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Diabetes is an increasingly common co-morbidity in people living with HIV (PLWH). Given new evidence demonstrating cardiovascular benefits of sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1RA) in diabetic patients, we reviewed medical charts of 262 PLWH at Monash Health through a 1-year retrospective cohort study to determine the rates of their use. Prevalence of diabetes was 13.4% (35) and 60% (21) had microvascular and macrovascular complications. Only 4% (95% CI 0.1%-19.6%) of diabetic patients were receiving SGLT2i and 19% (95% CI 6%-39.4%) were receiving GLP1RA. Prescribers should carefully consider their choice of glucose-lowering medication when treating PLWH.

Australia has approximately 1.6 million Medicare-ineligible residents, of whom around 450 are living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). We examined the outcomes in a cohort of 50 Medicare-ineligible patients presenting to our hospital network over a 15-year period: 31 women (62%) and 19 men. Twenty-four were newly diagnosed. Sixteen of 24 remained in Australia more than 1 year after diagnosis. Although the mean CD4 count at initial contact was 353 cells/mm 3 (range 3-2228; standard deviation (SD) = 452.88), 13 people required treatment for opportunistic infections and 21 people required hospital admissions related to HIV, incurring total estimated hospital costs of $886 310. The mean number of contact years spent with the service was 2.2 (range 0-12; SD = 2.6) and 20 people remain under care. Twenty-seven PLHIV remain in Australia, seven have transferred care within Australia, two people are known to have died and eight are lost to follow up. The median number of admissions was 0 (range 0-4; SD = 1) and median length of admission was 5 days (range 0-73; SD = 19). Many people leave Australia shortly after a diagnosis of HIV, but most Medicare-ineligible PLHIV remain. Delays in diagnosing HIV and acquiring Medicare status are associated with a significant burden of disease and cost. Keeping people well, on therapy and out of hospital is likely to be cost-saving in addition to good clinical practice., (© 2022 Royal Australasian College of Physicians.)

People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We assessed whether patients with invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae, in blood or cerebrospinal fluid, underwent HIV serology testing over a 5-year period. We found that only 39 inpatients out of 156 (25%) with IPD were tested for HIV and thus conclude that such testing is not being undertaken according to some guidelines in patients with IPD. Education and implementation strategies are required to increase testing., (© 2021 Royal Australasian College of Physicians.)

Background: Cefiderocol, ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, intravenous fosfomycin and plazomicin represent potential carbapenem sparing agents for extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase or AmpC beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli infection. However, available data is limited in predicting the volume of carbapenem therapy which could be substituted and real-world contraindications., Methods: We determined the number of carbapenem days of therapy (DOT) which could be substituted and frequent contraindications accounting for antimicrobial susceptibility and site of infection in an unselected cohort with ceftriaxone-non-susceptible E. coli bacteremia at a single health network from 2015 to 2016. Individual patient data was used to calculate DOT and substitution for each agent., Results: There were 108 episodes of E. coli bacteremia resulting in 67.2 carbapenem DOT/100 patient-days of antimicrobial therapy administered. Ceftazidime-avibactam could be used to substitute 36.2 DOT/100 patient-days (54%) for inpatient definitive therapy, ceftolozane-tazobactam for 34.7 DOT/100 patient-days (52%), cefiderocol for 27.1 DOT/100 patient-days (40%), fosfomycin for 23.3 DOT /100 patient-days (35%) and plazomicin for 27.1 DOT/100 patient-days (40%). Non-urinary tract source of infection was the most frequent contraindication to fosfomycin (25), plazomicin (26) and cefiderocol (26). Use in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) programs accounted for 40% of DOT, all of which could be substituted if stability data allowed for ceftazidime-avibactam and ceftolozane-tazobactam., Conclusions: All tested agents could be used to replace a significant volume of carbapenem therapy. Establishing stability of these agents for use in OPAT is required for maximizing their use as carbapenem sparing agents while randomized clinical data is awaited for some of these agents in resistant E. coli bacteremia.

Background Gonorrhoea is usually managed in community sexual health or general practice, but a proportion of cases present to hospital settings. In this study, we examined how gonorrhoea was managed through a large hospital network and what the implications may be for public health management., Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of the management of patients with Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection diagnosed at a large Australian healthcare network from January 2015 to May 2018. Documentation rates of five parameters of care were assessed: (1) the presence (or absence) of previous sexually transmissible infections (STIs); (2) recent travel; (3) discussion of HIV testing; (4) contact tracing; and (5) public health notification., Results: In all, 110 cases (48 male, 62 female) were analysed. Most cases were in the 15-39 years age group; 98 cases (89%) were symptomatic, and 12 (11%) were screening tests. The most common presenting syndromes were pelvic inflammatory disease (32%; 31/98 symptomatic cases), urethritis (26%; 25/98) and epididymo-orchitis (13%; 13/98). None of the five parameters assessed were documented in most cases. Documentation was most likely to occur in patients admitted to hospital. When HIV testing was performed, no new cases of HIV were identified., Conclusion: Infections with gonorrhoea present on a regular basis to hospital practice, but overall management is suboptimal. Automated prompts for other recommended tests, including HIV testing when testing for other sexually transmissible diseases is ordered, may improve management. Better awareness of best practice is needed, which can be facilitated with ongoing education. However, the greatest benefit is likely achieved by linking patients back to community-based services, which are best placed to provide ongoing long-term care.

We evaluated a variety of conventional and rapid tests and examined the erythromycin susceptibility of a collection of Moraxella catarrhalis and commensal neisseria strains in order to determine the optimum method for routine identification. One hundred and fifty three strains were tested by Gram stain, catalase, oxidase, carbohydrate degradation by two methods and the presence of esterases using indoxyl acetate, 4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate (MUB). Tween 80 and tributyrin as substrates. Erythromycin MICs and zone diameters around 1, 5 and 15 micrograms discs were determined by the NCCLS method for 151 of the strains. A combination of Gram stain, oxidase and either indoxyl acetate, spot MUB or tributyrin hydrolysis test proved to be reliable and potentially the most convenient for routine testing. MICs and zone diameters easily distinguished between the erythromycin-sensitive M. catarrhalis and the erythromycin-resistant commensal neisserias and would provide confirmation of identification if used for susceptibility testing.