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Bupirimate (BPM) is a high-efficiency and low-toxicity fungicide used to combat powdery mildew in crops. To mitigate potential health risks to consumers resulting from improper BPM usage, we prepared a monoclonal antibody against BPM based on novel hapten synthesis, which has high sensitivity and strong specificity, and then successfully designed a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic (ICG) strip. The newly designed ICG strip was then employed for detecting BPM residues in peach, orange, and carrot. The results show that for the peach, orange, and carrot samples, the calculated detection limits of the ICG strip are 9.36, 0.79, and 0.57 ng/g, respectively, and that it is resistant to the matrix effect and meets the maximum residue limit requirements of European Commission for BPM. Therefore, this developed ICG strip is expected to enable swift detection of BPM residues on the spot., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

To enhance curcumin's application in photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of liquid foods, a supramolecular complex of biotin-modified β-cyclodextrin and curcumin (Biotin-CD@Cur) was synthesized. This complex significantly improves curcumin's solubility, stability, and PDI efficiency. Following PDI, Biotin-CD@Cur can be magnetically separated from the liquid matrix using streptavidin-coated magnetic beads (SA-MBs). Leveraging the reversible binding between streptavidin and biotin, Biotin-CD@Cur and SA-MBs fully dissociate in ultrapure water at 70 °C, enabling reuse. Antibacterial tests in freshly squeezed orange juice demonstrated that a low dose of 1.5 J/cm 2 from a 420 nm LED array and 10 μg/mL of Biotin-CD@Cur achieved log reductions of 3.287 ± 0.015 for Staphylococcus aureus and 2.961 ± 0.011 for Listeria monocytogenes, while preserving the juice's flavor and nutritional contents. The PDI system remained effective for at least four cycles. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy confirmed no residues of system components in the juice after magnetic separation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

5-Azacytidine (AZ) is a DNA methylation inhibitor that has recently demonstrated potential in regulating fruit quality through exogenous application. In this study, we treated mandarin fruits for 4-day storage. Noteworthy were the induced degreening and the enhanced citrus aroma of fruits under AZ treatment, involving the promotion of chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid biosynthesis, and limonene biosynthesis. Key genes associated with these processes exhibited expression level increases of up to 123.8 times. Additionally, AZ treatment activated defense-related enzymes and altered phenylpropanoid carbon allocation towards lignin biosynthesis instead of flavonoid biosynthesis. The expression levels of lignin biosynthesis-related genes increased by nearly 100 times, leading to fortified lignin that is crucial for citrus defense against Penicillium italicum. Currently, the underlying mechanisms of such intense AZ-induced changes in gene expressions remain unclear and further research could help establish AZ treatment as a viable strategy for citrus preservation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The magnetite-silver nanocomposites (Fe 3 O 4 -Ag NCs) were synthesized via a facile and green process by Citrus sinensis peel extract. The deposition of silver nanoparticles (NPs) was confirmed by observing an absorption peak at the maximum wavelength at 422 nm in the suspension solution of samples, which is related to silver surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The characteristic diffraction patterns of Fe 3 O 4 and Ag phases were characterized utilizing the XRD patterns and the average size of the crystals was 21 nm. The photocatalytic behavior of Fe 3 O 4 -Ag NCs was studied for the destruction of three organic dyes methyl green (MG), methyl orange (MO), and methylene blue (MB) below UV radiation. The effect of the amount of photocatalyst and volume of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in the process of dye degradation was also investigated. The complete degradation time of dyes MB, MG, and MO under UV irradiation in the presence of 0.002 g Fe 3 O 4 -Ag NCs were 57, 33, and 49 min, respectively. The time of degradation reactions showed the high photocatalytic performance of Fe 3 O 4 -Ag NCs. These results proved that the synergistic effect of magnetite in the role of supporting the silver NPs was a significant contribution to the excellent decolorization behavior of Fe 3 O 4 -Ag NCs.

Precisely detecting trace pesticides and their residues in food products is crucial for ensuring food safety. Herein, a high-performance electrochemical sensing platform was developed for the detection of carbendazim (CBZ) using Co,N co-doped hollow carbon nanocage@carbon nanotubes (Co,N-HC@CNTs) obtained from core-shell ZIF-8@ZIF-67 combined with a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). The Co,N-HC@CNTs exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance, benefitting from the synergistic effect of CNTs that provide a large specific surface area and excellent electrical conductivity, Co,N co-doped carbon nanocages that offer high electrocatalytic activity and hollow nanocage structures that ensure rapid diffusion kinetics. The conductive PEDOT-MIP provided specific binding sites for CBZ detection and significantly amplified the detection signal. The sensor showed superior selectivity for CBZ with an extremely low detection limit of 1.67 pmol L -1 . Moreover, the method was successfully applied to detect CBZ in tomato, orange and apple samples, achieving satisfactory recovery and accuracy, thus demonstrating its practical feasibility., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Orange juices are widely known for their organoleptic characteristics and potential health benefits derived from their nutritional and functional composition., Objectives: The aim of this work was to provide comprehensive, up-to-date information on the content of folates and some minerals (Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn) present in different fresh and commercial orange juices available in the European market, including juices from concentrate (FC) and not from concentrate (NFC)., Methods: A total of twenty-five juice samples were selected, comprising the most purchased types of commercial juices from France, the United Kingdom (UK), Germany, and Spain, and four fresh squeezed juices (FSJ) made from Spanish oranges. In FSJ, nutrient stability during storage time (0-48 h) was also assessed., Results: Folate concentration was highly variable between commercial samples, with higher contents in FSJ and NFC samples, followed by FC juices. Regarding mineral content, FSJ showed significant differences with FC (except for Mg) and NFC juice samples (except for Ca and Mg), while FC and NFC had similar mineral profiles, except for Ca. Storage time had no significant impact on FSJ folates and minerals., Conclusions: Among commercial juices, the NFC category generally showed the highest content of folates, K, Mg, and Fe, whereas FC juices showed the highest contents of Ca, Mn, and Zn. Some commercial juices met the legal use conditions for a "Source of folate" claim, whereas both commercial and fresh juices met the conditions for a "Source of potassium" claim, according to European and UK regulations.

The current study was designed to investigate the effect of dried orange pulp inclusion (OP diet), natural zeolite addition (Z diet), or both (OPZ diet) compared to control (CON diet) on digestibility, growth performance, nitrogen utilization, blood biochemical, antioxidative status, and cecum microbiota of growing rabbits. Seventy-two V-line male rabbits (6 weeks old) were divided into 4 balanced experimental groups. Results showed that administration of dried orange pulp or zeolite especially the OPZ diet significantly improved nutrient digestibility and nutritive values. Rabbits fed the experimental diets (OP, Z, or OPZ) recorded significantly higher values of average daily gain, N-retention, and N-balance compared with those fed the CON diet. Data on blood biochemical, showed non-significant differences in globulin concentrations, and significant decreases in levels of cholesterol, LDL (low-density lipoproteins), triglycerides, and MDA (malondialdehyde) as an antioxidant biomarker with OP, Z, or OPZ diets. Moreover, the incorporation of orange pulp or zeolite in diets significantly decreased the cecal count of E. coli, with no significant difference in total bacterial count among the experimental groups. It could be concluded that a combination between dried orange pulp and natural zeolite in the diet can enhance the growth performance, antioxidant and health status of rabbits., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Citrus products often suffer from delayed bitterness, which is generated from the conversion of non-bitter precursors (limonoate A-ring lactone, LARL) to limonin under the catalysis of limonin D-ring lactone hydrolase (LDLH). In this study, LDLH was isolated and purified from sweet orange seeds, and a rapid and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography method to quantify LARL was developed and applied to analyze the activity and enzymatic properties of purified LDLH., Results: Purified LDLH (25.22 U mg -1 ) showed bands of 245 kDa and 17.5 kDa molecular weights in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate PAGE analysis respectively. After a 24 h incubation under strongly acidic (pH 3) or strongly alkaline (pH 9) conditions, LDLH still retained approximately 100% activity. Moreover, LDLH activity was not impaired by thermal treatment at 50 °C for 120 min. Enzyme inhibition assays showed that LDLH was inactivated only after ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment, and other enzyme inhibitors showed no significant effect on its activity. In addition, the LDLH activity of calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) intervention was 108% of that in the blank group, and that of zinc ion (Zn 2+ ) intervention was 71%., Conclusion: LDLH purified in this study was a multimer containing 17.5 kDa monomer with a wide pH tolerance range (pH 3-9) and excellent thermal stability. Moreover, LDLH might be a metallopeptidase, and its activity was stimulated by Ca 2+ and significantly inhibited by Zn 2+ . These findings improve our understanding of LDLH and provide some important implications for reducing the bitterness in citrus products in the future. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Natural (OP) and iron modified orange peel (Fe-OP) were used for the removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions in batch and fixed bed column systems. The adsorbents were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and the morphologies of the surfaces before and after tetracycline removal were determined by scanning electron microscope and the elemental analysis was performed by X-ray dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The kinetic behaviour showed that the equilibrium was reached in 24 and 10 h for OP and Fe-OP respectively, the data were adjusted to both the pseudo second order and intraparticle diffusion models which indicate a chemisorption mechanism and the adsorption process is controlled by the intraparticle diffusion process. The isotherms showed that the adsorption capacity was eight times higher for Fe-OP than OP and the data were best fitted to the Freundlich model indicating that the materials are heterogeneous. The effect of flow rate, influent concentration and adsorbent mass were determined in the column system. The data were adjusted to the Thomas, Adams-Bohart and Yoon-Nelson models, and the best adjustment of data was with the first one. The adsorption capacities in the column system were about half of those obtained in the batch system. These adsorbents show good properties for the removal of tetracycline from water.

This research aimed to assess the hot air-assisted radio frequency drying (HA-RFD) of orange slices to evaluate the possibility of producing high-quality dried orange slices and overcome the problem of the long drying time and the high energy consumption. The effect of electrode distance (60, 70, and 80 mm) and number of slices (1-3 slices; 4 mm thickness per slice) on the HA-RFD of orange slices was evaluated. Orange slices in three layers with a total thickness of 12 mm and an electrode gap of 70 mm were picked to dry the orange slices in the shortest time. The quality of orange slices dried with HA-RFD was compared with those of HA-dried (HAD) and freeze-dried (FD) samples. HA-RFD allowed a 67% decrease in the time of drying of the orange slices (from 1170 to 390 min) when compared to HAD. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, and color values were affected by the drying technique. HA-RFD showed higher TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity than HAD. The FD samples showed the highest TPC (928 mg GAE/100 g dw), TFC (200 mg rutin/100 g dw), and antioxidant activity (67.58%). Moreover, the samples dried with HA-RFD resulted in the least color change in comparison to HAD and FD samples. Regarding vitamin C, FD samples were the best, followed by HA-RFD and HAD, respectively. Considering the final product quality, and the characteristics of drying techniques, especially drying time and drying rate, HA-RFD proved to be an alternative technique to the HAD for producing dried orange slices. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: HA-RFD was applied for the first time as an alternative technology to dry orange slices. The quality of orange samples dried by HA-RFD was compared with samples that dried by HAD and FD. The results indicated that the HA-RFD technique is a good method to dry orange slices by considering the drying characteristics and the final product quality., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Food Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Institute of Food Technologists.)

Simultaneous inoculation of non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the alcoholic fermentation process has been found to be an effective strategy for enhancing wine flavor. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Torulaspora delbrueckii NCUF305.2 on the flavor of navel orange original brandy (NOOB) using E-nose combined with HS-SPME-GC-MS. The results showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the sensitivity of NOOB to W5C, W3C, W1S, and W3S sensors by mixed fermentation (MF). Esters in NOOB increased by 4.13%, while higher alcohols increased by 21.93% (p < 0.001), terpenes and others increased by 52.07% and 40.99% (p < 0.01), respectively. Notably, several important volatile compounds with relative odor activity values above 10 showed an increase. Sensory analysis revealed that a more pronounced citrus-like flavor and higher overall appearance scores were found in MF than in pure fermentation (PF). These findings offer valuable theoretical guidance for enhancing the quality of fruit brandies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) is a common fruit crop widely distributed worldwide with the peel of its fruits representing about 50% of fruit mass. In the current study, orange peel was employed to mediate the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a low-cost green approach. Aqueous extracts of suitably-processed peel were prepared using different extraction methods; and their phytochemical profile was identified. Based on phytochemical screening, amount of main phytochemicals, free radical-scavenging ability, reducing power and antioxidant activity, the peel extract prepared by boiling seemed to be the most promising. Thus, major compounds of this extract were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Potency of the peel extract to mediate the synthesis of AgNPs was then monitored by visual observation, UV-visible spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy and zetametry. Color change of the reaction mixture to brown and absorption peak at 450 nm indicated AgNPs formation. Characterization of AgNPs revealed spherical shape, size of 30-40 nm, zeta potential of -18.2 mV and yield conversion of 82%. The as-synthesized AgNPs had antioxidant capacity (free radical-scavenging ability, reducing power and antioxidant activity) lower than that of the orange peel extract. However, these biogenic AgNPs had antitumor activity (IC 50 of 16 ppm against HCT-116 and 1.6 ppm against HepG2 cell lines) much higher than the peel extract that was completely non-toxic to the considered cell lines., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Fruit peels such as Banana, Orange, and Pineapple can be used to produce eco-enzymes producing diverse chemical compounds. Eco-enzymes are derived from the organic fermentation process of the specified ingredients. The objective of this study was to characterize the organic compounds present in Eco-enzymes derived from various raw materials. The research phase involved the extraction of eco-friendly Eco-enzymes from different raw materials and the identification of the chemical compounds in them. The results of this study are expected to contribute to organic waste management, highlighting the importance of utilizing waste as an economically and environmentally viable resource and strategic steps in a more sustainable waste management. Data analysis of the Eco-enzyme extraction results was carried out using high-liquid chromatography (HPLC) to ascertain the levels of organic chemical compounds produced. The findings revealed eight organic compounds categorized into organic acids (acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid) Acetic acid compound in pineapple fermentation 1.83 (g/L). Citric acid compound in banana peel fermentation 3.39 (g/L). Lactic acid compounds in orange fermentation 4.89 (g/L). The highest oxalic acid compound was identified in orange fermentation with a content of 0.1764 (g/L).

Type1 Non-specific Lipid Transfer Protein (CsLTP1) from Citrus sinensis is a small cationic protein possessing a long tunnel-like hydrophobic cavity. CsLTP1 performing membrane trafficking of lipids is a promising candidate for developing a potent drug delivery system. The present work includes in-silico studies and the evaluation of drugs binding to CsLTP1 using biophysical techniques along with the investigation of CsLTP1's ability to enhance the efficacy of drugs employing cell-based bioassays. The in-silico investigations identified Panobinostat, Vorinostat, Cetylpyridinium Chloride, and Fulvestrant with higher affinities and stability of binding to the hydrophobic pocket of CsLTP1. SPR studies revealed strong binding affinities of anticancer drugs, Panobinostat (K D  = 1.40 μM) and Vorinostat (K D  = 2.17 μM) to CsLTP1 along with the binding and release kinetics. CD and fluorescent spectroscopy revealed drug-induced conformational changes in CsLTP1. CsLTP1-associated drug forms showed remarkably enhanced efficacy in MCF-7 cells, representing increased cell cytotoxicity, intracellular ROS, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and up-regulation of proapoptotic markers than the free drugs employing qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. The findings demonstrate that CsLTP1 binds strongly to hydrophobic drugs to facilitate their transport, hence improving their therapeutic efficacy revealed by the in-vitro investigations. This study establishes an excellent foundation for developing CsLTP1-based efficient drug delivery system., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Eating food contaminated by foodborne pathogens can lead to illness. The development of electrochemical sensors for pathogen detection has received widespread attention. However, the analytical performance of electrochemical sensors is inevitably affected by the non-specific adsorption of molecules in the sample. Moreover, the external signal probes might be affected by the complex components in the sample accompanied with signal suppression. This work presents an electrochemical aptasensor for Salmonella typhimurium detection based on the self-signal of poly-xanthurenic acid and the antifouling ability of chondroitin sulfate. The detection time was 60 min. The linear range was from 10 1 to 10 7  CFU/mL, and the detection limit was 3 CFU/mL. The biosensors presented good repeatability and storage stability. And the biosensors has been successfully applied in milk and orange juice. This strategy is expected to be applied in the design of other antifouling biosensors, to achieve rapid detection of pathogens and ensure food safety., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Leishmaniases, a group of neglected tropical diseases caused by an intracellular parasite of the genus Leishmania, have significant impacts on global health. Current treatment options are limited due to drug resistance, toxicity, and high cost. This study aimed to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for delivering Citrus sinensis essential oil (CSEO) and its main constituent, R-limonene, against leishmaniasis. The influence of surface-modified NLCs using chitosan was also examined. The NLCs were prepared using a warm microemulsion method, and surface modification with chitosan was achieved through electrostatic interaction. These nanocarriers were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed in L929 and RAW 264.7 cells, and leishmanicidal activity was evaluated against promastigote and amastigote forms. The NLCs were spherical, with particle sizes ranging from 97.9 nm to 111.3 nm. Chitosan-coated NLCs had a positive surface charge, with zeta potential values ranging from 45.8 mV to 59.0 mV. Exposure of L929 cells to NLCs resulted in over 70 % cell viability. Conversely, surface modification significantly reduced the viability of promastigotes (93 %) compared to free compounds. Moreover, chitosan-coated NLCs presented a better IC 50 against the amastigote forms than uncoated NLCs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the feasibility of using NLCs to overcome the limitations of current leishmaniasis treatments, warranting further research., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Recently, interest in tooth-colored fluoride-releasing dental materials has increased. Although physical and mechanical properties such as surface hardness, elastic modulus and surface roughness of the restorative materials have been investigated, the effect of different immersion media on these properties is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nanohardness, elastic modulus and surface roughness of the fluoride release of tooth-colored restorative materials after immersion in acidic beverages. Prepared samples of three restorative materials (a highly viscous glass ionomer (EQUIA Forte; GC, Tokyo, Japan), a compomer (Dyract XP; Dentsply, Weybridge, UK), and a bioactive restorative material (Activa BioACTIVE; Pulpdent, MA, USA)) were randomly divided and immersed in distilled water, a cola and an orange juice for one week. The HYSITRON T1 950 TriboIndenter device (Hysitron, USA) with the Berkovich diamond indenter tip was used for all measurements. The nanohardness and elastic modulus of the samples were measured by applying a force of 6000 μN to five different points on the sample surface. Surface roughness measurements were evaluated on random samples by scanning five random 40 × 40 μm areas. The properties were measured at the initial and one week after immersion. The values of nanohardness, elastic modulus and surface roughness were tested for significant differences using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures ( p < 0.05). Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) test was used for multiple comparisons. AB (Activa BioACTIVE) had the highest initial mean values for nanohardness. After post-immersion, the highest mean value for elastic modulus was the initial AB value. The lowest mean value for roughness of 100.36 nm was obtained for the initial DX (Dyract XP) measurement. Acidic beverages had a negative effect on the nanohardness, elastic modulus and surface roughness of the restorative materials., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (©2024 The Author(s). Published by MRE Press.)

Orange juice is a highly nutritious beverage. Traditional pasteurization methods cause nutrient loss and taste changes. Plasma treatment (PT) is an emerging method with a high sterilization rate. This study investigated the effects of corona discharge plasma on the sterilization of orange juice by changes in color difference, total phenol content, and pH value. Single-factor experiments revealed that higher voltage (40 kV) and longer sterilization time (25 min) had better sterilization effects. Response surface analysis indicated that frequency had the greatest impact on sterilization rates, and the optimal sterilization conditions were a voltage of 44.75 kV, a frequency of 9.46 kHz, and a sterilization time of 25 min. Under these conditions, the sterilization rate reached 97.9%, meeting the national standard of 10 4 colony-forming units/mL (GB7101-2022). Compared to untreated juices, the color difference value was 16.32, the pH value decreased by 0.12, and the total phenol content increased by 0.669 mg/mL. However, the evaporation of water plays an important role in increasing the total phenol co. Moreover, the comparative analysis showed that PT was comparable to pasteurization in terms of sterilization effects, flavor preservation, and the concentration of bioactive components. This study provides a theoretical basis for industrial applications of PT., (© 2024 Institute of Food Technologists.)

Dehydration is an effective method for the long-term storage and aroma retention of gonggan (Citrus sinensis Osb. 'Deqing Gonggan'), which is a Chinese variety of citrus, with unique and characteristic floral, fruity, and citrus flavors. However, the aroma profiles of gonggans prepared using oven- and freeze-drying, the most widely-used drying methods, remain unclear. In this study, a total of 911 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in dried gonggan. These were primarily composed of alcohols (7.69%), aldehydes (7.03%), esters (15.38%), ketones (7.58%), and terpenoids (23.19%). A total of 67 odorants contributed significantly to the overall aroma of dried gonggans, with the major odor qualities being detected as green, citrus, fruity, floral, and sweet. These were mainly attributed to the presence of aldehydes, esters, and terpenoids. Freeze-drying was more effective in maintaining the unique citrus and mandarin-like aromas attributed to compounds such as limonene, citrial, β-myrcene, β-pinene, and γ-terpinene. Moreover, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal had the highest relative odor activity value (rOAV) in freeze-dried gonggans, followed by (E)-2-nonenal, furaneol, (E, E)-2, 4-nonadienal, and E-2-undecenal. Oven-drying promoted the accumulation of terpenes such as octatriene, trans-β-ocimene, cyclohexanone, copaene, and ɑ-irone, imparting a soft aroma of flowers, fruits, and sweet. Increasing the temperature led to an increase in existing VOCs or the generation of new VOCs through phenylpropanoid, terpenoid, and fatty acid metabolism. The findings of this study offer insights into an optimized procedure for producing high-quality dried gonggans. These insights can be valuable for the fruit-drying industry, particularly for enhancing the quality of dried fruits., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The effects of juice pH, type of acidulant, and post-treatment refrigeration on the high-pressure processing (HPP) inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica , and Listeria monocytogenes in acid beverages were evaluated. Inoculated apple, orange, and grape juices (at their original pH and adjusted to pH 4.00, 4.50, and 5.00) were treated at 550 MPa for 1 min at 5 °C. In addition, inoculated model solutions acidified to a pH of 5.00 with acetic, citric, malic, and tartaric acids were treated at 400 MPa for 1 min at 5 °C. The effect of refrigerated storage for 24 h after treatment on pathogen inactivation in both experiments was also assessed. A greater than 5-log reduction of the three pathogens inoculated was achieved in all juices immediately after HPP at the juices' original pH, and of L. monocytogenes under all experimental conditions. Refrigerated storage for 24 h after HPP treatment improved the inactivation of E. coli O157:H7, to >5-log reduction, at pH 4.00 in apple juice and of Salmonella in the three juices at pH 4.00. The type of acidulant did not significantly ( p  > 0.01) affect E. coli or Salmonella inactivation in acidified model solutions but a greater than 5-log reduction after HPP was only achieved for L. monocytogenes when acetic acid was used. The effectiveness of HPP for pathogen inactivation depended largely on product pH and the target pathogen of concern., Competing Interests: DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTSThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Decay caused by Penicillium spp. is the main cause of postharvest citrus quality loss, moreover, the fungus can quickly infect entire batches of citrus fruit resulting in significant economic losses. However, effective detection of early decay remains a challenge due to the lack of distinct visual features. In this study, a Vis-NIR hyperspectral imaging system was developed to acquire full-transmittance images and an NFINDR-JMSAM algorithm was proposed to segment different image pixels. By extracting pure pixels and separating spectral features, the overall classification accuracy of 99.3 % was obtained for all tested samples. The proposed method can also effectively identify scars on the flavedo, citrus stem-end and navel, thereby eliminating their interference with the detection of decayed orange fruit. This study provided a new idea for accurately detecting the early decayed citrus fruit and visualizing the detection results for different tissues by combining hyperspectral transmittance imaging and NFINDR-JMSAM algorithm., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cow's milk allergy caused by a hypersensitivity to milk proteins has increased over the last years. Hypoallergenic responses can be induced by altering the structure of such proteins with chemical modifiers; this paper is about the creation of edible matrices based on polyphenols from orange peel. Some compounds were able to significantly lower the IgE binding from β-lactoglobulin allergic serum in sensitized patients. Such effects could also be observed for casein allergic serum in patients sensitized to both proteins. A certain inter-individual variability is observed, although polyphenols do actually induce salient structural changes. This indicates that molecular modifications aimed at oral treatments against food allergy may or may not correlate with reduced allergenicity, and hence the necessity for serum monitoring through immunological assays. Overall, the results are promising enough to validate the polyphenol-fortified approach. In addition, this study highlights the upgrading of vegetable waste, consistent with a circular economy in food chemistry., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that might appear to influence the research reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

This study investigated the potential health benefits of spearmint, orange peel, and baby sage oleoresins extracted using supercritical CO 2 and subsequently emulsified. The oleoresins were incorporated into dark chocolate, and their impact on physicochemical properties was evaluated. Characterization revealed rich sources of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and volatile compounds in these oleoresins. In vitro studies demonstrated anti-obesogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties of the emulsified oleoresins. However, only physicochemical properties were determined for the formulations of dark chocolate with these emulsified oleoresins. Chocolate formulations fortified with these emulsions displayed a softer texture, lower water activity, and solid-like behavior. The findings suggest that these oleoresins could serve as nutraceutical agents for mitigating metabolic syndrome and associated pathologies. Incorporating them into chocolate matrices offers a practical approach to formulating functional foods. Further research is warranted to explore the preventive and therapeutic efficacy in an in vivo model., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to assess the impact of adaptation of ten strains of O157:H7 and non-O157 Escherichia coli to low pH (acid shock or slow acidification) and the effects of this exposure or not on the resistance of E. coli strains to UV radiation in orange juice (pH 3.5). The acid-shocked cells were obtained through culture in tryptic soy broth (TSB) with a final pH of 4.8, which was adjusted by hydrochloric, lactic, or citric acid and subsequently inoculated in orange juice at 4 °C for 30 days. No significant differences (p > 0.05) in survival in orange juice were observed between the serotypes O157:H7 and non-O157:H7 for acid-shocked experiments. After slow acidification, where the cells were cultured in TSB supplemented with glucose 1% (TSB + G), a significant increase (p < 0.05) in survival was observed for all strains evaluated. The D-values (radiation dose (J/cm 2 ) necessary to decrease the microbial population by 90%) were determined as the inverse of the slopes of the regressions (k) obtained by plotting log (N/N 0 ). The results show that among the strains tested, E. coli O157:H7 (303/00) and O26:H11 were the most resistant and sensitive strains, respectively. According to our results, the method of acid adaptation contributes to increasing the UV resistance for most of the strains tested., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The potential of bitter orange peel powder (BOPP) as a nutritional strategy for fish was investigated in Nile tilapia. A total of 120 juveniles with an average initial weight of 9.8 ± 0.7 g were divided into four groups, replicated three times, resulting in 12 experimental units (60 L each) at a stocking density of 1.63 g of fish per liter. Productive parameters, whole-body composition, blood biochemistry, erythroid morphometry, intestinal histology, and heat tolerance were assessed in the juveniles subjected to one of the following treatments: non-supplemented basal diet (control group); basal diet with BOPP at 10 g/kg (BOPP10 group); basal diet with BOPP at 20 g/kg (BOPP20 group); and basal diet with BOPP at 40 g/kg (BOPP40 group). The BOPP additive had a positive influence on Nile tilapia growth, as final weight and weight gain were greater in all BOPP-treated fish, despite the reduction in crude protein in BOPP10 and BOPP20 groups. Fish receiving BOPP40 had an increase in total lipids and showed the highest levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol. Villi development was greater in the tilapia given BOPP10. It may be concluded that BOPP presented the most promising results for Nile tilapia juveniles when used at 10 g/kg diet. Regarding the erythroid morphometry, there was a general increase in nuclear and cytoplasmic areas in BOPP-fed tilapia; this seems to be the first report on the direct impact of the inclusion of functional additives in fish diet upon such parameters. As concerns the thermal tolerance evaluated at the end of the feeding trial, no differences were registered among the experimental groups. Thus, BOPP represents a feasible alternative ingredient to be explored in fish nutrition, since orange peel is a natural low-cost source of essential nutrients and valuable bioactive compounds., Competing Interests: Declarations Competing interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Ethical approval This research followed the guidelines laid down by the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA)—Normative Resolutions nº 34 and nº 44, and by the Brazilian Council of Veterinary Medicine—Resolution nº 879, which regulate animal experimentation and welfare. All experimental work was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use of the Farroupilha Federal Institute—CEUA/IFFar (protocol nº. 5922130421)., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

In this study, we developed new adsorbents derived from orange peel biochar (BCOP) and enhanced them with CoFe 2 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles (BCOP/CoFe 2 O 4 ) and MIL-53(Al) (BCOP/CoFe 2 O 4 /MIL-53(Al)). These adsorbents were utilized to remove fluoride (FL) ions from aqueous solutions. We analyzed the properties of these adsorbents using a range of techniques, including FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX-Map, VSM, Raman spectroscopy, and BET. Our findings indicate that the components interact effectively with one another. Specifically, the BCOP/CoFe 2 O 4 /MIL-53(Al) sample exhibited a specific surface area of 196.430 m 2 /g and a magnetic saturation value of 9.704 emu/g. The maximum FL ion adsorption capacities for BCOP, BCOP/CoFe 2 O 4 , and BCOP/CoFe 2 O 4 /MIL-53(Al) were 7.618, 16.330, and 37.320 mg/g, respectively, indicating that the modifications significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity. The optimum fluoride ion removal rates using BCOP, BCOP/CoFe 2 O 4 , and BCOP/CoFe 2 O 4 /MIL-53(Al) were 97.88%, 98.23%, and 99.06%, respectively, at adsorbent doses of 2.5, 1.5, and 0.8 g/L, contact times of 90, 70, and 50 min, pH 4, temperature 50 °C, and a FL concentration of 10 mg/L. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, with increased randomness between the adsorbent and fluoride ions. Kinetic analyses showed that fluoride ion adsorption by BCOP/CoFe 2 O 4 /MIL-53(Al) followed a pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, while BCOP and BCOP/CoFe 2 O 4 followed a pseudo-first-order (PFO) model. Additionally, the equilibrium data for fluoride ion adsorption on BCOP/CoFe 2 O 4 /MIL-53(Al) adhered to the Freundlich model, whereas the other samples conformed to the Langmuir model. The study evaluates the effectiveness of BCOP, BCOP/CoFe 2 O 4 , and BCOP/CoFe 2 O 4 /MIL-53(Al) in removing FL ions from glass manufacturing wastewater, highlighting the superior performance of the magnetic composite due to its enhanced surface area and functional groups. Notably, the adsorbents demonstrated good regenerative capabilities, maintaining high performance over multiple adsorption cycles., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Late-ripening citrus plays an important role in the stability of the global citrus industry. However, the regreening phenomenon in Valencia oranges impacts the peel color and commercial value. Ethylene degreening is an effective technique to improve the color of citrus fruits, but this effect may be delayed in regreened oranges. To better clarify this phenomenon, plastid morphology, pigment and phytohormone content in ethephon-degreened Midknight Valencia oranges harvested in different stages were evaluated., Results: Results showed that in fruits harvested at the turning stage, ethephon degreening treatment induced a chloroplast-to-chromoplast transition, and chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation were accelerated. Conversely, in fruits harvested at the regreening stage, the changes in plastid morphology were minimal, with delayed changes in chlorophyll and carotenoids. Genes related to ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathways supported these responses. Variations in endogenous auxin, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and gibberellins could partially explain this phenomenon., Conclusion: The response of Midknight Valencia oranges to ethephon degreening was delayed in the regreening stage, possibly due to the dynamic variations in endogenous phytohormones. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Porous carbon materials from food waste have gained growing interest worldwide for multiple applications due to their natural abundance and the sustainability of the raw materials and the cost-effective synthetic processing. Herein, orange waste-derived porous carbon (OWPC) was developed through a freeze-drying method to prevent the demolition of the original biomass structure and then was pyrolyzed to create a large number of micro, meso and macro pores. The novelty of this work lies in the fact of using the macro-channels of the orange waste in order to create a macroporous network via the freeze-drying method which remains after the pyrolysis steps and creates space for the development of different types of porous in the micro and meso scale in a controlled way. The results showed the successful preparation of a porous carbon material with a high specific surface area of 644 m 2 g -1 without any physical or chemical activation. The material's cytocompatibility was also investigated against a fibroblast cell line (NIH/3T3 cells). OWPC triggered a mild intracellular reactive oxygen species production without initiating apoptosis or severely affecting cell proliferation and survival. The combination of their physicochemical characteristics and high cytocompatibility renders them promising materials for further use in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

Background: Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the most common eye disorders. Different drugs are used for its treatment. Hesperidin is an active substance isolated from Citrus sinensis L. (Rutaceae) fruit peels, with known anti-inflammatory activity but low solubility. It was complexed with cyclodextrin and encapsulated in situ gel to extend its duration in the eye., Results: The optimized formulation comprised 1% hesperidin, 1.5% hydroxyethyl cellulose, and 16% poloxamer 407. The viscosity at 25 °C was 492 ± 82 cP, and at 35 °C it was 8875 ± 248 cP, the pH was 7.01 ± 0.03, gelation temperature was 34 ± 1.3 °C, and gelation time was 33 ± 1.2 s. There was a 66% in vitro release in the initial 2 h, with a burst effect. A lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition test determined that hesperidin was active at high doses on leukotyrens seen in the body in allergic diseases. In cell-culture studies, the hesperidin cyclodextrin complex loaded in situ gel, BRN9-CD (poloxamer 16%, hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC) 1.5%), enhanced cell viability in comparison with the hesperidin solution. It was determined that BRN9-CD did not cause any irritation in the ocular tissues in the Draize test., Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate the potential of the in situ gel formulation of hesperidin in terms of ease of application and residence time on the ocular surface. Due to its notable LOX inhibition activity and positive outcomes in the in vivo Draize test, it appears promising for incorporation into pharmaceutical formulations. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.)

The study pertains to preparing value added frozen yoghurt through use of orange peel powder (OPP). The quality aspects of medium-fat (6.0% fat) frozen yoghurt prepared using OPP at three levels (1.5, 2.5, 3.5% as T 1 , T 2 and T 3 respectively) was studied. Frozen yoghurt was prepared by freezing blend of fermented yoghurt base with ice cream mix (25:75 w/w); other ingredients were sugar, stabilizer-emulsifier and orange crush. Inclusion of OPP in frozen yoghurt impacted the orange flavour favorably and enriched product with β-carotene and dietary fiber. The control product (T C ) was prepared in similar manner, avoiding OPP. As the level of OPP was raised in formulation, there was a marked increase in the protein, carbohydrate, ash and total solids when compared with T C . Presence of OPP markedly affected the acidity, viscosity, overrun and melting resistance of the product; maximum overrun was associated with T C . Product T 3 had the maximum acidity and viscosity; T 2 had maximum total sensory score. It is recommended to prepare medium-fat frozen yoghurt utilizing 2.5% OPP along with orange crush as flavouring. Such inclusion of peel solids enriched the product with β-carotene and dietary fiber, contributed to stabilization of product and enhanced the products sensory acceptance., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Celiac disease - a prevalent food intolerance - requires strict adherence to a lifelong gluten-free (GF) diet as the only effective treatment. However, GF products often lack soluble fibre and have a high glycaemic index. Consequently, there is a pressing need in the food industry to develop GF products with improved nutritional profiles. In this context, the impact of incorporating orange peel flour (OPF) into muffins undergoing sourdough fermentation was examined, focusing on their technological, antioxidant, and nutritional characteristics. The functional properties of OPF were investigated using human colon carcinoma HCT8 cells as a model system. Treatment with OPF extract demonstrated a notable reduction in malignant cell viability and intracellular ROS levels, indicating potent antioxidant capabilities. Western blot analysis revealed significant alterations in key signalling pathways, including increased phosphorylation of NF-kB at serine 536 and reduced intracellular levels of caspase-3, alongside increased phosphorylation of RIPK3 and MLKL, suggesting potential involvement in necroptosis. OPF incorporation in muffins with sourdough increased antioxidant activity, reduced glycaemic index, and affected the volatile profile. Furthermore, based on simulated colonic fermentation, muffins with OPF showed a slight prebiotic effect, supported by the significant increase in bacillus-shaped lactic acid bacteria and Clostridia population. Overall, OPF-enriched muffins demonstrated considerable antioxidant effects and impacts on cell viability, underscoring their potential as functional ingredients in GF products. These findings signify the prospect of OPF enhancing the nutritional profiles and conferring health benefits of GF muffins.

The seeds and sap of luffa [Luffa cylindrica (L.)] are usually discarded as waste. As such, this study aimed to identify the sensory properties of luffa sap (aqueous solution) and if it can be incorporated into a food item (orange juice) for added nutritional benefits and as an alternative sweetener. A sensory trial (n = 94) asked participants to evaluate a luffa sap sample and five different orange juice samples with increasing amounts of luffa sap (control [0%], 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%). The participants evaluated the samples using 9-point hedonic scales, check-all-that-apply, and an open-ended comment question. The luffa sap was described as having a mild flavor as well as woody, earthy, and floral attributes and an aftertaste. The liking scores for the orange juice with the 5% luffa sap did not significantly differ from the control. However, as the amount of luffa sap increased above 5%, the liking scores decreased and were significantly different from the control. The orange juice with luffa sap samples (7.5% and above) was associated with off-flavors, while the orange juice with 5% luffa sap and the control were associated with the attributes (sweet, fruity, orange, tropical, citrus) that increased the participants liking. Future studies should continue to investigate the sensory properties of luffa sap and its incorporation into different food products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This is one of the first studies to investigate the sensory properties of luffa sap with participants residing in the Western world. The luffa sap was found to be woody, earthy, bitter, and floral. It was acceptable to add luffa sap to orange juice up to 5% by volume. However, it did not increase the sweetness perception of the orange juice. At a 7.5% luffa sap addition and higher levels, off-flavors were observed in the orange juice., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Food Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Institute of Food Technologists.)

The peroxiredoxins (Prxs), potential drug targets, constitute an important class of antioxidant enzymes present in both pathogen and their host. The comparative binding potential of inhibitors to Prxs from pathogen and host could be an important step in drug development against pathogens. Huanglongbing (HLB) is a most devastating disease of citrus caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLa). In this study, the binding of conoidin-A (conoidin) and celastrol inhibitor molecules to peroxiredoxin of bacterioferritin comigratory protein family from CLa (CLaBCP) and its host plant peroxiredoxin from Citrus sinensis (CsPrx) was assessed. The CLaBCP has a lower specific activity than CsPrx and is efficiently inhibited by conoidin and celastrol molecules. The biophysical studies showed conformational changes and significant thermal stability of CLaBCP in the presence of inhibitor molecules as compared to CsPrx. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies revealed that the conoidin and celastrol inhibitor molecules have a strong binding affinity (K D ) with CLaBCP at 33.0 µM, and 18.5 µM as compared to CsPrx at 52.0 µM and 61.6 µM, respectively. The docked complexes of inhibitor molecules showed more structural stability of CLaBCP as compared to CsPrx during the run of molecular dynamics-based simulations for 100 ns. The present study suggests that the conoidin and celastrol molecules can be exploited as potential inhibitor molecules against the CLa to manage the HLB disease., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

A novel 3D magnetic nanocomposite material based on covalent organic polymers was successfully synthesized and utilized as an efficient sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction. It exhibited a regular core-shell structure, large specific surface area, superior stability, and paramagnetism. To evaluate its extraction efficiency, six flavonoids were tested, demonstrating maximum adsorption capacities ranging from 90 to 218 mg/g. Additionally, the material exhibited remarkable reusability and mechanical stability, maintaining its original state over eight cycles with consistent recovery. An analytical strategy combining magnetic solid-phase extraction with high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of flavonoids in orange, honey, soybean, and Dioscorea bulbifera L. samples. The low limits of detection (0.01-0.1 ng/mL) and limits of quantification (0.05-0.5 ng/mL), as well as satisfactory recovery (80.4-114.8%), were obtained. The linear range started from the limits of quantification to 500 ng/mL with R 2  ≥ 0.9929. These results suggest that the prepared adsorbent possesses excellent adsorption capabilities for flavonoids, highlighting its significant potential for detecting these compounds in complex sample matrices., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

The aim of this study was to employ an agro-industrial byproduct, specifically Citrus sinensis peels, as a reservoir of polyphenols. The natural chemicals present in C. sinensis peels serve as reducing agents in an environmentally benign method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This methodology not only provides a more environmentally friendly method for synthesizing nanoparticles but also enhances the value of agricultural waste, emphasizing the sustainable utilization of resources. In our study, AgNPs were successfully synthesized using peel aqueous exact of C. sinensis and then their various biological activity has been investigated. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Furthermore, their effectiveness in inhibiting growth and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans has been investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for E. coli and S. aureus were both 32 μg/mL, and for C. albicans, it was 128 µg/mL. At 250 µg/mL of AgNPs, 94% and 92% biofilm inhibition were observed against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Furthermore, AgNPs demonstrated significant toxic effects against human prostate cancer cell line DU145 as investigated by anti-apoptotic, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) assays. We also conducted uptake analysis on these pathogens and cancer cell lines to preliminarily investigate the mechanisms underlying their toxic effects. These findings confirm that AgNPs can serve as a cost-effective, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly resource for green synthesis of medicinal AgNPs. Moreover, this approach offers an alternative recycling strategy that contributes to the sustainable use of biological by-products., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The fruit processing industry is responsible for disposing of huge amounts of byproducts, especially fruit peels (FPs), which are often discarded in landfills. Using FPs in biotechnological processes contributes to a circular economy, reducing the environmental burden of FPs and increasing the revenue of the fruit processing industry. This study was focused on upgrading the nutritional value of orange (OPs) and banana (BPs) peels by solid-state fermentation (SSF) with filamentous fungi. SSF factors (moisture, fermentation time, inoculum size, ammonium sulfate (AS), and corn steep liquor (CSL)) and fungi species ( Aspergillus ibericus and Rhizopus oryzae ) were studied by a variable screening Plackett-Burman design. Both fungi grew on untreated FPs, increasing their protein content and antioxidant activity. Moisture, AS, and CSL were further studied by a Box-Behnken design with A. ibericus . Fermented OPs at 70% moisture and 0.005 g/g AS increased their protein content by 200%, whereas BPs at 70% moisture and 0.005 g/g CSL increased by 123%. Fermented peels were enriched in protein, fiber, and minerals, with a low content of carbohydrates and soluble sugars. Fermented OPs and BPs showed higher antioxidant activity than unfermented peels. The SSF of these FPs is an innovative approach that contributes to obtaining rich nutrient-fermented peels for food.

This study investigated the synergistic effects of ammonium persulfate (PS) and ultrasound (US) on the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in buffered peptone water (BPW) and orange juice products. A comprehensive assessment of PS concentrations ranging from 1 to 300 mM, considering not only the statistical significance but also the reliability and stability of the experimental outcomes, showed that 150 mM was the optimal PS concentration for the inactivation of E. coli O157:H7. Additionally, US output intensities varying from 30 % to 60 % of the maximum US intensity were evaluated, and 50 % US amplitude was found to be the optimal US condition. A 50 % amplitude setting on the sonicator corresponds to half of its maximum displacement, approximately 60 μm, based on a maximum amplitude of 120 μm. The inactivation level of E. coli O157:H7 was significantly enhanced by the combined treatment of PS and US, compared to each treatment of PS and US alone. In the BPW, a 10-min treatment with the combination of PS and US resulted in a significant synergistic inactivation, achieving up to a log reduction of 3.86 log CFU/mL. Similarly, in orange juice products, a 5-min treatment with the combination of PS and US yielded a significant synergistic inactivation, with a reduction reaching 5.90 log CFU/mL. Although the treatment caused a significant color change in the sample, the visual differences between the treated and non-treated groups were not pronounced. Furthermore, the combined treatment in orange juice demonstrated significantly enhanced antimicrobial efficacy relative to BPW. Despite identical 5-min treatment periods, the application in orange juice resulted in a substantially higher log reduction of E. coli O157:H7, achieving 7.16 log CFU/mL at a reduced PS concentration of 30 mM, whereas the same treatment in BPW yielded only a 2.89 log CFU/mL reduction at a PS concentration of 150 mM, thereby highlighting its significantly superior antimicrobial performance in orange juice. The mechanism underlying microbial inactivation, induced by the combined treatment of PS and US, was identified as significant cell membrane damage. This damage is mediated by sulfate radicals, generated through the sono-activation of persulfate. In addition, the low pH of orange juice, measured at 3.7, is likely to have further deteriorated the E. coli O157:H7 cells compared to BPW (pH 7.2), by disrupting their cell membranes, proton gradients, and energy metabolism. These findings underscore the effectiveness of PS and US integration as a promising approach for non-thermal pasteurization in the food industry. Further research is needed to optimize treatment parameters and fully explore the practical application of this technique in large-scale food processing operations. Sensory evaluation and nutritional assessment are also necessary to address the limitations of PS., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different irrigation sources on the levels of potentially toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Fe and Mn) in the edibles of citrus fruits (Citrus sinensis and Citrus limetta). The samples of fruit, soil and water were collected from two locations (fresh water irrigated-FW I and sewage water irrigated-SW II) within the city of Sargodha. The samples utilized in the study for metal analysis were prepared utilizing the wet acid digestion method. Metal determination was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The potentially toxic metal values in the citrus samples ranged from 0.010 to 0.063, 0.015 to 0.293, 6.691 to 11.342 and 0.366 to 0.667 mg/kg for Cd, Cr, Fe and Mn, respectively. Analysis of Citrus limetta and Citrus sinensis indicated that the highest concentration of Cr, Fe and Mn is observed at the sewage water irrigation site (SW-II), whilst the minimum levels of Cr, Fe and Mn were observed at the fresh water irrigation site (FW-I). The results show that the levels of these metals in soil and fruit samples meet the acceptable guidelines outlined by USEPA and WHO. It was found that the metal pollution constitutes a potential threat to human health due to the HRI values for Cd, Cr, and Fe being above 1, despite the DIM values being below 1. Regular monitoring of vegetables irrigated with wastewater is highly recommended in order to minimise health risks to individuals., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Replacing the conventional endodontic irrigants with herbal agents could avoid complications associated with using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Endodontic irrigants alter the surface roughness of the dentinal wall surface, which affects sealer mechanical retention. This study aimed to assess the effect of experimental herbal Moringa oleifera and orange peel extract irrigant on intraradicular dentin (IRD) surface roughness using quantitative 3D surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) regarding the smear layer assessment. Sixty human root sections were divided into four groups (n = 15): NaOCl combined with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); negative control (saline); moringa extract (MO); and orange oil (OO). SEM images were assessed quantitatively for surface roughness (Ra) in the coronal, middle, and apical IRD. The data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman, and Dunn's tests. All groups showed statistically significant differences (P = 0.007). MO exhibited significantly greater Ra values at the coronal, middle, and apical root levels than OO (P = 0.007, 0.009, and 0.046, respectively). There was no significant change in Ra values at various root levels within each group at P = 0.091, 0.819, 0.819, and 0.549 for the EDTA, saline, MO, and OO groups. Considerable (IRD) surface roughness analysis makes Moringa extract a promising herbal endodontic irrigant alternative to the NaOCl plus EDTA regimen., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Developing biobased flame retardant adhesives using a green and simple strategy has recently gained significant attention. Therefore, in this study, we have orange peel waste (OPW) and Acacia gum (AG) phosphorylated at 140 °C to synthesize biomass-derived flame retardant adhesive. OPW is a biomass material readily available in large quantities, which. Has been utilized to produce an eco-friendly, efficient adhesive. Functionalized polysaccharides were used as a binder rather than volatile, poisonous, and unsustainable petroleum-based aldehydes. The P@OPW/AG green adhesive exhibited a higher tensile strength of 11.25 MPa when applied to cotton cloth and demonstrated versatility across various substrates such as glass, cardboard, plastic, wood, and textiles. Additionally, this bio-based robust adhesive displayed remarkable flame-retardant properties. To optimize its flame retardancy, three tests were employed: the spirit lamp flame test, the vertical flammability test (VFT), and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. The P@OPW/AG-coated cotton fabric achieved an impressive LOI result of 42 %, while the VFT yielded a char length of only 4 cm. Additionally, during the flame test, P@OPW/AG coated cloth endured more than 845 s of continuous flame illumination. This work offers a sustainable and fire-safe method for creating environmentally friendly high-performance composites using a recyclable bio-based flame-retardant OPW/AG glue., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Tons of orange by-products (OBPs) are generated during industrial orange processing. Currently, OBPs management is challenging due to their high amounts, physico-chemical characteristics (high water content, low pH, presence of essential oils) and seasonal nature of the production. Whereas agro-industrial OBPs can be highly valuable due to their abundant sources of bioactive compounds, which can add value to novel bakery products (e.g. bread, biscuits, cakes). This review covers the most recent research issues linked to the use of OBPs in bakery products, with a focus on available stabilization methods and on the main challenges to designing improved products. The application of OBPs improved the nutritional quality of bakery products, offering interesting sustainability benefits but also critical challenges. The valorization of OBPs may open new routes for the development of new natural ingredients for the food industry and lower food processing waste., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Our laboratory previously extracted bound polyphenols (BPP) in insoluble dietary fiber from navel orange peel (NOP-IDF), and the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and potential molecular mechanisms of BPP by establishing an LPS-induced intestinal-like Caco-2/RAW264.7 co-culture inflammation model. The results demonstrated that BPP reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxidative species (ROS) during the inflammatory damage process. Furthermore, BPP alleviated the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced intestinal barrier damage by attenuating the decrease in trans -epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity, as well as the downregulation of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1 protein expression levels. RNA-seq results on RAW264.7 cells in the co-culture model showed that the NF-κB and JAK-STAT pathways belonged to the most significantly affected signaling pathways in the KEGG analysis, and western blot confirmed that they are essential for the role of BPP in intestinal inflammation. Additionally, overexpression of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF2) gene triggered abnormal activation of the NF-κB and JAK-STAT pathways and high-level expression of inflammatory factors, while BPP effectively improved this phenomenon. The above results suggested that BPP could inhibit intestinal inflammatory injury and protect intestinal barrier integrity through CSF2-mediated NF-κB and JAK-STAT pathways.

The present study is devoted to evaluate in vitro the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of essential oils (Eo) extracted by hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave (MW) from the plant peels of Citrus sinensis. The extraction provided yields of 0.26% and 0.02%, respectively. The essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS whose major component is limonene that has a remarkable percentage (78.192% and 58.6%, respectively) for the essential oil extracted by HD and MW. The results of the antioxidant potential were noticeable in each of the essential oils with a higher priority to that extracted by hydrodistillation. The evaluation of the antioxidant power by the free radical scavenging method (DPPH) showed that the essential oils studied have good antioxidant activity, especially for the oil extracted by HD having presented an IC 50 of (13.07 ± 0.169) mg/ml, while BHT and ascorbic acid showed very potent and effective anti-free radical activity with IC 50 of the order of (19.54 ± 0.32) µg/ml and (1.17 ± 0.05) µg/ml respectively. According to the β-carotene/linoleic acid test, the oxidation of β-carotene was effectively inhibited by the two essential oils of Citrus sinensis peels with a percentage of inhibition of (56.46 ± 0.76) % and (31.39 ± 1.49) % respectively for HD and MW. Eo extracted by HD is more active than ascorbic acid (15.43%). In the antibacterial test, the activity was evaluated by the disc-diffusion method, the two types of sweet orange essential oils inhibited the growth of five bacterial strains out of six: The best activity was obtained against E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Agrobacterium with a diameter of the zone of inhibition between 70 and 84 mm, with the exception of the strain of Bacillus subtilis, there is no zone of inhibition has been observed., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Orange peels contain a considerable number of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, that can be used as ingredients in high-value products. The aim of this study was to compare orange peel extracts obtained with different green solvents (vegetable oils, fatty acids, and deep eutectic solvents (DES)). In addition, the chemical characterization of a new hydrophobic DES formed by octanoic acid and l-proline (C8:Pro) was performed. The extracts were compared in terms of carotenoid extraction, antioxidant activity by three methods, color, and environmental impact. The results confirmed that the mixture of C8:Pro is a DES and showed the highest carotenoid extraction (46.01 µg/g) compared to hexane (39.28 µg/g). The antioxidant activity was also the highest in C8:Pro (2438.8 µM TE/mL). Finally, two assessment models were used to evaluate the greenness and sustainability of the proposed extractions. These results demonstrated the potential use of orange peels in the circular economy and industry., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

In this study, we sought to fabricate nickel/zinc oxide nanocomposites utilizing Citrus sinensis (C. sinensis) peel extract (CS-Ni/ZnO NCs) and investigate their ability to impede the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in gastric cancer AGS cells. Different methods, including UV-Vis spectral analysis, FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDAX, DLS, and zeta potential, were used to characterize the fabricated CS-Ni/ZnO NCs. By measuring ROS, MMP, and apoptotic cell death using the appropriate fluorescence describing procedures, the anticancer potential of CS-Ni/ZnO NCs was examined against AGS cells. The synthesized CS-Ni/ZnO NCs displayed a rod structure with a diameter of 74.76 nm. The cytotoxicity assay showed that the CS-Ni/ZnO NCs diminished the viability of the AGS cells in a dosage-dependent manner. Results from the fluorescence probe assay showed that the CS-Ni/ZnO NCs caused apoptosis in AGS cells. JAK/STAT-3 over expressions thought to expand the transcriptional regulation of proliferation and anti-apoptosis. Hence, inhibition of JAK/STAT-3 expression is considered a crucial target for impeding the expansion of gastric cancer proliferation. The JAK/STAT3 signaling cascade was successfully blocked by CS-Ni/ZnO NCs treatment, which also started the apoptotic pathway in the AGS cells. The findings conclude that CS-Ni/ZnO NCs might serve as a promising chemo-preventive agent for treating GC., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Isochoric (constant volume) freezing is a novel food preservation technology that has demonstrated the ability to preserve food products at subfreezing temperatures in an unfrozen state, thereby avoiding the detrimental effects of ice formation. It minimizes the quality loss of fresh fruits and juices, increases their nutrient content, and reduces microbial counts. Orange juice (OJ) samples were subjected to conventional freezing (CF) and isochoric freezing (IF) for 7 days and then stored at 4°C for an additional 7 days. We evaluated the microbiological and physicochemical quality of CF and IF OJ before and after storage. The IF was performed at three different conditions: -5°C/73 MPa, -10°C/93 MPa, and -15°C/143 MPa. The results indicate that the total aerobic count of OJ remained below the detection limit after heat treatment, 7 days of CF and 7 days of IF. Yeast and mold counts increased in fresh and CF OJ after 7 days of storage at 4°C, whereas IF OJ remained below the detection limit. Less color difference was observed in IF (-15°C/143 MPa) OJ compared to heat-treated and CF OJ. Heat treatment inactivated 42% of pectin methylesterase (PME), whereas 7-day long IF increased PME activity up to 150%. Additionally, IF (-15°C/143 MPa) OJ showed reduced pulp sedimentation, which can be advantageous, as sedimentation in juices has been a recognized technological issue in the juice industry. Ascorbic acid level was significantly higher in IF (-15°C/143 MPa) OJ compared to fresh and CF OJ after storage., (© 2024 Institute of Food Technologists.)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial pneumonia that leads to acute lung damage, deterioration of lung function, and increased mortality risk. In this study, we investigated the effects of the orange coproduct extract (OCE) and the combination of pure hesperidin and oleuropein (HO) on an experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin (BLM) in Wistar rats. Rats were divided into six groups: the control group (G1), the BLM group (G2), three groups (G3, G4, G5) receiving a single dose of BLM combined with OCE extract at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, and group 6 (G6) receiving a single dose of BLM combined with HO: both pure major phenolic compounds of OCE (hesperidin at 50 mg/kg) and olive leaves (oleuropein at 2.5 mg/kg). Oxidative stress in lung tissues was investigated using catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) assays and the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Treatment with OCE and HO normalized the disturbance in oxidative markers' levels and showed a significant reduction in fibrosis score with no renal or hepatic toxic effects. In conclusion, OCE and HO exhibit antifibrotic effects on a rat model of pulmonary fibrosis., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Pectin lyases (PNLs) can enhance juice clarity and flavor by degrading pectin in highly esterified fruits, but their inadequate acid resistance leads to rapid activity loss in juice. This study aimed to improve the acid resistance of Aspergillus niger PNL pelA through surface charge design. A modification platform was established by fusing pelA with a protein tag and expressing the fusion enzyme in Escherichia coli . Four single-point mutants were identified to increase the surface charge using computational tools. Moreover, the combined mutant M6 (S514D/S538E) exhibited 99.8% residual activity at pH 3.0. The M6 gene was then integrated into the A. niger genome using a multigene integration system to obtain the recombinant PNL AM6. Notably, AM6 improved the light transmittance of orange juice to 45.3%, which was 8.39 times higher than that of pelA. In conclusion, AM6 demonstrated the best-reported acid resistance, making it a promising candidate for industrial juice clarification.

A balanced flavor is a major quality attribute of orange juice. Formation of 4-vinylguaiacol during storage can lead to an undesirable clove-like off-flavor. However, clove-like off-flavors were occasionally reported despite low 4-vinylguaiacol concentrations, suggesting an alternative molecular background. Application of gas chromatography-olfactometry and aroma extract dilution analysis to an orange juice with a pronounced clove-like off-flavor resulted in the identification of 5-vinylguaiacol. The compound showed the same odor as 4-vinylguaiacol, but was previously unknown in orange juice. In five of six commercial orange juices with clove-like off-flavors, 5-vinylguaiacol was even more odor-active than 4-vinylguaiacol. Spiking and model studies suggested that 5-vinylguaiacol is formed during pasteurization from the natural orange juice component hesperidin and residual peracetic acid used as cleaning agent by a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. An activity-guided screening approach confirmed the role of hesperidin as 5-vinylguaiacol precursor. In conclusion, peracetic acid should no longer be used in orange juice processing plants., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Many citrus species and cultivars are grown successfully in tropical and subtropical countries, as well as in arid and semi-arid regions with low levels of organic matter and low cation exchange, resulting in lower nutrient uptake by the plant. The essential nutrients needed for citrus flowering and fruit set are limited in winter due to a reduction in transpiration rate, negatively effecting vegetative growth, flowering, yield, and fruit quality. The present investigation was carried out to assess the nutritional status, fruit yield parameters, and fruit quality of Valencia orange trees after foliar spraying of seaweed extract (SW) combined with calcium chloride and boric acid and their combinations in the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot design (three levels spraying seaweed extract × four levels spraying calcium chloride and boric acid and their combinations × four replicates × one tree/replicate). The results indicated that all of the characteristics measured, including leaf chlorophyll, leaf mineral contents, fruit yield parameters, fruit physical properties, and fruit chemical properties, were significantly affected by the foliar spraying of seaweed extract (SW) combined with calcium chloride and boric acid and their combinations. Although all treatments increased the productivity and the physical and chemical properties of Valencia orange fruits compared to the control, a treatment of 10 g/L SW combined with 0.5 g/L boric acid and 1 g/L calcium chloride produced superior results. This ratio of SW, boric acid, and calcium chloride is therefore recommended to enhance productivity and improve the physico-chemical properties of Valencia orange for greater fruit yield., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships including financial, non-financial, professional, or personal relationships, including serving as an Academic Editor for Peer that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this article., (© 2024 Alebidi and Abdel-Sattar.)