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This paper describes the hydrodynamic behavior of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles modified with citric acid (CA-SPIONs) in suspension under alternating current magnetic fields given interparticle and inter-cluster dipole–dipole interactions. The cluster size of the CA-SPIONs is modulated to control interparticle interactions, and the ionic concentration of the CA-SPION suspension is varied to control inter-cluster interactions. Dynamic magnetic susceptibility (DMS) measurements of the CA-SPION suspensions under alternating current magnetic fields indicate that the interparticle interaction by clustering and the inter-cluster interaction by increasing the ionic concentration cause frequency spectra modulation, such as their broadening in the low-frequency region and a decrease in the Brownian relaxation frequency. The experimentally obtained DMS spectra differ from the spectra numerically calculated from the hydrodynamic size distribution of CA-SPIONs using the Debye relaxation model without considering the magnetic interactions; the differences are attributed to the interparticle and inter-cluster dipole–dipole interactions. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of dynamics of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and facilitate nanoparticle parameter optimization for tailored applications in the biomedical field, particularly for their efficacy and precision in liquid-phase biosensing and imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrated magnesium carboxylate cement (HMC) with varying C 6 H 5 O 7 2−/Mg2+ ratios was prepared by adjusting the ratio of citric acid to magnesia in this study, and its effect on the performances of corundum-spinel refractory castables were investigated. The results revealed that the HMC bonded castable's workability was improved by increasing the C₆H₅O₇³⁻/Mg2⁺ ratio. Specifically, the sample C-EX (citric acid/magnesia = 4.5) compared to the standard sample NO (citric acid/magnesia = 3.5), the setting time was extended by 100 min, and the flow value increased by 77.6 %. Hydration kinetics experiments demonstrate that this phenomenon was due to the excess citric acid inhibiting HMC ionization. Furthermore, increasing the C₆H₅O₇³⁻/Mg2⁺ ratio also enhanced castables' medium-temperature mechanical properties and thermal shock resistance. The excess citric acid enhanced the castable slurry's performance, resulting in a 37.8 % increase in cold modulus of rupture for the C-EX sample after sintering at 500 °C compared to the sample NO. The fracture strength after thermal shock is 27.9 % higher in sample C-EX than in sample NO. This improvement is attributed to the 82.1 % increase in toughness of the sample C-EX, which facilitates the micro-cracks formation but inhibits their propagation. However, it should be noted that increasing the proportion of citric acid reduced the aspect ratio of HMC hydration products, leading to decreased mechanical properties of the castables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive photonic films in response to external stimuli have broad applications in optical communications, sensing, and anticounterfeiting. Yet, it remains challenging to develop photonic structures with tailorable fine patterns that display broadband color changing under ambient conditions. Here a hydrogen‐bonded supramolecular cholesteric liquid crystalline polymer (CLCP) that is mediated by a binary solvent consisting of citric acid (CA) and water is presented. The incorporation of CA not only improves the long‐range order of CLCPs through evaporation‐induced self‐assembly but is also capable of tuning their helical pitch across the entire visible spectrum. The extent of hydration‐induced pitch expansion can be further manipulated by thermal crosslinking, enabling a unique patterning strategy based on mask‐free, programmable laser inscription. High‐precision photonic patterns are created onto CLCPs, which reveal themselves upon hydration in high visual contrast. The study offers a feasible and up‐scaling route toward tailoring environmentally adaptive CLCPs with tunable broadband coloration and highly programmable photonic patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) are common in rhizospheric soil and may impede the interaction between phosphate and metals. Thus, studying how phosphate compounds impact metal immobilization in rhizospheric soil using LMWOAs is crucial. An incubation experiment examined the effects of NaH2PO4 (a P compound) (3%), various concentrations of citric acid (CA), and combinations of P and CA, on soil cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) immobilization using the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction method, CaCl2 extraction method, zeta potential, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The P, low CA (2 mmol kg–1 soil) (CA2), and P-CA2 treatments reduced acid-soluble and CaCl2-extractable Cd, Pb, and Zn, indicating metal immobilization, with the P-CA2 treatment being the most effective. High CA (>5–20 mmol kg–1 soil) or a P with high CA reversed prior patterns, suggesting metal mobilization. The zeta potential study indicated that when pH increased, treatments became more negative, notably P-CA2 followed by P, suggesting that electrostatic adsorption was the predominant metal immobilization mechanism, especially in P-CA2. XRD tests, however, showed that the P treatment alone produced Cd phosphate, pyromorphite, and hopeite, indicating that sorption and precipitation were the main metal immobilization processes in the P treatment alone. In conclusion, P-CA2 was found to be the most efficient metal immobilization and redistribution treatment for contaminated soils. Rhizospheric CA may alter Cd, Pb, and Zn mineral stability. Therefore, when treating Cd, Pb, and Zn-contaminated soils with a P compound, CA should be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectin extraction from pomelo peel was carried out using normal and pulsed mode of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and acidic hot water extraction (ACHWE) processes. The influence of sonication time (SOT) and pH on the pectin yield (PY) and degree of esterification (DE) were evaluated using a face-centered design (FCD)-based response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction was performed with fixed choice of dried pomelo peel powder to water ratio (1:15 g/mL) and extraction temperature (65 °C). The findings showed that the normal ultrasound-assisted aqueous extract possessed 3–35.3% pectin yield with 40.73–84.9% DE for an alternation in the degrees of freedom as 1.5–3.5 pH and 5–30 min SOT. For pulsed mode, the corresponding aqueous extract constituted 5.5–40.41% pectin yield with 47.6–88.6% DE. These findings revealed that the pectin extraction with the ACHWE (using citric acid) process inferred lower yield and DE (14. 8 ± 0.11% and 51.5 ± 0.16%, respectively) in comparison to the optimal findings obtained with the UAE. As a result, the application of ultrasound affirmed a better PY and DE characteristics in comparison with the conventional ACHWE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces surface modification to conventional dressings utilizing adducts of a hydrogen‐bonded organic framework (HOF) with curcumin, curcumin–silver, curcumin‐zinc oxide nanoparticles, and citric acid drugs. Accordingly, eight HOF‐AMs and dressings modified with them were studied. The synthesized structures underwent characterization using various methods, including IR, 1H NMR, XRD, FE‐SEM, and EDX. FE‐SEM results show that the hexagonal morphology is maintained along with the crystal growth in the form of hexagonal tubes. In order to confirm the nanoscale nature of the structures, TEM analysis was conducted specifically for curcumin‐Ag nanoparticles and curcumin–ZnO nanoparticles which confirms the particle size smaller than 50 nm. Knowing the sensitivity of the release of the incorporated substances to temperature and pH, the controlled release of the drugs at two different temperatures (37 °C and 40 °C) and pH levels of 5.5, 7.4, and 9 at the modified dressings was investigated. Investigating the release of HOF‐AMs particles and modified dressings indicates that these products in both cases provide the possibility of drug release in alkaline and acidic pHs. Also, the results showed that increasing the temperature increases the release of curcumin particles in all its types. The modified dressings showed a loading capacity of more than 50 mg g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire Resistant Fluid (FRF), used in turbine governing systems, transforms during operation, forming substituted phenol and phosphoric acid. The use of strong Base Anion Resin (SBA resin) to reduce the Total Acid Number (TAN) of FRF is widespread. However, the regeneration of these oil‐fouled resins is crucial due to their high cost and the challenges associated with their environmental disposal. In this study, we present a novel method for recovering exhausted resin by treating it with an aqueous solution of citric acid, followed by regeneration with a caustic soda solution. We optimized the recovery percentage in the ion exchange capacity by testing varying concentrations of the citric acid solution under different reaction conditions. The highest recovery of ion exchange capacity achieved was 55 % after soaking for 16 hours in a 5 % citric acid solution, followed by regeneration with a 5 % NaOH solution. The efficacy of citric acid in this research was further explored through a Density Functional Theory (DFT) study. This study is significant as it is the first to demonstrate the successful regeneration of oil‐fouled resins with high ion exchange capacity using citric acid, a more environmentally friendly and cost‐effective alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on the solution combustion synthesis (SCS) of a set of 90Ni/10Al 2 O 3 (wt. %) catalysts for the production of hydrogen and carbon nanofibers through methane decomposition. A novel approach was employed to optimize the SCS of the catalysts in order to enhance the yields of hydrogen. The obtained catalysts were tested in methane decomposition at 550 °C and 1 bar. Transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, low temperature nitrogen adsorption, and X-ray diffraction were utilized to investigate the catalysts. The SCS process involved programmable heating of a mixture of Ni(NO 3) 2 ·6H 2 O and Al(NO 3) 3 ·9H 2 O with citric acid (C 6 H 8 O 7) from room temperature to 350–450 °C at a heating rates 1–10 °C/min and exposure durations of 0–20 min. It was discovered that a high specific yield of hydrogen (17.1 mol/g cat.) and carbon nanofibers (171 g/g cat.) can be achieved by synthesizing at 450 °C using a heating rate of 1 °C/min without additional exposure. • Decomposition of CH 4 using Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalysts was analyzed. • Regression analysis of solution combustion synthesis (SCS) was carried out. • Mechanisms of formation of catalytic nanoparticles were investigated. • The effect of fuel-to-oxidizer ratio is dominant for the SCS of Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. • Improved catalytic properties for production of hydrogen and carbon were shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles has proven to be an effective alternative to avoid agglomeration and improve their physic-chemical properties. In this work, we studied the functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles using citric acid (CA) through two methods: in situ functionalization and sonochemical functionalization to compare the effects on the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of functionalized commercial ZnO nanoparticles with those synthesized and functionalized at the same time. Both methods are considered environmentally friendly (green chemistry) since the use of chemical toxic agents was avoided and the reaction medium was water. The in situ method demonstrated the ability of CA to act as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and RAMAN spectroscopy analyses confirmed the functionality of ZnO nanoparticles, through the formation of the COO−/ZnO complex. The wurtzite-type hexagonal crystalline structure of the ZnO nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis showed that in situ functionalization was more favored than sonochemical functionalization since 46.66 % and 27.22 % of the organic ligand were obtained on the surface of the nanoparticles, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results revealed the chemical and electronic state of the zinc which was 2+ and atomic percentages of carbon of 40.64 % and 38.35 %, as well as atomic percentages of oxygen of 38.67 and 36.78 % for ZnO-AC and ZnO-AC-R1 nanoparticles, respectively. The evaluation of the antibacterial efficiency of the nanoparticles functionalized by both methods demonstrated that they possess a superior antimicrobial activity when compared with non-fuctionalized nanoparticles. The ZnO nanoparticles synthesized and functionalized via in situ showed an efficiency of 99.99 % starting concentrations of 200 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood modification has been explored in various ways to enhance dimensional stability and reduce flammability, with a focus on environmentally friendly treatments to meet market demands. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of new, potential fire-retardant materials. Specifically, the study examined the combination of tripotassium citrate (TPC), a water-soluble and bio-based fire retardant, with sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA), an eco-friendly thermosetting resin previously studied. While TPC is known to control combustion, its application in wood modification has not been thoroughly researched. To assess the fixation and flammability of these fire retardants, tests were conducted on Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), including chemical analysis, dimensional stability, mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and leaching tests. The combination of SorCA and TPC showed high weight percent gain (WPG) values; however, leaching and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) tests revealed challenges in fixation stability. The dynamic mechanical properties were reduced, whereas the static strength values were in the same range compared with untreated wood. While TPC exhibited high flame retardancy prior to leaching, its efficacy diminished post-leaching, underscoring challenges in fixation and the need for improved retention strategies. Bunsen burner tests conducted on leached specimens indicated enhanced performance even under severe leaching conditions as per the EN 84:2020 procedure. However, cone calorimetry measurements showed less favorable outcomes, emphasizing the necessity for further investigation into optimizing TPC retention and enhancing treatment efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, studies showed that hydrogels can be produced through synthetic route to overcome the limitations in obtaining natural-based hydrogels. Biomass resources offer potential alternatives as renewable feedstocks due to their outstanding biodegradability and biocompatibility. Oil palm mesocarp fiber (MF) is the biomass residue obtained after the pressing of palm fruits during palm oil extraction. There is approximately 11 % MF generated from palm fruits after oil extraction. However, the applications of MF are limited. This study aimed to investigate the development of hydrogels from holocellulose MF instead of commonly used cellulose which involving several pretreatment steps, through acid cross-linkers. Holocellulose MF was selected as polymer for chemical cross-linking with two inexpensive and nontoxic hydrophilic organic acids, citric acid and acetic acid for hydrogel production. Comparison study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical properties, and degree of swelling, as well as gel content in different media for both acids in the production of hydrogel from holocellulose MF. Results indicated that the optimum concentrations of citric acid and acetic acid for gel content and degree of swelling were 5 M and 2 M, respectively. Both optimized hydrogels exhibited comparable profiles in terms of morphology, thermal stability and functional groups, in addition to showing similar degree of swelling profile in different media, i.e., salt solution, acidic, neutral to alkaline, implying their distinctive characteristics. In summary, holocellulose MF is suitable for the production of hydrogel with citric acid and acetic acid as crosslinkers for different desired applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Cascara's beverage and food innovation has sparked interest due to its unique flavour profile and potential health benefits. Cascara drink, which comes from dried coffee pulp husks, offers a distinctive aroma reminiscent of cherry, mango and tamarind. Research has highlighted cascara's high antioxidant content, making it a functional and healthy drink choice. Sensory analysis has shown that cascara drinks exhibit dominant citric acid and black tea flavours with a strong sour aroma, appealing to consumers who enjoy coffee and tea. Furthermore, post‐harvest processing significantly influences the chemical composition of cascara beverages, with different processing methods resulting in varying levels of caffeine, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. This innovation not only offers a refreshing drink but also shows the potential of cascara to be a valuable source of antioxidants with diverse flavour profiles and contributing to the global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of the electrolyte plays a crucial role in influencing the efficiency of iron deposition and the quality of the resulting product. This study explores the roles of different additives, L-ascorbic acid (AA), citric acid (CA), and sodium citrate (CA-Na), in maintaining the stability of ferrous ions and investigates their effects on the hydrogen evolution and iron deposition process. Experimental results indicate that the stabilizing effects of AA, CA, and CA-Na on ferrous ions weaken in succession. The addition of AA effectively counteracts air oxidation, while the addition of CA-Na significantly inhibits hydrogen evolution reactions. These additives can form complexes or coordination compounds, engaging in coordination reactions with iron ions, thereby reducing the precipitation and oxidation of iron ions and maintaining the stability of iron ion concentration in the electrolyte. However, they also exert a certain degree of influence on the cathodic deposition of iron ions. The results of this study suggest that, in chloride aqueous solutions, the judicious addition of additives such as AA, CA, and CA-Na can effectively inhibit the oxidation of ferrous ions, maintain the stability of iron ions in the electrolyte, and concurrently suppress the occurrence of hydrogen evolution reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerasus humilis fruit is known for its high acidity, surpassing that of most other fruits. The metabolism of organic acids in these fruits significantly influences sugar and calcium accumulation. However, research on this metabolic process is limited. This study investigates the organic acid metabolism and the accumulation patterns of sugars and calcium during the development of Cerasus humilis fruits. Using low−acid and high−acid varieties from Inner Mongolia, we compared organic acid components and the activity of relevant metabolic enzymes during fruit maturation. We also measured the content and proportions of various sugars and calcium forms, performing correlation analyses. Throughout the development and ripening of Cerasus humilis fruits, organic acids, sugars, and calcium exhibited consistent patterns of change across the two acidity types. Malic acid emerged as the most significant organic acid, while fructose was the primary sugar, and active calcium was the dominant calcium component. Correlation analyses indicated that malic acid and total acid positively correlated with sugar and water−soluble calcium content, negatively regulating other calcium forms. Conversely, NADP−ME, citric acid, and oxalic acid negatively correlated with sugars and water−soluble calcium, while positively affecting other calcium forms. In conclusion, the metabolism of organic acids during the development and maturation of Cerasus humilis fruits is closely linked to the accumulation of sugars and calcium. Malic acid, primarily regulated by NAD−MDH and NADP−ME, promotes the accumulation of sugars and water−soluble calcium but inhibits other calcium forms, while citric and oxalic acids inhibit sugar accumulation and promote non−water−soluble calcium forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosa Roxburghii (RR), a traditional Chinese medicinal fruit, is rich in bioactive substances that make it a potential natural antioxidant resource. This research aimed to study the antioxidant properties of RR by in vitro experiments and through intracellular assessment in H2O2-induced HepG2 cells. A non-targeted metabolic analysis was conducted to indicate changes in intracellular and extracellular metabolites. Differential metabolites and metabolic pathways were explored using PCA, PLS-DA, and KEGG pathway analysis. The results showed that RR rich in bioactive substances exhibited a significant antioxidative property in vitro and intracellularly. This property may be achieved by scavenging free radicals, increasing the activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the levels of bicinchoninic acid (BCA) while reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This study identified 13 differential metabolites intracellularly and 7 extracellularly, among which the key differential metabolites included D-glucopyranose, D-mannose, fructose, citric acid, malic acid, cholesterol, and cholestenone. These key metabolites primarily regulated glucose-related metabolism, the citrate cycle, and the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway in H2O2-induced HepG2 cells. These findings provide potential application evidence of RR in the development of natural resources for functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research verified the in vitro digestive properties of potato starch modified with citric acid (CA), malic acid (MA), and tartaric acid (TA), and evaluated its prebiotic potential. The resistant starch (RS) content in CA- or MA-modified starch was greater than that in native starch. Furthermore, after cooking, all modified starches exhibited an increase in RS content by 2.3 to 3.3 times compared to native starch, which has a 29.81% RS content, demonstrating high thermal stability. Probiotic bacteria demonstrated increased viability, raiging form 6.38–6.85 log CFU/mL, when cultured with modified starch, in contrast to 4.48 log CFU/mL with glucose. During animal testing, modified starches consistently improved gastrointestinal transit, fecal moisture, and lipid levels. Notably, CA-, MA- or TA-modified starches promoted beneficial bacteria growth by providing short-chain fatty acids, with CA-modified starch proving to be the most potent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, three starch hydrogels composite prepared using different ratios of starch, citric acid, acrylamide, and MgO nanoparticles (referred to as St1-g-(CA-AM), St2-g-(CA-AM), and St3-g-(CA-AM) MgO). These materials were assessed using FT-IR, SEM, and EDX. The adsorption of 134Cs(I) and 60Co (II) onto these materials studied using radiometric analysis. The investigation focused on how temperature, contact duration, initial metal ion concentration, and pH of the solution affected the sorption efficiency. It is found that a pH value of 7 optimized the adsorption reaction, reaching equilibrium after 40 minutes. The kinetics of the adsorption followed a pseudo-second order model. The Langmuir model adequately explained the sorption mechanism, supported by the analysis of isotherm models. The monolayer adsorption capacities for 60Co (II) and 134Cs (I) were 113.38 and 100.2 mg g−1, respectively. The thermodynamic study indicated that the sorption process is both endothermic and spontaneous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents an investigation into the structural, morphological, and optical properties of nano-sized ZnO particles synthesized via the sol–gel method. We conducted a comprehensive examination of various operating parameters, including the choice of additive (citric or acetic acid) and the drying method. Our results indicate that the addition of acetic acid and drying with low-power microwave radiation yield high-quality nanoparticles. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the nanoparticles crystallize in the Würtzite hexagonal phase, even at high concentrations of acetic acid, without any indication of secondary phases or clusters, confirming the single-phase nature of the samples. Crystal structure analysis, performed using X-ray peak broadening and Williamson-Hall analysis, elucidated the contributions of crystallite size and lattice deformation to the broadening of peaks in the nanoparticles. Furthermore, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy measurements were employed to evaluate the chemical composition and phonon properties of the particles. Scanning Electron Microscopy images demonstrated a change in shape and size of the zinc oxide nanoparticles with increasing acetic acid concentration. Spectrophotometric measurements of optical properties revealed high reflectance and absorption in the visible range, with no significant variation in band gap energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, biocompatible and biodegradable superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were prepared from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) using citric acid as a crosslinking agent, utilizing a high-concentration CMC paste and a short annealing process. The effects of CMC molecular weight, annealing temperature and time, and crosslinker concentration on the absorption properties in saline solution were evaluated. In addition, the effects of mixing CMC SAPs with different molecular weights were explored to optimize performance. The results showed that CMC molecular weight significantly affected absorption properties, with medium molecular weight (395 kDa) exhibiting the best overall performance. The content of the crosslinking agent and annealing conditions were also critical—higher crosslinking improved absorption under load but reduced free swell absorption and retention. In addition, the absorption properties could be optimized by appropriately mixing the CMC SAPs with different molecular weights, indicating complementary interactions that enhance performance beyond the individual contributions of each SAPs. These findings can contribute to the development of environmentally friendly, high-performance superabsorbent materials for personal care products as a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-derived SAPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogel‐based ionic devices have emerged as versatile platforms for broad applications in wearable electronics, healthcare monitoring and bioelectronic interfaces. Electronic functions derived from fully edible natural soft materials are particularly attractive to allow low cost, green, biocompatible and biodegradable devices in biomedical areas as well as smart food package. This work presents a gummy‐inspired protein eutectogel by simply soaking gelatin hydrogels into solutions of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) consisting of sorbitol and citric acid to allow solvent exchange. Compared with the gelatin hydrogel, this natural eutectogel (NEG) exhibited anti‐drying and anti‐freezing performance, remarkably improved adhesiveness, room temperature degradability, as well as high mechanical toughness. The soaking conditions were investigated to tune the softness and ionic conductivity of the NEG, which revealed that the water content and acid ratio could significantly impact on the gel properties. Additionally, the eutectogel thin film exhibited good humidity sensing capability with a wide linear detection range (22%–98% RH), in which a soft patch was further demonstrated for breath test to detect various respiration frequencies. Thus, we believe the concept of NEG combining biopolymers and NADES can be explored in a broad range of soft devices for sensing, bio‐adhesives, energy supply or drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel brominated flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) has biological toxicity, persistence, long-range migration and bioaccumulation ability. However, there is currently little research on the phytotoxicity of DBDPE in plants. The perennial herbaceous plant tall fescue (Festuca elata Keng ex E. B. Alexeev) was selected as the model organism for use in seed germination experiments, and the phytotoxicity of DBDPE in the soil of tall fescue was studied. The results indicated that DBDPE had a significant effect on the germination and growth of tall fescue seedlings. Citric acid reduced the stress caused by DBDPE in plants, effectively alleviating the phytotoxicity of DBDPE in tall fescue. The root vitality and protein content significantly increased after the application of citric acid, increasing by 74.93–183.90%, 146.44–147.67%, respectively. The contents of proline and soluble sugars significantly decreased after the application of citric acid, decreasing by 45.18–59.69% and 23.03%, respectively (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in superoxide dismutase (SOD) or peroxidase (POD) activity in tall fescue seedlings, and the catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were significantly lower after the application of citric acid, decreasing by 64.62–67.91% and 29.10–49.80%, respectively (P < 0.05). Tall fescue seedlings bioaccumulated DBDPE, with biological concentration factors (BCFs) ranging from 4.28 to 18.38 and transfer factors (TFs) ranging from 0.43 to 0.54. This study provides theoretical support for the study of the toxicity of DBDPE to plants and offers a research foundation for exploring the phytoremediation of DBDPE-contaminated soil by tall fescue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilayer composite soil chamber was proposed to extract the Cr of contaminated site soil and insight into transformation of Cr fractionation associated with valence states. The variations of current, soil pH and moisture content were explored, as well as the migration of Cr fractionation and redistribution of Cr. Results indicated that duration of half peak current could be used to adjust treatment time and it varied among different composite ways. Moreover, extraction efficiency of Cr in soil near cathode was relatively higher and reached 60% when citric acid was used. Citric acid could promote the transformation between different Cr fractionations or different valence states. It could also improve the desorption of Cr, and could prevent excessive fluctuations of moisture content at the same time. Cr redistributed acrossed the soil chamber after extraction. When deionized water was used, Cr(VI) significantly migrated toward anode mainly in the form of exchangeable fractionation (EXC) while Fe–Mn oxides fractionation (Fe–Mn) which may be in the form of cationic Cr(III) hydroxides migrated toward cathode. When using citric acid, fractionations that were difficult to migrate of Cr, especially for Fe–Mn in site soils could be activated and became EXC and carbonate fractionation (CAR), then migrated to the anode or cathode. The migration of exchangeable Cr(III) was dramatically enhanced. But the use of citric acid could cause Cr(VI) transformation to Cr(III) near anode. In addition, during the migration process, EXC could go back to Fe–Mn again or transform to residue fractionation (RES). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osmotic drying is commonly utilized to create innovative products, as it can improve the sensory and nutritional qualities of the final products. The present study aims to investigate the effect of different osmotic solutions, including soaking in 1% citric acid, 10% NaCl, and a combination of 1% citric acid and 10% NaCl, as well as different doses of gamma irradiation (1 and 3 kGy), on the quality properties of dehydrated vegetable slices. The chemical composition, mineral content, Color measurement, texture profile, vitamin C levels, and sensory attributes were evaluated for dried vegetable slices. The findings showed that treating vegetable slices with a combination of 1% citric acid and 10% NaCl increased ash (3.43–4.34%), hardness, and total phenolic content (38.37–117.04 mg GAE/100 g). It was the most preferred by the panelists in sensory evaluation scores in comparison to the other treatments. Moreover, there were no significant differences in terms of chemical composition, mineral content, and texture profile analysis between irradiation doses of 1 and 3 kGy. Furthermore, samples irradiated at 1 kGy had significantly higher scores in sensory evaluation compared to both irradiated and unirradiated samples. The current study recommends treating vegetable slices with a combination of 1% citric acid and 10% NaCl before drying to enhance most of the quality attributes of the dried vegetable slices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a greener approach for electrode preparation using cyrene, a bio‐derived and fully biodegradable green solvent, as a potential N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone substitute for fabricating high‐performance nickel–manganese–cobalt oxide (NMC88) lithium‐ion battery cathodes by screen‐printing method. This study also investigates the replacement of the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder with Arkema Kynar HSV1810 homopolymer, a crucial substitution for enabling the effective utilization of cyrene, addressing the solvent inadequacy associated with PVDF dissolution. Alongside the ink formulation, the electrode preparation process is optimized by investigating current collector surface treatments using plasma, ultraviolet, and citric acid to enhance substrate wetting, leading to improved printability, adhesion, and cathode layer performance. Cyrene‐based screen‐printed NMC cathodes are analyzed using various characterization techniques, including microscopy, optical profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, adhesion tests, and electrochemical performance tests for assembled batteries. The results demonstrate that cyrene‐based slurries exhibit improved wettability and adhesion on substrates/current collectors when surface treatments are applied. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance of cells based on surface‐treated NMC88 electrodes prepared with cyrene shows adequate cycling performance and rate capability. As a proof of concept, the study presents an alternative green and sustainable approach for electrode preparation in screen‐printed Li‐ion batteries using cyrene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following is an abstract of the study. The objective of this study was to identify the chemical constituents of Jasmine Leaves and predict their potential sedative effects. A rapid chemical analysis identified the compounds present in Jasmine Leaves. A database was created to establish "target‐disease" and "compound‐target" networks. Four machine learning models were developed and evaluated to predict the sedative potential of various compounds. Molecular docking was performed on the two most promising compounds identified through network analysis and their respective targets. A total of 34 compounds were identified in Jasmine Leaves. Eight compounds, including citric acid and Pogostone, were identified as being associated with genes involved in the process of sedation. The Random Forest (RF) model showed the best performance, with an accuracy of 0.75, an F1 score of 0.76, an AUC of 0.83, a sensitivity of 0.70, a specificity of 0.72, a precision of 0.77, and an MCC of 0.42. The model predicted the potential sedative effects of citric acid and Pogostone with probabilities of 0.51 and 0.29, respectively. Molecular docking results indicated that citric acid and Pogostone had strong interactions with tyrosinase and gamma‐aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors, with MOE software scores of −3.83 and −4.18, respectively. This study concludes that a rapid assessment method was developed to evaluate the pharmacological potential of natural products, suggesting that Jasmine Leaves may exert sedative effects through interactions between citric acid and Pogostone with tyrosinase and GABAA receptors. Additionally, Jasmine Leaves show promise as a cost‐effective sleep aid beverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low‐temperature performance and ability to withstand SO2 poisoning of catalyst are crucial factors in evaluating the NH3‐SCR technology. In this study, honeycomb activated carbon loaded with Mn−Ce−Co catalysts was prepared using the citric acid complex impregnation method, simple impregnation and citric acid pre‐oxidation methods for low‐temperature NH3‐SCR. The synergistic effect of citric acid and ternary metals results in catalysts prepared by the citric acid complex impregnation method exhibiting excellent redox properties and a high abundance of acidic sites. By increasing catalyst acidity and introducing CeO2 sacrificial sites, the catalytic performance was improved, resulting in weaker adsorption capacity of the catalysts for SO2, enhancing SO2 tolerance. The catalyst demonstrated 100 % NOx removal at 160 °C which remained stable even after a 100 ppm SO2 pass for four hours. In addition, the catalyst showed good CO oxidation performance, with 78 % CO removal at 170 °C, which broadened the application scenario of the catalyst. This study highlights the denitrification effect of activated carbon supported Mn−Ce−Co ternary metal oxide catalysts and reveals the potential of multiple coupled approaches in improving the sulfur resistance of the catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]