1. Identification and quantification of acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) metabolites using human liver microsomes and human urine.
- Author
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Jeon H, Yeo S, Park EA, Kang D, Shen K, Kim M, Lee I, Jeon J, Moon B, Ji K, Kim S, and Kho Y
- Subjects
- Humans, Biomarkers urine, Biomarkers metabolism, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Adult, Endocrine Disruptors urine, Endocrine Disruptors metabolism, Microsomes, Liver metabolism, Plasticizers metabolism, Citrates urine, Citrates metabolism
- Abstract
Plasticizers are chemicals that make plastics flexible, and phthalates are commonly used. Due to the toxic effects of phthalates, there is increasing use of non-phthalate plasticizers like acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC). ATBC has emerged as a safer alternative, yet concerns about its long-term safety persist due to its high leachability and potential endocrine-disrupting effects. This study aims to identify ATBC metabolites using human liver microsomes and suspect screening methods, and to explore potential urinary biomarkers for ATBC exposure. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, we identified ATBC metabolites, including acetyl dibutyl citrate (ADBC), tributyl citrate (TBC), and dibutyl citrate (DBC). Urine samples from 15 participants revealed the presence of ADBC in 5, TBC in 11, and DBC in all samples, with DBC concentrations pointedly higher than the other metabolites. These metabolites show promise as biomarkers for ATBC exposure, though further validation with human data is required. Our results underscore the need for comprehensive studies on ATBC metabolism, exposure pathways, and urinary excretion to accurately assess human exposure levels., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Younglim Kho reports financial support was provided by Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute. Hyeri Jeon: Writing - Original draft, Visualization, Investigation, Methodology, Conceptualization, Data curation Sunghoon Yeo: Investigation Eun-Ah Park: Writing - Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis Daeho Kang: Writing - Methodology, Formal analysis Kailin Shen: Formal analysis Minyoung Kim: Writing - Methodology, Inhye Lee: Writing - Methodology, Formal analysis Junho Jeon: Writing – review & editing, Supervision Bongjin Moon: Writing – review & editing, Supervision Kyunghee Ji: Writing – review & editing, Supervision Sungkyoon Kim: Writing – review & editing, Supervision Younglim Kho: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Project administration, Resources, Supervision. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
- Published
- 2024
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