The rootstocks showed diverse development. The "C13" citrange may be offered to the citrus industry as a choice for diversification of rootstocks, due its vegetative growth.

Foram aplicados tratamentos térmicos em laranja "Valência", tangor "Murcott" e lima ácida "Tahiti" armazenadas em baixa temperatura e avaliados os efeitos na redução de injúrias pelo frio e sobre outras características bioquímicas. Os seguintes tratamentos foram aplicados: T1: frutas armazenadas a 1°C (Controle); T2: aquecimento rápido das frutas em água quente a 53°C, durante 3 minutos, sendo, em seguida, armazenadas a 1°C; T3: aquecimento lento das frutas em câmara regulada para 37°C, por 2 dias, com posterior armazenamento a 1°C; e T4: aquecimento intermitente em ciclos de 6 dias a 1°C + 1 dia a 25°C. As frutas foram armazenadas durante 90 dias a 1°C e 90-95% de Umidade Relativa (UR), sendo avaliadas a cada 15 dias. Além da incidência dos danos, foram avaliadas também as atividades das enzimas antioxidativas (catalase, glutationa redutase e ascorbato peroxidase). A lima ácida "Tahiti" e o tangor "Murcott" suportaram até 90 dias de armazenamento a 1°C com aquecimento intermitente, não apresentando danos pelo frio. No tratamento controle (armazenamento contínuo a 1°C), os danos pelo frio surgiram aos 30 dias de armazenamento para a lima "Tahiti" e aos 45 dias para o tangor "Murcott". Em laranjas "Valência", as injúrias pelo frio surgiram aos 45 dias de armazenamento, sendo significativamente menores no condicionamento térmico. Os efeitos dos tratamentos térmicos no aumento da resistência das frutas ao frio podem estar relacionados com a atividade das enzimas antioxidativas. Para a laranja "Valência", os tratamentos térmicos, aplicados na forma de condicionamento térmico ou aquecimento intermitente, reduzem as injúrias pelo frio e podem prolongar a conservação das frutas a 1°C e 90-95% UR. Para tangor "Murcott" e lima "Tahiti", o aquecimento intermitente é o tratamento mais eficiente para a redução de injúrias pelo frio e para o aumento na capacidade de armazenamento. In the present study thermal treatments on,'Valência' orange, 'Murcott' tangor and 'Tahiti' (temperature conditioning and intermittent warming) were applied lime. The following treatments were applied: T1: Fruits stored at 1°C (Controls); T2: Fast heating of the fruits in hot water at 53°C for 3 minutes and stored at 1°C; T3: Slow heating of the fruits in camera regulated at 37°C for 2 days, with subsequent storage at 1°C; and T4: Intermittent heating in cycles of 6 days at 1°C + 1 day at 25°C. Fruits were stored under low temperature (1°C) and 90-95% relative humidity (RH) during 90 days. Chilling injury incidence and changes in physical-chemical characteristics were evaluated every 15 days. Activity of catalase, glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase was also determined. Intermittent warming was more efficient than temperature conditioning to reduce chilling injury. 'Tahiti' lime and 'Murcott' tangor supported up to 90 days of intermittent warming stored at 1°C, while control fruits showed chilling injury after 30 days ('Tahiti' lime) and 45 days ('Murcott' tangor). 'Valência' orange was affected by chilling injury after 45 days of cold storage, and temperature conditioning has caused lower incidence of this disorder. The effect of thermal treatments can be related to the activity of antioxidant enzymes. For ´Valência" orange, thermal treatments, applied as thermal conditioning or intermittent heating, reduce injuries caused by cold and can lengthen the conservation of fruits at 1°C and 90-95% RH. The intermittent heating is the most efficient treatment to reduce injuries caused by cold and increase at storage capacity of the 'Murcott' tangor and 'Tahiti' lime.

Analisou-se o desenvolvimento de duas variedades-copa enxertadas sobre diversos porta-enxertos e produzidas em substratos comerciais sob ambiente protegido. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul, RS, no período de fevereiro a novembro/2004. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x3x3, sendo testados: 2 variedades-copa (laranjeira "Valência" - C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck e tangerineira "Montenegrina" - C. sinensis Tenore), 3 porta-enxertos (Trifoliata - C. sinensis [L.] Raf.; citrangeiro "C13" - Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck x P. trifoliata [L.] Raf.; e limoeiro "Cravo" - C. limonia Osbeck) e 3 substratos comerciais (Comercial 1, 2 e 3), e As mudas foram produzidas em citropotes de quatro litros, com sistema de irrigação por gotejamento. A análise revelou que o substrato Comercial 2 possibilitou maior desenvolvimento vegetativo às variedades-copa. O porta-enxerto citrangeiro "C13" pode ser uma alternativa aos porta-enxertos tradicionais usados no Brasil. The vegetative development of citrus nursery varieties grafted on three rootstocks at greenhouse conditions under different commercial substrates was evaluated. The experiment, randomized blocks, in a 2x3x3 factorial, was conducted at the research station of the Uiversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil, from February to November 2004. The treatments were two citrus varieties ('Valencia' Orange - Citrus sinensis [L.] Osb. and 'Montenegrina' mandarin - Citrus deliciosa Ten.), citrus rootstoocks (Trifoliate orange - C. sinensis (L.) Raf., citrange 'C13' - P. trifoliata x Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. and 'Rangpur' lemon - C. limonia Osb.) and substrates (Commercial 1, 2, and 3). Plants were grown in containers (4 L) with drip irrigation system. The Commercial 2 substrate showed the best performance in inducing plant growth. The citrange 'C13' may be an alternative to the Brazilian traditional citrus rootstocks.

Analisou-se o desenvolvimento de duas variedades-copa enxertadas sobre diversos porta-enxertos e produzidas em substratos comerciais sob ambiente protegido. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul, RS, no período de fevereiro a novembro/2004. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x3x3, sendo testados: 2 variedades-copa (laranjeira "Valência" - C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck e tangerineira "Montenegrina" - C. sinensis Tenore), 3 porta-enxertos (Trifoliata - C. sinensis [L.] Raf.; citrangeiro "C13" - Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck x P. trifoliata [L.] Raf.; e limoeiro "Cravo" - C. limonia Osbeck) e 3 substratos comerciais (Comercial 1, 2 e 3), e As mudas foram produzidas em citropotes de quatro litros, com sistema de irrigação por gotejamento. A análise revelou que o substrato Comercial 2 possibilitou maior desenvolvimento vegetativo às variedades-copa. O porta-enxerto citrangeiro "C13" pode ser uma alternativa aos porta-enxertos tradicionais usados no Brasil.The vegetative development of citrus nursery varieties grafted on three rootstocks at greenhouse conditions under different commercial substrates was evaluated. The experiment, randomized blocks, in a 2x3x3 factorial, was conducted at the research station of the Uiversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil, from February to November 2004. The treatments were two citrus varieties ('Valencia' Orange - Citrus sinensis [L.] Osb. and 'Montenegrina' mandarin - Citrus deliciosa Ten.), citrus rootstoocks (Trifoliate orange - C. sinensis (L.) Raf., citrange 'C13' - P. trifoliata x Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. and 'Rangpur' lemon - C. limonia Osb.) and substrates (Commercial 1, 2, and 3). Plants were grown in containers (4 L) with drip irrigation system. The Commercial 2 substrate showed the best performance in inducing plant growth. The citrange 'C13' may be an alternative to the Brazilian traditional citrus rootstocks.

En el presente estudio se evaluó el desarrollo vegetativo de patrones cítricos cultivados en invernadero bajo dos sistemas de riego. El experimento se realizó en la Estação Experimental Agronômica de la Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ubicada en Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre los meses de septiembre de 2003 y abril de 2004, totalizando 225 días de experimentación. El diseño experimental fue de parcelas subdivididas, en factorial 2 x 3, con 4 repeticiones de 22 contenedores cada. En las parcelas principales se evaluaron los sistemas de riego (microaspersión y capilaridad) y en las subparcelas los patrones cítricos Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., citrangero 'C37' [P. trifoliata x Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. cv. Pêra] y lima 'Rangpur' (C. limonia Osb.). En condiciones de invernadero los patrones cítricos presentan un desarrollo vegetativo más rápido bajo riego por capilaridad respecto a la microaspersión. Los patrones cítricos evaluados presentan desarrollos vegetativos distintos, donde el citrangero 'C37' supera a los demás.The aim of the present work was to evaluate the vegetative development of citrus rootstock seedlings cultivated under greenhouse conditions with two irrigation systems. The experiment was conducted at the Estação Experimental Agronômica , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, located in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from September 2003 to April 2004, totalizing 225 days of experimentation. The experimental design was a split-plot, in a 2x3 factorial, with 4 replications of 22 pots each. In the main plot the irrigation systems was evaluated (micro sprinkler and capillarity) and in the split-plot the citrus rootstocks [Trifoliate orange - Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., 'C37' citrange - P. trifoliata x Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. cv. Pêra and 'Rangpur' lime - C. limonia Osb.] were evaluated. The main result showed in conditions of greenhouse citrus rootstock seedlings presented a great vegetative development under irrigation by capillarity in relation to the micro sprinkler. The evaluated citrus rootstock seedling display different vegetative developments, where the 'C37' citrange was more vigorous.

En el presente estudio se evaluó el desarrollo vegetativo de patrones cítricos cultivados en invernadero bajo dos sistemas de riego. El experimento se realizó en la Estação Experimental Agronômica de la Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ubicada en Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre los meses de septiembre de 2003 y abril de 2004, totalizando 225 días de experimentación. El diseño experimental fue de parcelas subdivididas, en factorial 2 x 3, con 4 repeticiones de 22 contenedores cada. En las parcelas principales se evaluaron los sistemas de riego (microaspersión y capilaridad) y en las subparcelas los patrones cítricos Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., citrangero 'C37' [P. trifoliata x Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. cv. Pêra] y lima 'Rangpur' (C. limonia Osb.). En condiciones de invernadero los patrones cítricos presentan un desarrollo vegetativo más rápido bajo riego por capilaridad respecto a la microaspersión. Los patrones cítricos evaluados presentan desarrollos vegetativos distintos, donde el citrangero 'C37' supera a los demás. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the vegetative development of citrus rootstock seedlings cultivated under greenhouse conditions with two irrigation systems. The experiment was conducted at the Estação Experimental Agronômica , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, located in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from September 2003 to April 2004, totalizing 225 days of experimentation. The experimental design was a split-plot, in a 2x3 factorial, with 4 replications of 22 pots each. In the main plot the irrigation systems was evaluated (micro sprinkler and capillarity) and in the split-plot the citrus rootstocks [Trifoliate orange - Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., 'C37' citrange - P. trifoliata x Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. cv. Pêra and 'Rangpur' lime - C. limonia Osb.] were evaluated. The main result showed in conditions of greenhouse citrus rootstock seedlings presented a great vegetative development under irrigation by capillarity in relation to the micro sprinkler. The evaluated citrus rootstock seedling display different vegetative developments, where the 'C37' citrange was more vigorous.

Plants present different degrees of adaptation to aluminium (Al) concentrations in the soil, and the understanding of this characteristic can lead to a viable option for the utilization of acid soils. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of five Al concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mumol L-1) on the growth of 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) and 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana Hort. ex Tan.), and tangerine rootstocks 'Cleópatra' (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan) and 'Sunki' (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tan.), in hydroponic culture. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications. For all rootstocks, the relative growth rate in terms of plant total fresh matter increased under low and, decreased under large Al concentrations. Growth of the shoot, leaf area ratio and leaf weight ratio decreased for all rootstocks in the presence of Al. The 'Rangpur' lime had a decrease of the root system growth, starting from 23 mumol L-1 of Al. For the remaining rootstocks, this growth reached maximum values at 91 to 117 mumol L-1 of Al, respectively. Considering all the evaluated characteristics of plant growth, the 'Rangpur' lime was the most susceptible to Al.

Plants present different degrees of adaptation to aluminium (Al) concentrations in the soil, and the understanding of this characteristic can lead to a viable option for the utilization of acid soils. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of five Al concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mumol L-1) on the growth of 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) and 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana Hort. ex Tan.), and tangerine rootstocks 'Cleópatra' (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan) and 'Sunki' (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tan.), in hydroponic culture. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications. For all rootstocks, the relative growth rate in terms of plant total fresh matter increased under low and, decreased under large Al concentrations. Growth of the shoot, leaf area ratio and leaf weight ratio decreased for all rootstocks in the presence of Al. The 'Rangpur' lime had a decrease of the root system growth, starting from 23 mumol L-1 of Al. For the remaining rootstocks, this growth reached maximum values at 91 to 117 mumol L-1 of Al, respectively. Considering all the evaluated characteristics of plant growth, the 'Rangpur' lime was the most susceptible to Al.As plantas apresentam diferentes graus de tolerância aos efeitos tóxicos do alumínio (Al), e a exploração dessa característica pode ser uma opção viável para a utilização dos solos ácidos. Este experimento teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de cinco concentrações de alumínio (0, 50, 100, 200 e 400 mimol L-1 de Al) sobre o crescimento dos porta-enxertos limoeiros 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck) e 'Volkameriano' (Citrus volkameriana Hort. ex Tan.), e tangerineiras 'Cleópatra' (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan) e 'Sunki' (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tan.) em cultivo hidropônico. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e duas plantas por parcela. Em todos os porta-enxertos, a taxa relativa de crescimento da matéria fresca total da planta aumentou na presença de baixas concentrações de Al e decresceu na presença de maiores concentrações. O crescimento da parte aérea, a relação de área foliar e a relação de massa foliar diminuíram em todos os porta-enxertos na presença do Al. No limoeiro 'Cravo' verificou-se decréscimo de crescimento do sistema radicular a partir de 23 mimol L-1 de Al. Nos demais porta-enxertos, esse crescimento atingiu valores máximos na presença de 91 a 117 mimol L-1 de Al, respctivamente. Considerando-se todas as características avaliadas do crescimento de planta, o limoeiro 'Cravo' foi o porta-enxerto mais sensível ao Al.

Com objetivo de avaliar o efeito do ácido giberélico sobre a germinação de sementes de porta-enxertos cítricos, um experimento foi instalado no Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos da UFLA. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos a partir do fatorial 5 x 4 (porta-enxertos: Limoeiro-'Cravo', Tangerineira-'Sunki', Tangerineira-'Cleópatra', 'UFLAD-4' e 'UFLAD-5'; ácido giberélico: 0; 60; 120 e 180 mg L-1 ). A parcela experimental foi constituída por 25 tubos de ensaio com uma semente/tubo, empregando-se a água + ágar a 7 mg L-1 como meio de cultura, sendo usadas sementes intactas. Após a inoculação, os tubos foram armazenados em sala sob temperatura de 25 ºC e 80 % de umidade relativa, com fotoperíodo de 16 horas. O experimento foi avaliado a partir da determinação da percentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG ) e número de plântulas por semente (NPS). O limoeiro-'Cravo' apresentou maior taxa de germinação e IVG, enquanto o híbrido 'UFLAD-5' apresentou maior NPS, não havendo efeito da aplicação do ácido giberélico sobre as características avaliadas.With the aim to evaluate the effect of the giberellic acid on germination of seeds of citrus rootstocks an experiment was carried out at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of Universidade Federal de Lavras. A randomized block design was used with factorial scheme 5 x 4, with four replications adopting: lemon tree 'Cravo', mandarin tree 'Sunki', mandarin tree 'Cleópatra', hybrids 'UFLAD- 4' and 'UFLAD-5' as rootstocks; 0, 60, 120 and 180 mg L-1 as the giberellic acid concentrations. The experimental plot was made up of 25 test tubes with one intact seed per tube inoculated at culture medium employing water + agar at 7 mg L-1. After inoculation, the tubes were stored in growth room at 25ºC and 80% of relative humidity, with a photoperiod of 16 hours. The following variables were evaluated: determination of the germination percentage, speed germination index (IVG) and seedling number per seed (NPS). The analyses showed that lemon tree 'Cravo' presented the better germination rate and speed germination index; the hybrid 'UFLAD-5' presented the highest seedling number per seed, there being no effect of giberellic acid on characteristics evaluated.

Com objetivo de avaliar o efeito do ácido giberélico sobre a germinação de sementes de porta-enxertos cítricos, um experimento foi instalado no Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos da UFLA. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos a partir do fatorial 5 x 4 (porta-enxertos: Limoeiro-'Cravo', Tangerineira-'Sunki', Tangerineira-'Cleópatra', 'UFLAD-4' e 'UFLAD-5'; ácido giberélico: 0; 60; 120 e 180 mg L-1 ). A parcela experimental foi constituída por 25 tubos de ensaio com uma semente/tubo, empregando-se a água + ágar a 7 mg L-1 como meio de cultura, sendo usadas sementes intactas. Após a inoculação, os tubos foram armazenados em sala sob temperatura de 25 ºC e 80 % de umidade relativa, com fotoperíodo de 16 horas. O experimento foi avaliado a partir da determinação da percentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG ) e número de plântulas por semente (NPS). O limoeiro-'Cravo' apresentou maior taxa de germinação e IVG, enquanto o híbrido 'UFLAD-5' apresentou maior NPS, não havendo efeito da aplicação do ácido giberélico sobre as características avaliadas. With the aim to evaluate the effect of the giberellic acid on germination of seeds of citrus rootstocks an experiment was carried out at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of Universidade Federal de Lavras. A randomized block design was used with factorial scheme 5 x 4, with four replications adopting: lemon tree 'Cravo', mandarin tree 'Sunki', mandarin tree 'Cleópatra', hybrids 'UFLAD- 4' and 'UFLAD-5' as rootstocks; 0, 60, 120 and 180 mg L-1 as the giberellic acid concentrations. The experimental plot was made up of 25 test tubes with one intact seed per tube inoculated at culture medium employing water + agar at 7 mg L-1. After inoculation, the tubes were stored in growth room at 25ºC and 80% of relative humidity, with a photoperiod of 16 hours. The following variables were evaluated: determination of the germination percentage, speed germination index (IVG) and seedling number per seed (NPS). The analyses showed that lemon tree 'Cravo' presented the better germination rate and speed germination index; the hybrid 'UFLAD-5' presented the highest seedling number per seed, there being no effect of giberellic acid on characteristics evaluated.

Agriculture is a co-evolutionary process between society and nature. Agroecology is an environmental science which focuses on ecosystem-culture and society-nature interactive systems, the effect of human intervention in the transformation of ecosystems. The central objects are agroecosystems and the units of study are production units. These production units are conceived of as agricultural systems and are found in the crossroads of multiple interactions between biophysical, socioeconomical, cultural, and production components, which must be analyzed with an integrated concept. In the present study, a characterization and typification of the citrus agroecosystems of the department of Meta were pursued (Colombia). The pertinence of implementing the methodology designed by the Latin-American Center for Rural Development (Centro Latinoamericano para el Desarrollo Rural-RIMISP) was evaluated, grouping the variables with a focus on an analysis of livelihoods. A survey and interview were defined as methods of collecting the primary information in the municipalities of Puerto López, Villavicencio, Granada, Lejanías, Guamal and San Martin, where 78.4% of the citrus area of the department is found. This study involved the selection and definition of the evaluation variables, validation and adjustment of said variables, collection of primary and secondary information, and the application of multivariate statistical analysis techniques to conform and characterize the recommendation domains or groups. The more important results indicated that it is possible to increase knowledge of the interrelations that exist between the different components of farm agroecosystems and their relationship with the principal agroecological structure. The existence of six agricultural groups or recommendation domains was established, with some productive characteristics very similar within the group but very heterogeneous to the outside of the group, with particular necessities. La agricultura es un proceso de coevolución entre las sociedades y la naturaleza, la agroecología es una ciencia ambiental, en donde se privilegia el estudio de las complejas interacciones ecosistema-cultura o sociedad-naturaleza; es el efecto de la intervención humana para transformar los ecosistemas, su objeto central y unidad de estudio son los agroecosistemas y la unidad productiva respectivamente. Estas unidades productivas conceptualmente se conciben como sistemas agropecuarios complejos, y se constituyen en el lugar donde se presentan múltiples interacciones entre los componentes biofísicos, socioeconómicos, culturales y productivos, los cuales deben ser analizados bajo un concepto integrador. En el presente trabajo, se avanzó en la tipificación y caracterización de los agroecosistemas citrícolas del departamento del Meta (Colombia); se evaluó la pertinencia de implementar la metodología diseñada por el Centro Latinoamericano para el Desarrollo Rural-RIMISP agrupando las variables con el enfoque análisis de medios de vida. Se definió la encuesta y la entrevista como medios de captura de información primaria, en los municipios de Puerto López, Villavicencio, Granada, Lejanías, Guamal y San Martin, donde se concentra el 78,4% del área citrícola del departamento. El trabajo investigativo comprendió la selección, definición de las variables a evaluar, validación y ajuste de las mismas, recolección de información primaria y secundaria, y la aplicación de técnicas de análisis estadístico de tipo multivariado para la conformación y caracterización de los grupos o dominios de recomendación. Los resultados más importantes indicaron que es posible ampliar el conocimiento de las interrelaciones que se presentan entre los diferentes componentes del agroecosistema finca y su relación con la estructura agroecológica principal. Se estableció que existen seis grupos de agricultores o dominios de recomendación, con unas características productivas muy semejantes al interior del grupo y muy heterogéneas al exterior de los grupos, con necesidades particulares.

La detección en 2000 de Toxoptera citricida (Tc) en la Península de Yucatán (PY) y su progresiva dispersión en el país justifica estudiar la prevalencia de éste vector en huertos citrícolas de PY; determinar la frecuencia de individuos virulíferos al Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) y establecer el tipo de aislamiento que dispersa con el fin de prevenir epidemias potenciales. Durante febrero 2011 y enero 2012 se censaron en PY cinco huertos con antecedentes positivos al CTV. De noviembre 2011-marzo 2013 se realizaron en 18 huertos seis muestreos dirigidos a focos positivos. Por árbol, se colectó independientemente 1-4 muestras de áfidos ápteros (10 insectos/muestra) así como su brote colonizado. En 2.5 años Tc se detectó en un rango de infestación del 6%(1/17)-35%(6/17), siendo mayor en invierno 2012. La colonización de Tc fue frecuente en limón persa (C. latifolia) con 72%(65/90), en comparación con 28%(25/90) de naranja Valencia (C. sinensis). La mayor colonización de Tc ocurrió en Yucatán y Campeche en brotes orientados al este-dosel con 44%(11/25) y 35%(23/65), respectivamente. El porcentaje de muestras Tc positivas tuvo un rango de 0%-75%, predominando en febrero y marzo 2012 con 75%(9/12 y 6/8, respectivamente). En total, de 1500 individuos colectados se estimaron 223 áfidos virulíferos (14.8%). El porcentaje de brotes positivos fue 57%(51/90). Hubo baja coincidencia de la condición positiva al CTV en la relación Tc-brote. En Campeche, la coincidencia no rebasó el 38%(3/8), mientras que en Yucatán no superó el 33%(1/3). Se secuenciaron cuatro muestras de áfidos positivos por PCR anidado los cuales fueron similares al aislamiento severo y moderado tipo T36(2/4) y T30(2/4), respectivamente. En diecisiete muestras de brotes positivos por PCR anidado prevaleció el aislamiento moderado tipo T30 (17/17). Esto confirma la baja prevalencia y virulificidad de Tc en PY, así como la prevalencia de un aislado de tipo moderado. _______________ PREVALENCE OF TOXOPTERA CITRICIDA AND RATE OF ACQUISITION OF CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS IN THE YUCATÁN PENÍNSULA. ABSTRACT: Detection in 2000 of Toxoptera citricida (Tc) in the Yucatan Peninsula (PY) and its gradual spread in the country justifies this study the prevalence of vector in citrus orchards of PY; determine the frequency of viruliferous individuals to Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) and set the type of insulation that disperses in order to prevent potential epidemics. During February 2011 and January 2012 were counted in five orchards with a history PY positive CTV. November 2011-March 2013 were conducted in 18 orchards six samplings aimed at positive foci. By tree, 1-4 samples were collected independently of wingless aphids (10 insects / sample) and its bud colonized. In 2.5 years Tc was detected in a range of infestation of 6% (1/17) -35% (6/17), being higher in winter 2012. The colonization of Tc was common Persian lime (C. latifolia) with 72% (65/90), compared with 28% (25/90) Valencia orange (C. sinensis). Higher colonization of Tc occurred in Yucatan and Campeche in buds oriented east-canopy with 44% (11/25) and 35% (23/65), respectively. The percentage of samples positive Tc ranged from 0% -75%, predominantly in February and March 2012 with 75% (9/12 and 6/8, respectively). A total of 1500 individuals collected viruliferous aphids were estimated 223 (14.8%). The percentage of positive shoots was 57% (51/90). There was low coincidence of CTV-positive status in the relationship Tc-bud. In Campeche, the match did not exceed 38% (3/8), while in Yucatan did not exceed 33% (1/3). Four samples were sequenced by nested PCR positive aphids which were similar to the isolation severe and moderate type T36 (2/4) and T30 (2/4), respectively. In seventeen samples positive by nested PCR bud prevailed T30 tempered type insulation (17/17). This confirms the low prevalence and PY virulificidad of Tc, and the prevalence of a moderate type isolate.

El Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) implicó una intensa Campaña Fitosanitaria desde su detección en 1993 hasta el 2008 bajo el sustento de la norma NOM-031-FITO-2000. El antecedente devastador del virus en otros países sugiere mantener su vigilancia epidemiológica para manejo del riesgo. Este trabajo tuvo como propósito cuantificar la situación epidemiológica del CTV en la Península de Yucatán a 11 años del ingreso de T. citricida (TC), vector eficiente en dispersión y selección de razas severas. Se integraron datos históricos de 1999-2008, con evaluaciones en 2010-2011 en 34 parcelas seleccionadas en Yucatán, Campeche y Quintana Roo con criterios ponderativos. Por huerto se definió variedad, edad, patrón, densidad, pedregosidad, riego, datos climaticos y síntomas putativos a razas severas. Adicionalmente, siete parcelas (1-2 ha) se censaron mediante inmunoimpresión-ELISA. Los análisis de datos incluyeron a nivel parcela la aplicación al modelo de Weibull, y el cálculo de parámetros de intensidad epidémica (yf y Área Bajo la Curva del Progreso de la Enfermedad –ABCPE-); y a nivel regional se aplicaron técnicas multivariadas a la matriz conformada con 34 parcelas y 12 variables. A partir de componentes principales se constituyeron dos índices multivariados los cuales se emplearon en la generación de mapas interpolados con ArcGis ver 9.2. Hasta 2008, la incidencia a nivel peninsular fue 0.00005%, siendo Yucatán y Campeche los que presentaron mayor número de positivos (1791, 1139) y municipios afectados (21). No se encontraron síntomas de picado de tallo o declinamiento. En 2010-2011, el rango de incidencia fue 0.6-36%, con mayor intensidad en Dzan, Kinchil, Samahil (Yucatán). Los parámetros epidémicos fueron mayores en Yucatán (1/b=0.017-0.030, p=0.05; ABCPE=39.6-52; yf=27-36%). Quintana Roo tuvo la menor incidencia (yf=2.5%). TC fue mayor en brotes (enero-marzo) en Yucatán y Campeche (5922 y 8810), mientras que A. spiraecola fue en trampas amarillas (713 vs 49TC). TC no impactó en agregados espaciales (Morisita=0.89-0.99 y Lloyd=0.88-0.99), no ha inducido epidemias intensas ni la aparición de razas severas. Los dos índices desarrollados se validaron con el mapa de positivos históricos interpolados, mostrando mayor similitud con el Índice Peninsular. En México, el CTV requiere un nuevo marco normativo con énfasis en prevención.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-28T15:28:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NicolleRibeiro.pdf: 712752 bytes, checksum: ab82a73b9089c03e3b07ca085fd8630b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-28T15:28:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NicolleRibeiro.pdf: 712752 bytes, checksum: ab82a73b9089c03e3b07ca085fd8630b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-01 The cultures of agronomic interest suffer with great infestations of whitefly, species Bemisia tabaci biotype B. Those infestations have been promoting economic losses due to the direct and indirect damages. The direct damages are characterized by the appearance of physiologic anomalies with alterations in the vegetative and reproductive development of the cultures. On the other hand, the indirect damages show for the appearance of fungus saprophytic that interfere in the process photosynthetic of the plants, besides presenting the capacity to transmit diseases you turn, as the geminivirus. With relationship to the damages provoked by the whitefly biotype B, several control strategies have been adopted objectifying to minimize the agricultural losses. Seeking an alternative to the synthetic insecticides, the use of products of vegetable origin has been revealing a promising source for the control of B. tabaci biotype B. Among those vegetable products, the essential oils have been presenting promising results with relationship to the effects in the repellence, inhibition of the feeding and of the growth, alterations in the sexual behavior, the adults' sterilization, mortality in the immature or adult phase, amongother characteristics for the control of the pest. This work objectified to evaluate the insecticide potential of the essential oil of the peel of six species of Citrus, cultivated in Santana of Mundaú - AL, on B. tabaci biotype B. The oil of C. limon promoted 97% of mortality in the concentrationof 4.5μL/L of air. The values of the CL50 of the oils of Citrus and eugenol varied of 0.20 to 5.80 μL/L of air. The minimum concentrations of oil tested to promote the oviposition deterrence were: 1.0; 3.0; 3.5; 3.7 and 7.0μL/L of air of the oil of C. reticulata, C. sinensis x C. reticulata, C. aurantium, C. limon and C. sinensis, respectively. With base in the biological potential of the oils of Citrus, the accomplishment of investigative studies facilitated to verify that the activity fumigant of those oils essential is promising for the control of the B. tabaci. As culturas de interesse agronômico sofrem com grandes infestações de mosca-branca, espécie Bemisia tabaci biótipo B. Essas infestações têm promovido perdas econômicas devido aos danos diretos e indiretos. Os danos diretos se caracterizam pelo aparecimento de anomalias fisiológicas com alterações no desenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo das culturas. Por outro lado, os danos indiretos se manifestam pelo aparecimento de fungos saprófitas que interferem no processo fotossintético das plantas, além de apresentar a capacidade de transmitir doenças virais, como o geminivírus. Com relação aos danos provocados pela mosca-branca biótipo B, várias estratégias de controle têm sido adotadas objetivando minimizar as perdas agrícolas. Visando uma alternativa aos inseticidas sintéticos, o uso de produtos de origem vegetal tem se revelado uma fonte promissora para o controle de B. tabaci biótipo B. Entre esses produtos vegetais, os óleos essenciais têm apresentado resultados promissores quanto aos efeitos na repelência, inibição da alimentação e do crescimento, alterações no comportamento sexual, esterilização dos adultos, mortalidade na fase imatura ou adulta, entre outras características para o controle dapraga. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o potencial inseticida do óleo essencial da casca de seis espécies de Citrus, cultivados em Santana do Mundaú - AL, sobre B. tabaci biótipo B. O óleo de C. limon promoveu 97% de mortalidade na concentração de 4,5μL/L de ar. Os valores das CL50dos óleos de Citrus e eugenol variaram de 0,20 a 5,80μL/L de ar. As concentrações mínimas de óleo testado para promover a deterrência de oviposição foram: 1,0; 3,0; 3,5; 3,7 e 7,0μL/L de ar do óleo de C. reticulata, C. sinensis x C. reticulata, C. aurantium, C. limon e C. sinensis, respectivamente. Com base no potencial biológico dos óleos de Citrus, a realização de estudos investigativos possibilitou verificar que a atividade fumigante desses óleos essenciais são promissores para o controle da B. tabaci.

The objective of this study was to produce citrus somatic asymmetric hybrids by fusing gamma-irradiated protoplasts with iodoacetamide-treated protoplasts. Protoplasts were isolated from embryogenic suspension cells of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad.) cultivars Ruby Red and Flame, sweet oranges (C. sinensis Osbeck) 'Itaboraí', 'Natal', Valencia', and 'Succari', from 'Satsuma' (C. unshiu Marcow.) and 'Changsha' mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) and 'Murcott' tangor (C. reticulata x C. sinensis). Donor protoplasts were exposed to gamma rays and receptor protoplasts were treated with 3 mmol L-1 iodoacetamide (IOA), and then they were fused for asymmetric hybridization. Asymmetric embryos were germinated, and the resulting shoots were either grafted onto sour orange, rough lemon or 'Swingle' (C. paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) x 'Sunki' mandarin rootstock seedlings, or rooted after dipping their bases in indol-butyric acid (IBA) solution. The products were later acclimatized to greenhouse conditions. Ploidy was analyzed by flow cytometry, and hybridity was confirmed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of plantlet DNAsamples. The best treatment was the donor-recipient fusion combination of 80 Gy-irradiated 'Ruby Red' protoplasts with 20 min IOA-treated 'Succari' protoplasts. Tetraploid and aneuploid plants were produced. Rooting recalcitrance was solved by dipping shoots' stems in 3,000 mg L-1 IBA solution for 10 min. O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir híbridos somáticos assimétricos de citros pela fusão de protoplastos irradiados com raios gama e protoplastos tratados com iodoacetamida. Protoplastos foram isolados de suspensões celulares embriogênicas de pomelo (Citrus paradisi Macfad.), cultivares Ruby Red e Flame, de laranja doce (C. sinensis Osbeck) 'Itaboraí', 'Natal', Valencia' e 'Succari', de tangerinas 'Satsuma' (C. unshiu Marcow.) e 'Changsha' (C. reticulata Blanco) e de tangor 'Murcott' (C. reticulata x C. sinensis). Protoplastos doadores foram expostos a raios gama e protoplastos receptores foram tratados com 3 mmol L-1 de iodoacetamida (IOA) e fusionados para hibridação assimétrica. Embriões assimétricos foram germinados e as brotações produzidas foram enxertadas sobre porta-enxertos de sementes de 'Laranja azeda', 'Limão rugoso' ou citrumelo 'Swingle' (C. paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) x 'Sunki' ou enraizadas após embebição em solução de ácido indol-3-butírico (IBA) e aclimatadas em casa de vegetação. A análise de ploidia foi realizada por meio de citometria de fluxo e a hibridicidade foi confirmada por análise de polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmentos amplificados (AFLP) de amostras de DNA das plântulas. A melhor combinação doador-recipiente foi de protoplastos de 'Ruby Red' irradiados com 80 Gy, fusionados com protoplastos de 'Succari' tratados por 20 min com IOA. Plantas tetraploides e aneuploides foram produzidas e o problema de recalcitrância ao enraizamento foi resolvido pela introdução das bases das brotações em 3.000 mg L-1 de IBA por 10 min.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do biorregulador MBTA [cloridrato de N,N-dietil-2-(4-metilbenziloxi) etilamina] aplicado em diferentes épocas e concentrações na produtividade e qualidade dos frutos da laranjeira 'Pêra'. Em duas safras consecutivas, o MBTA foi aplicado em três diferentes concentrações (8; 16 e 32 mg L-1) e em duas diferentes fases fenológicas (25% e 100% de flores abertas), em árvores cítricas adultas, utilizando um volume de 7 litros de solução por planta, acompanhado do adjuvante Silwett L-77 0,05%. Foram amostrados 20 frutos por planta, em quatro diferentes épocas estudadas, para determinar o teor de sólidos solúveis (SS); acidez titulável (AT); quantidade de sólidos solúveis por caixa de 40,8 kg; pH; rendimento de suco; "ratio" (relação SS/AT), e a massa média dos frutos. Os efeitos do MBTA variaram de acordo com a concentração aplicada e com a fase fenológica de aplicação. O MBTA, na concentração de 8 mg L-1, aplicado com 25% das flores abertas, incrementou o teor de sólidos solúveis, a acidez, a quantidade de sólidos solúveis por caixa de 40,8 kg e a produtividade. Esse mesmo tratamento também reduziu a massa média dos frutos e não alterou o rendimento de suco e o "ratio" do suco dos frutos. O incremento médio foi de 0,49 a 0,65% na concentração de sólidos solúveis, de 0,11 a 0,13 kg na quantidade de sólidos solúveis por caixa de 40,8 kg e de 20,4 kg/planta na produtividade. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of MBTA [N,N-diethyl-2-(4-metylbenzyloxy) ethylamine hydrochloride] bioregulator applied on different times and concentrations on the yield and fruit quality of 'Pera' sweet orange. In two consecutive harvest seasons, the MBTA was sprayed in three different concentrations (8; 16 and 32 mg L-1) and in two different phenological phases (25% and 100% open flowers) in citrus mature trees, using 7 L of spray per tree added with Silwett L-77 adjuvant at 0.05%. For each cultivar, twenty fruits per tree were sampled in four different times to determine the soluble solids concentration (SS), titratable acidity (TA), quantity of soluble solids per 40.8 kg box, juice yield, "ratio" (SS/TA) and average fruit weight. The effects of MBTA varied according to the concentration and phenological phase of application. The MBTA at 8 mg L-1 concentration, sprayed on 25% of the open flowers, increased the soluble solids concentration, acidity, the quantity of soluble solids per 40.8 kg box and the yield. The same treatment also decreased the average fruit weight and did not affect the juice yield and the "ratio". The average increase was from 0.49 to 0.65% on soluble solids concentration, from 0.11 to 0.13 kg on the quantity of soluble solids per 40.8 kg box and 20.4 kg/tree on yield.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para estimar a fertilidade do pólen e determinar o nível de ploidia em progênies dos cruzamentos da tangerineira ‘Montenegrina’ (C. deliciosa Ten.) com a tangerineira ‘King’ (C. nobilis Lour.) e com a laranjeira ‘Caipira’ (C. sinensis (L.) Osb.). As plantas, de pés-francos e com idade entre 11 e 12 anos, são mantidas na Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, em Eldorado do Sul. Avaliaram-se o nível de ploidia, através da contagem dos cromossomos em células em meiose, e a fertilidade do pólen, por coloração do pólen com carmim propiônico, em 2005 e 2006. Todos os híbridos avaliados são diplóides e a fertilidade de pólen variou de zero a 98%. C27 - híbrido de ‘Montenegrina’ x ‘Caipira’ - revelou-se praticamente estéril, e a fertilidade de C21, do mesmo cruzamento, é de 10%. A menor fertilidade observada no cruzamento da ‘Montenegrina’ x ‘King’ foi de 42%. This work was performed to estimate pollen fertility and determinate the ploidy level of 11 to 12 years old progenies of crosses of ‘Montenegrina’ mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) with ‘King’ mandarin (C. nobilis Lour.) and with ‘Caipira’ sweet orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osb.) maintained at Estação Experimental Agronômica of UFRGS, in Eldorado do Sul, Brazil. The ploidy level was determined by chromosome countings in meiosis cells and pollen fertility evaluated by staining pollen grains with propionic carmine. All evaluated hybrids are diploid and pollen fertility varied from zero to 98%. C27, a hybrid ‘Montenegrina’ x ‘Caipira’, was found is sterile, and C21, from the same cross, showed 10 % fertility. The lowest observed fertility in the progeny ‘Montenegrina’ x ‘King’ was 42 %.

No presente trabalho, foram aplicados tratamentos térmicos (condicionamento térmico e aquecimento intermitente) em laranja ´Valência´, tangor ´Murcott´ e lima ácida ´Tahiti´ armazenadas em baixa temperatura e avaliaram-se a incidência dos danos pelo frio e seus efeitos nas características físico-químicas das frutas. As frutas foram armazenadas durante 90 dias, a 1ºC, sendo avaliadas a cada 15 dias. A lima ácida ´Tahiti´ e o tangor ´Murcott´ suportaram até 90 dias de armazenamento, a 1ºC, com aquecimento intermitente, não apresentando danos pelo frio. No tratamento-controle (armazenamento contínuo a 1ºC), os danos pelo frio surgiram aos 30 dias de armazenamento para a lima ´Tahiti´ e aos 45 dias para o tangor ´Murcott´. Em laranjas ´Valência´, as injúrias pelo frio surgiram aos 45 dias de armazenamento, sendo significativamente menores no condicionamento térmico. O aquecimento intermitente é um tratamento que poder ser utilizado na conservação de frutas sem afetar suas características internas. In this study, thermal treatments (temperature conditioning and intermittent warming) were applied in ´Valencia´ orange, ´Murcott´ tangor and ´Tahiti´ lime stored in low temperature. Fruits were stored at 1ºC during 90 days and evaluate after every 15 days according with the incidence of chilling injury and changes in physical-chemical characteristics. 'Tahiti' lime and ´Murcott' tangor intermittently warmed could be stored up to 90 days at 1ºC, without the occurrence of chilling injury while control fruits showed chilling injury after 30 days (´Tahiti' lime) and after 45 days (´Murcott' tangor). ´Valencia' orange was affected by chilling injury after 45 days of cold storage. In this cultivar, temperature conditioning has caused lower incidence of chilling injury. The intermittent warming is a treatment that can be used in these citrus cultivars without affecting the physical and chemical characteristics of fruits.

O presente ensaio foi conduzido em cultivo comercial do tangor 'Murcote' e teve por objetivo avaliar a atuação dos biorreguladores 2,4-D (auxina), NAA (auxina), GA3 (giberelina) e BA (citocinina), na redução do número de sementes, sem afetar a qualidade dos frutos cítricos. Os tratamentos foram: Testemunha; 10 e 20 mg.L-1 de 2,4-D; 100, 150 e 200 mg.L-1 de NAA, 100 e 200 mg.L-1 de GA3 e 20 e 40 mg.L-1 de BA. Verificou-se que nenhum dos reguladores vegetais influenciou na qualidade dos frutos de tangor 'murcote', sem redução de peso, tamanho e teor de sólidos solúveis totais. Já em relação ao número de sementes, nenhum dos reguladores vegetais foi efetivo na redução de sementes inviáveis, porém mostraram efeito na redução de sementes viáveis, conseqüentemente com redução do número total de sementes nos frutos, quando tratados com NAA a 100 e 200 mg.L-1 juntamente com GA3 a 100 mg.L-1, com redução de 30 % do total de sementes. The present experiment was conducted in a commercial tangor 'Murcote' citrus grove in Pratania, São Paulo State, Brazil and had the objective to evaluate the effects of, 2,4-D (auxin), NAA (auxin), GA3 (gibberellin) and BA (cytokinin), on the reduction of seed number, without modifications on citrus fruit quality. The treatments sprayed were as follow: control (water); 10 and 20 mg.L-1 of 2,4-D; 100, 150 and 200 mg.L-1 of NAA; 100 and 200 mg.L-1 of GA3 ; 20 and 40 mg.L-1 of BA. The results showed that none of plant growth regulators influenced fruit quality, without weight reduction, diameter or ºBrix. In relation to seed number, none of the plant growth regulators were effective on reduction of seed number, however the reduced of viable seed number and total seed number of fruits, specially with the treatment of 100 and 200 mg.L-1 of NAA and 100 mg.L-1 of GA3, that showed a reduction of 30% of total seed of tangor murcott fruits.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2014-02-26T17:02:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000256596800023.pdf: 287850 bytes, checksum: 0372fb892ab9f1b7ecaaa41314219f77 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-26T17:02:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000256596800023.pdf: 287850 bytes, checksum: 0372fb892ab9f1b7ecaaa41314219f77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:23:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000256596800023.pdf: 287850 bytes, checksum: 0372fb892ab9f1b7ecaaa41314219f77 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:23:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000256596800023.pdf: 287850 bytes, checksum: 0372fb892ab9f1b7ecaaa41314219f77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-01 The present experiment was conducted in a commercial tangor 'Murcote' citrus grove in Pratania, São Paulo State, Brazil and had the objective to evaluate the effects of, 2,4-D (auxin), NAA (auxin), GA(3) (gibberellin) and BA (cytokinin), on the reduction of seed number, without modifications on citrus fruit quality. The treatments sprayed were as follow: control (water); 10 and 20 mg.L-1 of 2,4-D; 100, 150 and 200 mg.L-1 of NAA; 100 and 200 mg.L-1 of GA(3) ; 20 and 40 mg.L-1 of BA. The results showed that none of plant growth regulators influenced fruit quality, without weight reduction, diameter or (0)Brix. In relation to seed number, none of the plant growth regulators were effective on reduction of seed number, however the reduced of viable seed number and total seed number of fruits, specially with the treatment of 100 and 200 mg.L-1 of NAA and 100 mg.L-1 of GA(3), that showed a reduction of 30% of total seed of tangor murcott fruits. Dept Ciências Agrarias Univ Marilia, BR-17525000 Marilia, SP, Brazil UNESP, Dept Bolucatu, IB, BR-18618000 Bolucatu, SP, Brazil UNESP, Dept Bolucatu, IB, BR-18618000 Bolucatu, SP, Brazil

We studied the effects of Fe deficiency on physiological parameters of citrus rootstocks grown in nutrient solution. Three 4-week old rootstocks ('Troyer' citrange - Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., Citrus taiwanica Tan. and Shim., and 'Swingle' citrumelo - Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. x Citrus paradisi Macf.) were grown in nutrient solutions with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μmol Fe dm-3. Calcium carbonate (1 g dm -3) was added to all solutions to mimic the natural conditions in calcareous soils. For each rootstock, shoot length, number of leaves, and root and shoot dry weights were measured at the end of experiment. Chlorophyll concentration was estimated using a portable SPAD-502 meter calibrated for each rootstock. The amount of nutrients (P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu) was determined in shoots. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F0: basal fluorescence; Fm: maximum fluorescence; Fv = Fm - F0: variable fluorescence) were measured with a portable fluorimeter. 'Troyer' citrange rootstock was the most tolerant to Fe deficiency. These plants grew more and accumulated more chlorophyll and nutrients than the others in the presence of low levels of Fe (10 μmol Fe dm-3). 'Swingle' citrumelo plants needed 20 μmol Fe dm-3 in the nutrient solution to secure adequate growth. 'Taiwanica' orange rootstock had an intermediate behaviour, but could be distinguished from 'Troyer' citrange based on fluorescence parameters, since there was a variation in the basal fluorescence in the former, whereas in 'Troyer' citrange the basal fluorescence was not affected by the supply of Fe., This work was supported by the POCTIA projects 528/2003 and by the CDCTPV (I&D Unity no. 1584).