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In today’s world, radio receiver system is a prevailing wireless technology in that the major part is Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) which widely used to improve weak signals in many applications with millimeter and radio frequency waves such as optical communication, multimode transceivers and measurement instrumentations. The real drawbacks of LNA is that it fails to maintain specific properties in critical conditions like as minimum power consumption, provide low noise figure, input matching and linearity. Additionally, promoted by various application demands, design methods and control methods must require to improve performance of LNA. The performance of LNA can be improved by adding extra components in basic circuit by proper arrangement for millimeter and radio frequency waves. The review paper provides information about design methodology, optimization techniques and control techniques. The different design of LNA is reviewed and analyzed such as 3-stage near-mm Wave LNA, 5-stage near-mm Wave LNA, common-gate amplifier, shunt-feedback amplifier, Resistor-terminated common-source amplifier, Traditional inductor-less amplifiers, cascode connection and double common source. This review paper also provides the information about design circuit diagram. The performance improvement of LNA can be achieved with the help of different techniques and our review based on optimization and control techniques with parameter tuning. Finally, the direction for the future study is presented based on review analysis of LNA.

The design principles and the structural and circuitry solutions are described for digital computational synthesizers based on the method of direct digital synthesis of frequencies and signals. The structural and circuit diagrams of a digital computational synthesizer of complex wideband signals are presented. Using this synthesizer, it is possible to synthesize signals with amplitude, frequency, and phase modulations in the frequency range of 0.001−920 MHz.

This publication concerns hydraulic robots used in flexible production lines, in fact in hydraulicsystems, energy is transmitted and controlled by means of a pressurized fluid circulating in a circuit. whichform a new series of applications pick & place (Patents: N° 9507799623622 AL 1996088,9622856 AL19960801, 9620818 AL 19960711. . .). Circuit diagrams are an aid facilitating the understanding, study anddescription of production cells. The new, very simple structure of the hydraulic robot is a novelty in Algeria andhas been adapted to the data of a production line made up of seven production lines. In order to avoid anyconfusion and error during development, production, installation and maintenance and in order to transformthis production line into a flexible cell, it appears essential that these diagrams be linked to a standardizedrepresentation.Keywords: CAD modification, trajectories, Pick & Place (Signals input-output).

Though handwriting recognition is a well-explored research area for decades, there are a few sub-areas of this field that have still not obtained much attention from the researchers. Some examples include recognition of hand-drawn graphics components like circuit components and diagrams. Complete digitization of such handwritten documents is not possible without automatic conversion of the said circuit diagrams. Besides, to date, in most of the cases for commercial circuit design purposes, concerned people manually enter the components into the simulating software like Cadence, Spice to analyze the circuit and judge its performance. In this work, it has been tried to move one step towards automating this process by recognizing the hand-drawn circuit components which are considered as the most important step for this automation. The present endeavour is to design a two-stage convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model that recognizes the hand-drawn circuit components. In the first stage, all the similar-looking (i.e., similar shape and structure) circuit components are clustered into a single group using visual perception and input from confusion matrix of single-stage CNN-based classification, and in the later stage, the circuit components belong to the same group are classified into their actual classes. The proposed model has been evaluated on a self-made database where 20 different classes of hand-drawn circuit components are considered. The experimental outcome shows that the proposed two-stage classification model provides an accuracy 97.33% which is much higher than the single-stage method, which provides an accuracy of 86.00%.

In this paper deal with the comparative study of fuzzy and pi-based controllers for SRM drive. Performance characteristics of PI and fuzzy based controllers were compared and analysis various parameter like torque, current, stator current, speed for switched reluctance motor. PI control based SRM drive designed with 8300 rpm and fuzzy control based SRM speed limit is around 7000 rpm. Design for simulation circuit diagrams for both PI and Fuzzy controller based SRM drive system.

A new approach to analyzing three-phase circuits in the phase coordinates under unbalanced normal and emergency operating conditions is proposed, in which the information about the three-phase circuit to be analyzed by means of software is entered in a simplified manner. The equivalent circuits of three-phase generators, power lines, and static and dynamic loads are aggregated and considered in a generalized form. With such presentation, the work with a three-phase circuit diagram is significantly simplified even if it contains unbalanced loads, a few faulty sections, and control links in the equivalent circuits of electrical machines. The labeling of three-phase circuit nodes is proposed that allows three-phase and single-phase parts of the circuit to be distinguished. The topologic list of branches intended for computer-aided calculations of currents and voltages and currents is compiled for three-phase branches in a generalized form. The obtained list is compact and retains a clear representation of the three-phase circuit. The analogy between the basic electrical equations written for electrical circuit three-phase and single-phase branches is shown. Thus, the voltages and currents in a three-phase element are interrelated by equations similar to the generalized Ohm’s law, while Kirchhoff's current law is written for three-phase nodes and has the same form as for single-phase circuits. The analogy of drawing up the incidence matrix and the matrix of nodal equations is shown. Submatrices of dimensions 3 × 3, 1 × 3, or 1 × 1 depending on the node label appear as entries in the incidence matrices and nodal admittance matrices of a three-phase circuit. The nodal equations used for carrying out the subsequent analysis of the circuit in the phase coordinates are written in a standard way as in single-phase circuits. In analyzing emergency operating conditions, it is proposed to keep the simplicity and clarity of the approach by representing the circuit faulty section of as a corresponding branch embedded into the three-phase circuit. The developed approach is illustrated by calculation of unbalanced and emergency operating conditions in a complex three-phase unbalanced circuit containing two synchronous generators, one dynamic load, and one static load. The calculation has been carried for four- and three-wire three-phase circuits.

In this paper a comprehensive procedure for the analog modeling of Fractional-Order Elements (FOEs) is presented. Unlike most already proposed techniques, a standard approach from classical circuit theory is applied. It includes the realization of a system function by a mathematical approximation of the desired phase response, and the synthesis procedure for the realization of basic fractional-order (FO) one-port models as passive RC Cauer- and Foster-form canonical circuits. Based on the presented one-ports, simple realizations of two-port differentiator and integrator models are derived. Beside the description of the design procedure, illustrative examples, circuit diagrams, simulation results and practical realizations are presented.

Multisim is a Windows-based simulation tool launched by National Instruments Inc., which is suitable for the design of analog/digital circuit boards at board level. It includes the graphic input of circuit schematic diagram and the input of circuit hardware description language. It has a rich simulation and analysis ability. Compared with the traditional manual calculation and design circuit, it can be designed and simulated more simply and quickly through Multisim simulation software. Through further analysis and simulation of the improved Sallen-Key filter network of different orders, the Sallen-Key active filter network is designed as the filter forming circuit in the spectrometer amplifier. Through the observation and comparison of the output waveform, the characteristics of the filter forming circuit can be clearly understood and mastered, which provides a reference for the virtual simulation experiment teaching nuclear power electronics.