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Moving from the mid-seventeenth century to the near present, this book marks physical and conceptual changes across European towns and examines how gender was implicated and imbricated in those changes. As places which fostered and disseminated key social, economic, political and cultural developments, towns were central to the creation of gendered identities and the transmission of ideas across local, national and transnational boundaries. From 1650 to 2000, towns grew rapidly and responded to the needs for new infrastructures, physical reconfiguration and ideas of citizenship. Gender relations vary over space and time and are continually altering; such variation underlines the need for a thorough non- or even anti-essentialism. Drawing primarily on three themes of economy, civic identity and uses of space, the volume shows that urban development, and responses to it, is not gender neutral and thus argues for the fundamental importance of a gendered perspective.Gender in the European Town is a useful resource for all students and scholars interested in urban history and its interaction with gender from 1650 to the present.

For the first time, Early Modern Streets unites the diverse strands of scholarship on urban streets between circa 1450 and 1800 and tackles key questions on how early modern urban society was shaped and how this changed over time.Much of the lives of urban dwellers in early modern Europe were played out in city streets and squares. By exploring urban spaces in relation to themes such as politics, economies, religion, and crime, this edited collection shows that streets were not only places where people came together to work, shop, and eat, but also to fight, celebrate, show their devotion, and express their grievances. The volume brings together scholars from different backgrounds and applies new approaches and methodologies to the historical study of urban experience. In doing so, Early Modern Streets provides a comprehensive overview of one of the most dynamic fields of scholarship in early modern history.Accompanied by over 50 illustrations, Early Modern Streets is the perfect resource for all students and scholars interested in urban life in early modern Europe.

This book offers a new, salutogenic, perspective on the development of early modern cities by exploring profound and complex ways in which architecture and landscape design served to promote public health on an urban scale. Focusing on fifteenth- through nineteenth-century Europe, it addresses the histories of spaces and institutions that supported salubrious living, highlighting the intersections of medical theory, government policy, and architectural practice in designing, improving, and monumentalizing the infrastructure of sanitation and healthcare. Studies in this book highlight the joint role of design thinking and scientific practice in reforming the facilities for treating and preventing disease; the impact of cross-cultural exchange on early modern strategies of urban improvement; and the creation of new therapeutic environments through state, communal, and private initiatives concerned with the preservation of physical and mental health, from recreational landscapes to spa resorts.

A journey through Europe's old towns, exploring why we treasure them—but also what they hide about a continent's fraught history “[A] fascinating chronicle.”—Benjamin Balint, Wall Street Journal Historic quarters in cities and towns across the middle of Europe were devastated during the Second World War—some, like those of Warsaw and Frankfurt, had to be rebuilt almost completely. They are now centers of peace and civility that attract millions of tourists, but the stories they tell about places, peoples, and nations are selective. They are never the whole story. These old towns and their turbulent histories have been key sites in Europe's ongoing theater of politics and war. Exploring seven old towns, from Frankfurt and Prague to Vilnius in Lithuania, the acclaimed writer Marek Kohn examines how they have been used since the Second World War to conceal political tensions and reinforce certain versions of history. Uncovering hidden stories behind these old and old-seeming façades, Kohn offers us a new understanding of the politics of European history-making—showing how our visits to old towns could promote belonging over exclusion, and empathy over indifference.

Beginning in the twelfth century, taxation increasingly became an essential component of medieval society in most parts of Europe. The state-building process and relations between princes and their subject cities or between citizens and their rulers were deeply shaped by fiscal practices. Although medieval taxation has produced many publications over the past decades there remains no synthesis of this important subject. This volume provides a comprehensive overview on a European scale and suggests new paths of inquiry. It examines the fiscal systems and practices of medieval Europe, including essential themes such as medieval fiscal theory and the power to tax; royal and urban taxation; and Church taxation. It goes on to survey the entire European continent, as well as including comparative chapters on the non-European medieval world, exploring questions on how taxation developed and functioned; what kinds of problems authorities encountered assessing their fiscal power; and the circulation of fiscal cultures and practices across cities and kingdoms. The book also provides a glossary of the most important types of medieval taxes, giving an essential definition of key terms cited in the chapters. The Routledge Handbook of Public Taxation in Medieval Europe will appeal to a large audience, from seasoned scholars who need a comprehensive synthesis, to students and younger scholars in search of an overview of this critical subject.

This monograph presents a novel typology of relational and territorial perspectives on legitimacy and identity. This typology is then applied to two different political and historical contexts, namely the trajectories of the metropolitan region Amsterdam in the Netherlands and the metropolitan region Ruhr in Germany. The historical discussion spans 500 years, providing valuable depth to the study.Taken as a whole, the book provides a new perspective within the territorial-relational dichotomy and the geographies of discontent debate. Its key insights are that identity and political legitimacy are embedded in history and that both relational and territorial perspectives on these issues are time and place dependent.This book will be stimulating reading for advanced students, researchers, and policymakers working in political geography, human geography, regional studies, and broader social and political sciences.

The Experience of Neighbourhood in Medieval and Early Modern Europe contributes to nascent debates on concepts of neighbourliness and belonging, exploring the operation of the pre-modern neighbourhood in social practice. Formal administrative units, such as the manor and the parish, have been the object of much scholarly attention yet the experience and limits of neighbourhood remain understudied. Building on recent advances in the histories of emotions and material culture, this volume explores a variety of themes on residential proximity, from its social, cultural and religious implications to material and economic perspectives. Contributors also investigate the linguistic categories attached to neighbours and neighbourhood, tracing their meaning and use in a variety of settings to understand the ways that language conditioned the relationships it described. Together they contribute to a more socially and experientially grounded understanding of neighbourly experience in pre-modern Europe.

The Political Philosophy of the European City is a courageous and wide-ranging panorama of the political life and thought of the European city. Its novel hypothesis is that modern Western political thought, since the time of Hobbes and Locke, underestimated the political significance and value of the community of urban citizens, called ‘civitas', united by local customs, or even a formal or informal urban constitution at a certain location, which had a recognizable countenance, with natural and man-made, architectural marks, called ‘urbs'. Recalling the golden age of the European city in ancient Greece and Rome, and offering a detailed description of its turbulent life in the Renaissance Italian city-states, it makes a case for the city not only as a hotbed of modern democracy, but also as a remedy for some of the distortions of political life in the alienated contemporary, centralized, Weberian bureaucratic state. Overcoming the north-south divide, or the core and periphery partition, the book's material is particularly rich in Central European case studies. All in all, it is an enjoyable read which offers sound arguments to revisit the offer of the small and middle-sized European town, in search of a more sustainable future for Europe.

Rosemary Wakeman's original survey text comprehensively explores modern European urban history from 1815 to the present day. It provides a journey to cities and towns across the continent, in search of the patterns of development that have shaped the urban landscape as indelibly European. The focus is on the built environment, the social and cultural transformations that mark the patterns of continuity and change, and the transition to modern urban society.Including over 60 images that serve to illuminate the analysis, the book examines whether there is a European city, and if so, what are its characteristics? Wakeman offers an interdisciplinary approach that incorporates concepts from cultural and postcolonial studies, as well as urban geography, and provides full coverage of urban society not only in western Europe, but also in eastern and southern Europe, using various cities and city types to inform the discussion. The book provides detailed coverage of the often-neglected urbanization post-1945 which allows us to more clearly understand the modernizing arc Europe has followed over the last two centuries.

Knowledge and the Early Modern City uses case studies from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries to examine the relationships between knowledge and the city and how these changed in a period when the nature and conception of both was drastically transformed.Both knowledge formation and the European city were increasingly caught up in broader institutional structures and regional and global networks of trade and exchange during the early modern period. Moreover, new ideas about the relationship between nature and the transcendent, as well as technological transformations, impacted upon both considerably. This book addresses the entanglement between knowledge production and the early modern urban environment while incorporating approaches to the city and knowledge in which both are seen as emerging from hybrid networks in which human and non-human elements continually interact and acquire meaning. It highlights how new forms of knowledge and new conceptions of the urban co-emerged in highly contingent practices, shedding a new light on present-day ideas about the impact of cities on knowledge production and innovation. Providing the ideal starting point for those seeking to understand the role of urban institutions, actors and spaces in the production of knowledge and the development of the so-called ‘modern'knowledge society, this is the perfect resource for students and scholars of early modern history and knowledge.

Towns are imagined, lived and experienced, as much as they are conceived and constructed. They reflect cultural and intellectual currents, prevailing economic climates and unresolved tensions. They are physical entities, shaped by topography, time and technology, as well as social and spatial constructs. They are also always gendered and contested spaces. This volume, the last from the Gender in the European Town (GENETON) project, approaches life in the European town over time and across class and national boundaries. Through contextualized case studies, it provides scholars and students with new research—snapshots—of contemporary physical and built environments that explores how contemporary urban residents experienced and deployed gendered urban spaces over an important period of modernization.

What do we mean when we say that cities have altered humanity's interaction with nature? The more people are living in cities, the more nature is said to be'urbanizing': turned into a resource, mobilized over long distances, controlled, transformed and then striking back with a vengeance as'natural disaster'. Confronting insights derived from Environmental History, Science and Technology Studies or Political Ecology, Urbanizing Nature aims to counter teleological perspectives on the birth of modern'urban nature'as a uniform and linear process, showing how new technological schemes, new actors and new definitions of nature emerged in cities from the sixteenth to the twentieth century.

This edited collection examines the formation of urban networks and role of gateways in Europe from the Middle Ages to the modern world. In the past, gateway cities were merely perceived as transport points, only relevant to maritime shipping. Today they are seen as the organic entities coordinating the allocation of resources and supporting the growth, efficiency and sustainability of logistics (including both the transport and distribution of goods and services). Using different historical case studies, the authors consider how logistics shaped urban networks and were shaped by them.

Cities and Solidarities charts the ways in which the study of individuals and places can revitalise our understanding of urban communities as dynamic interconnections of solidarities in medieval and early modern Europe. This volume sheds new light on the socio-economic conditions, the formal and informal institutions, and the strategies of individual town dwellers that explain the similarities and differences in the organisation and functioning of urban communities in pre-modern Europe. It considers how communities within cities and towns are constructed and reconstructed, how interactions amongst members of differing groups created social and economic institutions, and how urban communities reflected a sense of social cohesion. In answering these questions, the contributions combine theoretical frameworks with new digital methodologies in order to provoke further discussion into the fundamental nature of urban society in this key period of change.The essays in this collection demonstrate the complexities of urban societies in pre-modern Europe, and will make fascinating reading for students and scholars of medieval and early modern urban history.

Artisans played a central role in the European town as it developed from the Middles Ages onwards. Their workshops were at the heart of productive activity, their guilds were often central to the political and legal order of towns, and their culture helped shape civic ritual and the urban order. These essays, which have all been specially written for this collection, explore the relationships between artisans and their towns across Europe between the beginning of the early-modern period and the end of the 19th century. They pay special attention to the processes of economic, juridicial and political change that have made the 18th and early 19th centuries a period of such significance. Written by leading historians of European artisans, the essays question the myths about artisans that have long pervaded research in the field. The leading myth was that shared by the artisans themselves - the myth of decline and the belief in each generation that artisans in the past had inhabited a better age. These essays open up for debate the nature of artisanship, the way economic change affected craft production, the political role of artisans, the cultural identification of the artisans with work and masculinity, and the way changing urban society and changing urban structure posed threats to which the artisans had to respond.

This book explores the dynamic relationships between sites, peoples, objects, and images during the first age of globalization in early modern Europe. It investigates interactions, interconnections, and entanglements on both micro and macro levels, and aims to understand the specific dynamics of processes of translocal and transcultural intersection. Linking global perspectives with the history of material culture, Sites of Mediation highlights the potential of objects, artefacts, and things to connect (urban) cultures and imaginaries. Individual chapters focus on a number of European cities, which all operated on different levels of global and interregional connections and are presented here as sites of connectivity, encounters, and exchange.Contributors are: Tina Asmussen, Nadia Baadj, Benedikt Bego-Ghina, Davina Benkert, Daniela Bleichmar, Susanna Burghartz, Lucas Burkart, Christine Göttler, Franziska Hilfiker, Nicolai Kölmel, Ivo Raband, Jennifer Rabe, Antonella Romano, Michael Schaffner, Sarah-Maria Schober, Claudia Swan, and Stefanie Wyssenbach.

La ciudad europea aún hoy ofrece al visitante la posibilidad de emprender un viaje en el tiempo, brindándonos diversos escenarios para explorar las épocas históricas que nos precedieron, tanto en Venecia como en Budapest, tanto en Praga como en París, en medio del tejido histórico de origen romano o medieval, en la forma de las calles y de los edificios, en el color de las piedras y de los materiales que los componen. Los ojos curiosos de un viajero pueden así entrever, detrás de imágenes del presente, el entretejido de tiempos de antaño, del trabajo de hombres y sociedades que dieron origen al paisaje contemporáneo. Quedan a la vista las permanencias y las transformaciones, los cambios y los contrastes entre lo'antiguo y lo nuevo, en un ejercicio que puede ayudarnos a comprender la ciudad contemporánea a nivel global. Así como una máquina del tiempo, esta obra ayuda a la inmersión de los lectores en tiempos lejanos, asegurando que siempre podemos volver al presente. El texto explora de manera imaginaria la ciudad europea en el trascurso de los siglos, desde el quiebre del Imperio romano pasando por la ciudad medieval, por el Renacimiento, por la ruptura de los horizontes espaciales del Barroco, por el advenimiento de la ciudad industrial y de la ciudad contemporánea. El libro está dirigido a estudiantes y estudiosos de la ciudad, como también a ciudadanos y viajeros curiosos. Reconocer las formas y los cambios, detectar los nexos existentes (si aún los hay) entre espacio y sociedad, ya que no pueden ser competencias tan solo de técnicos y profesionales, de estudiosos o historiadores, es una actitud que involucra nuestro-ser ciudadano de este mundo y de este tiempo. Reconocer este código cultural y transmitirlo a las nuevas generaciones es una urgencia ética antes que estética; es una manera de entender el tiempo presente y de imaginar posibles futuros.

Contents: Notes on Contributors. Introduction: Urban Encounters. Part I. Imagining cities: Paul Barolsky, Towards a History of the New Jerusalem ; Sonja Fielitz, Jacobean Troys; Roy Eriksen, Marlowe's Tour of Rome: Policy, Popery and Urban Planning; François Laroque, From Wittenberg to Tunis: Marlowe's and Shakespeare's Theatrical Cities; Sophie Chiari, Shakespeare's «Forfended Place(s)»: Women and the City. Part II. Encountering cities: Dominique Goy-Blanquet, The Tudor Inns of Court: a Harbour for Papists?; Christina Sandhaug, «Here in Olympia»: Affability and Aggression in The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inne (1613); Garrett Fagan, Performing Politics in Early Modern Dublin; Per Sivefors, Saint George for England, and the Red Herring «For Yarmouth»: British Identities and Politics in Thomas Nashe's Lenten Stuff; Paul Davies, Imitation in Fifteenth-Century Pilgrimage Architecture: the Case of Impruneta. Index of names.

Die tiefgreifenden Veränderungen, welche die europäische Moderne prägten, hatten ihren Ort vor allem in den Städten. Diese wurden im Verlauf des 19.und20.Jahrhunderts zum Lebensumfeld der meisten Menschen. Welche Auswirkungen das hatte, wurde von den Zeitgenossen jedoch selten wirklich verstanden. Friedrich Lenger entfaltet in diesem Buch ein beeindruckendes Panorama der politischen, sozialen, kulturellen und ökonomischen Geschichte, welche die europäische Stadt seit der Mitte des 19.Jahrhunderts erlebt hat. Wie gingen die europäischen Gesellschaften mit den sozialen und ethnischen Konflikten um, die in den Städten besonders deutlich zutage tragen? Und wieso waren die Städte der Ort so vieler Gewalttaten, wie sie besonders das 20.Jahrhundert prägten? Friedrich Lenger sieht weit über die Metropolen Paris, London und Berlin hinaus und nimmt die europäische Landkarte von Lissabon bis St. Petersburg, von Dublin bis Konstantinopel in den Blick. Sein gesamteuropäisch angelegtes Opus magnum erzählt die Geschichte der Moderne aus einer neuen Perspektive.

The advent of email and texting has dramatically changed the way we communicate. In essence, we have lost'touch'in our dealings with each other. This change may have been speeded by newer technologies, but telegraphs and telephones had a great impact in our perceptions of time and place. Before mass communication, the way we ordered and embedded knowledge and the possibilities of social interaction were defined by the extended human experience of living in towns. Can this experience be replicated with new technologies?

In essays that capture the multiple aspects of urban life, contributors examine European cities through the lenses of history, literature, art, architecture, and music. Covering topics such as governance, performance, high culture and subculture, tourism, and journalism, this volume provides new and invigorating ways to think about cities both past and present. An innovative and interdisciplinary work, City Limits crosses conventional critical boundaries to depict a vibrant and moving cityscape of historical urban experience.

Since the Middle Ages Europe has been one of the most urbanized continents on the planet and Europe's cities have firmly stamped their imprint on the continent's economic, social, political, and cultural life. This study of European cities and towns from the fall of the Roman Empire to the present day looks both at regional trends from across Europe and also at the widely differing fortunes of individual communities on the roller coaster of European urbanization. Taking a wide-angled view of the continent that embraces northern and eastern Europe as well as the city systems of the Mediterranean and western Europe, it addresses important debates ranging from the nature of urban survival in the post-Roman era to the position of the European city in a globalizing world. The book is divided into three parts, dealing with the middle ages, the early modern period, and the nineteenth and twentieth centuries - with each part containing chapters on urban trends, the urban economy, social developments, cultural life and landscape, and governance. Throughout, the book addresses key questions such as the role of migration, including that of women and ethnic minorities; the functioning of competition and emulation between cities, as well as issues of inter-urban cooperation; the different ways civic leaders have sought to promote urban identity and visibility; the significance of urban autonomy in enabling cities to protect their interests against the state; and not least why European cities and towns over the period have been such pressure cookers for new ideas and creativity, whether economic, political, or cultural.

In urban life, streets are elemental, but urban history seldom places them centre stage. It tends to view them as mere backdrops for events or social relations, or to study them as material constructions, the fruit of urban planning, but largely vacant of inhabitants. Examining people and streets in tandem, the contributors to this volume strive towards more integrated urban history. They discuss the social and political processes of early modern street life, and the discursive play in which streets figured. Six chapters, based in Sweden-Finland, England, Portugal, Italy, and Transylvania, discuss the subtle interplay of the material and immaterial, public and private, planned order and versatility, spontaneous invention, control and resistance – all matters central to how streets worked. Contributors are Emese Bálint, Maria Helena Barreiros, Elizabeth S. Cohen, Thomas V. Cohen, Alexander Cowan, Anu Korhonen, Riitta Laitinen, and Dag Lindström.

Millennium überschreitet Grenzen, Grenzen zwischen den Epochen und regionalen Räumen wie auch Grenzen zwischen den Disziplinen. Die Schriftenreihe Millennium-Studien ist, genauso wie das Jahrbuch, international, interdisziplinär und epochenübergreifend ausgerichtet. Das Herausgebergremium und der Beirat repräsentieren ein breites Fächerspektrum: Kunst- und literaturwissenschaftliche Beiträge kommen ebenso zu ihrem Recht wie historische, theologische und philosophische, und die Millennium-Studien bieten gleichermaßen Raum für Arbeiten zu den lateinischen und griechischen wie zu den orientalischen Kulturen. In die Studien finden einschlägige Monographien und Sammelwerke aus dem gesamten Themenspektrum Aufnahme, zudem Kommentare und Editionen. Publikationssprachen sind vornehmlich Deutsch und Englisch; die Aufnahme französischer, italienischer und spanischer Arbeiten ist möglich. Falls Sie ein Manuskript für die Studien einreichen möchten, bitte wir Sie, sich an den fachnächsten Herausgeber zu wenden: Wolfram Brandes, Frankfurt (Byzantinistik und Frühes Mittelalter): brandes@rg.mpg.de Peter von Möllendorff, Gießen (Gräzistik): peter.v.moellendorff@klassphil.uni-giessen.de Dennis Pausch, Dresden (Latinistik): dennis.pausch@tu-dresden.de Rene Pfeilschifter, Würzburg (Alte Geschichte): Rene.Pfeilschifter@uni-wuerzburg.de Karla Pollmann, Bristol (Frühes Christentum und Patristik): K.F.L.Pollmann@bristol.ac.uk Alle Manuskripte werden von dem jeweiligen Herausgeber und von einem externen Gutachter beurteilt. Dabei gilt das Single-blind peer review-Verfahren.

Millennium überschreitet Grenzen, Grenzen zwischen den Epochen und regionalen Räumen wie auch Grenzen zwischen den Disziplinen. Die Schriftenreihe Millennium-Studien ist, genauso wie das Jahrbuch, international, interdisziplinär und epochenübergreifend ausgerichtet. Das Herausgebergremium und der Beirat repräsentieren ein breites Fächerspektrum: Kunst- und literaturwissenschaftliche Beiträge kommen ebenso zu ihrem Recht wie historische, theologische und philosophische, und die Millennium-Studien bieten gleichermaßen Raum für Arbeiten zu den lateinischen und griechischen wie zu den orientalischen Kulturen. In die Studien finden einschlägige Monographien und Sammelwerke aus dem gesamten Themenspektrum Aufnahme, zudem Kommentare und Editionen. Publikationssprachen sind vornehmlich Deutsch und Englisch; die Aufnahme französischer, italienischer und spanischer Arbeiten ist möglich. Falls Sie ein Manuskript für die Studien einreichen möchten, bitte wir Sie, sich an den fachnächsten Herausgeber zu wenden: Wolfram Brandes, Frankfurt (Byzantinistik und Frühes Mittelalter): brandes@rg.mpg.de Peter von Möllendorff, Gießen (Gräzistik): peter.v.moellendorff@klassphil.uni-giessen.de Dennis Pausch, Dresden (Latinistik): dennis.pausch@tu-dresden.de Rene Pfeilschifter, Würzburg (Alte Geschichte): Rene.Pfeilschifter@uni-wuerzburg.de Karla Pollmann, Bristol (Frühes Christentum und Patristik): K.F.L.Pollmann@bristol.ac.uk Alle Manuskripte werden von dem jeweiligen Herausgeber und von einem externen Gutachter beurteilt. Dabei gilt das Single-blind peer review-Verfahren.

Extreme Europe explores the urban extremes of Europe in their cultural, physical, geographical and mythical dimensions, considering the history and visual culture of Europe in the decade after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Barber's purpose is to examine Europe's cities and their surrounding areas as sites of a conflict between the mesmerizing, all-engulfing power of visual media and the barely surviving traces of tenacious historical culture; his premise is that the'breakdown zones'at Europe's urban edges are the sites where its oppositional and most vital images and languages are being created today. Barber sets out to explore and define Europe's political and conceptual edges, first making a circuit eastwards through Albania to Turkey, then south- and westwards along the Mediterranean coast, with stops in Crete and Marseille. The book's two other sections move, first, through several decades of history as they can be read in both the surviving and the transformed fabrics of Berlin, and, finally, through the frayed, disaffected multicultural landscapes of Paris's outer suburbs.