Search

The emergence of issues like non-target toxicity, drug residues and drug resistance has stressed the need to search for effective alternatives such as botanicals. Hence, the current research was aimed at the evaluation of acaricidal and repellent efficacies of the Cinnamomum verum bark essential oil against the Rhipicephalus microplus ticks of cattle. Moreover, the C. verum essential oil was also analysed using GC-FID analysis which revealed the cinnamaldehyde as its major component. The acaricidal and the repellent efficacies were evaluated at five concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20%) of the C. verum essential oil. Different parameters like adult tick mortality, fecundity index, egg hatchability, oviposition reduction, reproductive estimation, product effectiveness, larval mortality and tick repellency were determined. The results indicated a dose-dependent effect of C. verum essential oil showing 20% concentration to be the most effective in view of the acaricidal and the repellent activities. Hence, this essential oil can be considered as a potential candidate for the effective control of cattle tick (R. microplus). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varroosis is a disease that can be observed in all life stages of honey bees and causes serious clinical findings in infested hives. This study aimed to investigate and compare the efficiency of thyme oil, Cinnamomum verum, Melaleuca viridiflora, Syzygium aromaticum essential oils, and amitraz against Varroosis in the field. After the essential oils were dissolved in glycerin, they were impregnated on strips and applied by placing them between frames. Amitraz was applied by fumigation. Positive and phoretic Varroa negative control groups were also included. Treatments were applied once a week for four weeks during the autumn season. The rates of acaricide efficacy and weekly mite count per bottom frame were determined for each of the treatments. According to the results, the highest effectiveness against Varroosis was detected in the amitraz treatment group at 81.3%. The C. verum treatment group had the highest efficacy of all the essential oil treatment groups at 73.5%. The efficacies in thyme oil, M. viridiflora, and S. aromaticum essential oils treatment groups were 71.9%, 71.3%, and 67.4%, respectively. According to the findings of the study, natural extracts can be used instead of chemical drugs in the fight against Varroosis. No toxicity or unnatural death was observed in honey bees throughout the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combination therapy at appropriately suitable doses presents a promising alternative to monotherapeutic drugs. In this study, Cinnamomum verum and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils and their major compounds have exhibited substantial leishmaniacidal potential against both promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) major. However, they displayed high cytotoxicity against Raw264.7 macrophage cells. Interestingly, when combined with each other or with amphotericin B, they demonstrated a synergistic effect (FIC<0.5) with low cytotoxicity. These combinations are able to modulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages. Notably, the combination of S. aromaticum Essential oil with amphotericin B stimulates macrophage cells by increasing NO production to eliminate leishmanial parasites. Furthermore, investigation of the molecular mechanism of action of these synergistic combinations reveals potent inhibition of the sterol pathway through the inhibition of the CYP51 gene expression. The findings suggest that combination therapy may offer significant therapeutic benefits in both food and pharmaceutical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamomum verum (kayu manis) is an herb that possesses antidiabetic properties and has been used for the treatment of diabetes traditionally. However, there is insufficient scientific data to provide optimum extraction parameters for C. verum leaves for antidiabetic activities. This research aims to determine the optimum extraction parameters of C. verum leaves towards α-glucosidase inhibition and evaluate the correlation between α-glucosidase inhibition, total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The C. verum was extracted with water through an infusion method under different temperatures (60.0°C, 77.5°C, 95.0°C) and extraction time lengths (10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes). The optimization process was designed using Design Expert software, which applied the Response Surface Method (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD). The analyses conducted were antidiabetic property (α-glucosidase inhibition assay), total phenolic content (TPC) (Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method) and antioxidant property (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH radical scavenging activity). Results showed that the obtained optimum extraction parameters for C. verum leaves (81.10°C, 19.54 minutes) exhibited α-glucosidase inhibition (87.30±0.67%), total phenolic content (0.12±0.00 mg GAE/g) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (51.25±0.48%). The α-glucosidase inhibition positively correlates with DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content. These findings have provided a positive relationship between extraction temperature and extraction time length on antidiabetic properties of C. verum leaf extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide natural variation of Cinnamomum verum morphology in Sri Lanka suggests the chemo-diversity, which must be revealed for efficient utilization in a vast scope of industries. This study was carried out to determine the variation of essential oil constituents of cinnamon bark from major growing areas of Sri Lanka, morphological markers for oil constituents and genetic relationships for the correlations among major chemical constituents. E-Cinnamaldehyde (CM), (E)-Cinnamyl acetate (CA), Eugenol (EU), Benzyl benzoate (BB), linalool (LN) and β-caryophyllene (CR) were the highest abundant six out of 188 constituents reported through GC-MS analysis of bark essential oil. The mean values and 95 % confidence intervals of CM, CA, EU, BB, LN and CR were 65.10 ± 2.4 (60.15, 70.05), 15.93 ± 2.14 (11.51, 20.34), 4.07 ± 0.42 (3.19, 4.95), 3.21 ± 0.52 (2.15, 4.28), 1.44 ± 0.16 (1.09,1.79) and 1.31 ± 0.10 (1.11,1.53) respectively. CM was the highest abundant in 29/30 accessions, while CA was the highest abundant only in 1/30. CM varied with growing district. CM was negatively correlated with CA, (r = 0.81) at the 0.01 % level of significance irrespective of the growing district. The correlation between EU and BB was significant (r = 0.49) at 0.01 % level of significance. Chemical constituents were linked with the morphological characters: The leaf width (LW) was correlated with EU, (r = 0.37) at 0.05 % level of significance and the bark thickness (BT) was in a correlation with CR, (r = 0.54) at 0.01 % level of significance. Gene network model analysis identifying two pathways for CM, CA and BB biosynthesis, and two pathways for EU biosynthesis explained the correlations between major constituents.

Varroosis is a disease that can be observed in all life stages of honey bees and causes serious clinical findings in infested hives. This study aimed to investigate and compare the efficiency of thyme oil, Cinnamomum verum, Melaleuca viridiflora, Syzygium aromaticum essential oils, and amitraz against Varroosis in the field. After the essential oils were dissolved in glycerin, they were impregnated on strips and applied by placing them between frames. Amitraz was applied by fumigation. Positive and phoretic Varroa negative control groups were also included. Treatments were applied once a week for four weeks during the autumn season. The rates of acaricide efficacy and weekly mite count per bottom frame were determined for each of the treatments. According to the results, the highest effectiveness against Varroosis was detected in the amitraz treatment group at 81.3%. The C. verum treatment group had the highest efficacy of all the essential oil treatment groups at 73.5%. The efficacies in thyme oil, M. viridiflora, and S. aromaticum essential oils treatment groups were 71.9%, 71.3%, and 67.4%, respectively. According to the findings of the study, natural extracts can be used instead of chemical drugs in the fight against Varroosis. No toxicity or unnatural death was observed in honey bees throughout the study.

Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl) on meat chemical composition and fatty acid profile in rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss W. ), cultivated in a recirculation system. One hundred and twenty rainbow trouts were allotted into two variants - control (C) and experimental (C.v), each in two replication with thirty fish. The average intial body weight of fish was 41.55±7.76 g (control group) and 41.48±7.95 g (C.v group) and final live weights on the 60th day: 117.25±19.15 g (C) and 121.42±19.39 g (C.v). The trial was carried out in a recirculation system that maintained water chemical parameters optimal for rainbow trout farming. The 1% powdered cinnamon extract was given to fish from the C.v. group by lubrication of extruded feed granules with 5 ml/100 g feed sunflower oil, whereas the feed of controls was lubricated only with the same amount of sunflower oil. After the end of the feeding period, six groups from each group were euthanised, heads and viscera were removed, then they were filleted and deboned. The meat was minced, homogenised and chemical and fatty acid analyses were performed. The meat water, dry matter, lipid, protein and ash contents were not changed after feed supplementation with 1% cinnamon extract. However the tested phytoextract had a beneficial effect on the meat fatty acid profile. SFA content of meat was statistically significantly reduced along with considerable increase in the content of UFA, MUFA, PUFA and n-3 fatty acid groups. The levels of n-6 fatty acids were not influenced by the dietary supplementation with cinnamon extract. The beneficial effect of this additive on fatty acid content of meat was proved by the improved PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 ratios in the meat of group C.v. Both ratios were within the beneficial ranges from the point of view of human nutrition: above 0.4 and less than 5, respectively.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl) on meat chemical composition and fatty acid profile in rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.), cultivated in a recirculation system. One hundred and twenty rainbow trouts were allotted into two variants - control (C) and experimental (C.v), each in two replication with thirty fish. The average intial body weight of fish was 41.55±7.76 g (control group) and 41.48±7.95 g (C.v group) and final live weights on the 60th day: 117.25±19.15 g (C) and 121.42±19.39 g (C.v). The trial was carried out in a recirculation system that maintained water chemical parameters optimal for rainbow trout farming. The 1% powdered cinnamon extract was given to fish from the C.v. group by lubrication of extruded feed granules with 5 ml/100 g feed sunflower oil, whereas the feed of controls was lubricated only with the same amount of sunflower oil. After the end of the feeding period, six groups from each group were euthanised, heads and viscera were removed, then they were filleted and deboned. The meat was minced, homogenised and chemical and fatty acid analyses were performed. The meat water, dry matter, lipid, protein and ash contents were not changed after feed supplementation with 1% cinnamon extract. However the tested phytoextract had a beneficial effect on the meat fatty acid profile. SFA content of meat was statistically significantly reduced along with considerable increase in the content of UFA, MUFA, PUFA and n-3 fatty acid groups. The levels of n-6 fatty acids were not influenced by the dietary supplementation with cinnamon extract. The beneficial effect of this additive on fatty acid content of meat was proved by the improved PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 ratios in the meat of group C.v. Both ratios were within the beneficial ranges from the point of view of human nutrition: above 0.4 and less than 5, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field experiment was conducted in the 2022–2023 season in the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Iraq, greenhouse to study the effect of some root stimulants against Fusarium solani in pepper, Capsicum annum L. crop. The impact on some vegetative and chemical characteristics was determined. The results showed that all treatments reduced the severity of the infection compared to the controls. The severity of the pathogen in controls was 83.3% compared to 11.1% in the crops treated with Disper Root GS (root stimulant) + Cu or Cinnamomum verum powder, respectively. Inicium (root stimulant) + copper treatment reduced the pathogen severity to 16.6%. In the case of positive control (Phyte Silicium), the pathogen level was recorded at 22.2%. The treated crop showed increased vegetative characteristics such as plant height and wet and dry weight of foliage and roots. A similar impact was observed on chlorophyll (spad), peroxidase enzyme, and the percentage of phenols in the pepper leaves. The results showed that natural products such as Cinnamomum and root stimulants could be used for safe, integrated disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high blood glucose levels known as hyperglycemia. In addition, diabetes is associated with decreased Superoxide Dismutase and increased Malondialdehyde levels. Alternative treatments for diabetes mellitus may involve the use of natural ingredients. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), and their combination on blood glucose, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA)levels in a rat model of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes was induced in the rats by a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg BW). The diabetic rats were divided into five groups; DM which served as the control (Diabetic rats without treatment), A1 (Diabetic rats treated with Zingiber officinale extract), A2 (Diabetic rats treated with Cinnamomum verum extract), A3 (Diabetic rats treated with Syzygium aromaticum extract), and A4 (Diabetic rats treated with a combination of the three spices). The treatments were orally administered once daily for 14 days. On day 15, all the rats were euthanized, and blood samples were collected. The blood samples were analyzed for the concentrations of glucose, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The results showed that the administration of A3 significantly reduced blood glucose level, the administration of A1 and A4 significantly reduced MDA level compared to the control. Therefore, these spices have the potential to be used as an alternative medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most widely used medicinal herbs, cinnamon verum, has numerous pharmacological applications in traditional medicine. In this work, an aqueous extract of Cinnamomum verum (Cv) was used to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Numerous methods were used to study the Cv-AgNPs, including transmission electron microscopy(TEM), dynamic light scattering(DLS), ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry(UV–vis), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The face-centered cubic(FCC) crystal structure of the Cv-AgNPs, with an average crystallite size of 19.25 nm, has been revealed by XRD pattern analysis. The MTT assay was utilized to evaluate the anti-tumor and cytotoxic effects of Cv-AgNPs on MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines. Moreover, the anticancer activity of Cv-AgNPs was demonstrated using human cervical cancer cells(HeLA) and the breast cancer cell line(MCF-7). The results showed that Cv-AgNPs demonstrate in vitro cell viability of 9 % and 6 % for Hela and MCF-7 cell line, respectively, based on 500 μl of Cv-AgNPs consumed for 24 h. This revealed the Cv-AgNPs’ potency as an anticancer agent. Taking everything into account, this work proposes an environmentally friendly way to synthesize Cv-Ag NPs, which may find use in bio-nanomedicine.

Biopolymer‐based films present numerous environmental advantages. The current study aims to investigate the impact of storage time on the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and functional properties of pectin‐based films containing Thymus capitatus (TEO) and Cinnamomum verum (CEO) essential oils (EOs). Films were prepared using the solution casting method; their different properties were evaluated over 1 month at room temperature. Both types of films displayed strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). Pectin‐based film incorporated with CEO displayed greater antioxidant activity than film incorporated with TEO. The two EOS increased the films' elongation at break and tensile strength. However, their moisture content and thickness decreased. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the CEO‐ and TEO‐based films decreased after 4 weeks of storage, while moisture content increased. However, the films' mechanical parameters remained stable during the entire storage period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamomum verum is worldwide well-known for its culinary and medicinal properties. The distinguished aroma of this plant is due to the presence of oil cells containing oil drops which are known as the primary site of essential oil biosynthesis. In this study, we compared the content and composition of essential oils of C. verum leaves of two distinct seasons from two different geographical regions, viz. Kharagpur (Cv-K) and Mamit (Cv-M) - the eastern and north-eastern regions of India, respectively. The leaf essential oils of the Kharagpur region were mainly composed of phenylpropanoids (81.98%) while monoterpenoids (48.42%) dominated in the Mamit region. The major components of Kharagpur and Mamit chemotypes were eugenol (81.83±2.09%) and linalool (37.52±7.06%), respectively. Transverse sections obtained through cryomicrotomy showed the presence of lipids and terpenes in the oil droplets upon staining with Sudan III and Nadi, respectively. Though, histochemical analyses did not show any distinct differences in the secretory structures of C. verum growing in two different geographical locations, absence of crystal in Cv-M type leaves was noted. Because of substantial differences in the chemical composition of essential oils, these two populations of C. verum can be considered as two distinct chemotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given today's market requirements and the growing awareness of producers and consumers about problems caused by synthetic dyes, natural dyes are a cost-effective and sustainable alternative for textile dyeing since they are highly biodegradable and pose a low risk to the environment and human health. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl is an evergreen tree whose fruit contains anthocyanin derivatives that can be used as a fabric dye. In this study, wool dyeing using natural dye extracted from the fruit of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl was evaluated to determine optimum dyeing conditions, such as temperature, pH level, and dyeing time and dyed samples through color intensity and the potassium alum mordant influence in the fastness to washing of dyed fabric, based on a colorimetric analysis performed in a spectrophotometer using the CIELab system. The conditions that resulted in the highest color intensity were pH 4, 100 °C, and a dyeing time of 60 min and were used to study the dyeing kinetics and balance of the dyeing process based on adsorption isotherms. It was found that the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation best represents the kinetics of wool dyeing and that it involves the chemical adsorption process. The Langmuir–Freundlich adsorption isotherm best fitted the experimental data, indicating that chemical adsorption significantly contributes to a monolayer. The results showed that the extract of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl fruit is a promising natural dye source for wool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulated dental biofilm can be a source of oral bacteria that are aspirated into the lower respiratory tract causing ventilator-associated pneumonia in hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic antibiofilm action of the produced and phytochemically characterized extracts of Cinnamomum verum and Brazilian green propolis (BGP) hydroethanolic extracts against multidrug-resistant clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in addition to their biocompatibility on human keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT). For this, High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the plant extracts was performed; then the minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the extracts were determined; and antibiofilm activity was evaluated with MTT assay to prevent biofilm formation and to reduce the mature biofilms. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was verified using the MTT colorimetric test, evaluating the cellular enzymatic activity. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests as well as Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's tests, considering a significance level of 5%. It was possible to identify the cinnamic aldehyde in C. verum and p-coumaric, caffeic, and caffeoylquinic acids as well as flavonoids such as kaempferol and kaempferide and Artepillin-C in BGP. The combined extracts were effective in preventing biofilm formation and reducing the mature biofilms of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa. Moreover, both extracts were biocompatible in different concentrations. Therefore, C. verum and BGP hydroethanolic extracts have bactericidal and antibiofilm action against multidrug resistant strains of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa. In addition, the combined extracts were capable of expressively inhibiting the formation of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa biofilms (prophylactic effect) acting similarly to 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food coatings are a promising strategy to improve the safety and shelf life of food products by inhibiting or retarding the growth of harmful microorganisms. The current study assessed the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics of a coating based on natural ingredients, including whey protein isolate scavenge free radicals. (WPI), nanochitosan (NCH), bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), and cinnamon essential oil (CEO). The in vitro antibacterial assay of the edible coating solution was performed against four food-born pathogens, consisting Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium. The antioxidant potency of the edible coating solution was evaluated by measuring its capability to The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of the coating decreased as the CEO concentration increased. The most significant difference in MIC and MBC was observed between the pure coating and the essential oil enriched coating group, which had the maximum essential oil concentration (1.5%). For Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria, this difference was 20% for MIC and 15% for MBC. For Escherichia coli, it was 15% for MIC and 20% for MBC. For Staphylococcus aureus, it was 20% for MIC and 20% for MBC. For Listeria monocytogenes, it was 15% for MIC and 20% for MBC. The antibacterial charachtristics of the coating were evaluated using the disc diffusion technique. The results showed that the coating exhibited considerable antibacterial efficacy against all tested pathogens. The coating also exhibited significant antioxidant activity (up to 5.7% more than the control group). These findings suggest that the coating based on WPI, NCH, BNC, and CEO has potential applications to improve the food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The price of Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon) is around twice as high as that of the other cinnamon varieties commonly grouped under the name cassia cinnamon, making the former spice an attractive target for fraudsters. This work demonstrates that elemental profiles obtained by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence in combination with multivariate analyses can be used as a screening method to detect Ceylon cinnamon adulteration. Thirty-six elements were analysed in 52 commercially available cinnamon samples, 29 Ceylon, 8 cassia, and 15 for which no indication about variety was provided. Fifty-eight percent of the samples were either adulterated or did not meet international quality criteria. Four of the ground cinnamon samples labelled as Ceylon cinnamon were found to be pure cassia or a mixture with a high cassia content, and 26 samples were suspected of other types of adulteration including replacement of bark with other parts of the cinnamon tree. Headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and ash determination by thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the conclusions reached by elemental analysis. Only one sample labelled as Ceylon cinnamon and that according to its volatile composition was cassia cinnamon was not flagged as suspicious by elemental analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hercinothrips femoralis (O.M. Reuter, 1891) is an important polyphagous pest species that feeds on a variety of ornamental plants and may cause severe damage to them. The species is known to be easily spread by anthropochory. The lethal and protective efficiency of 5 plant extracts was evaluated against adults of H. femoralis in the laboratory. A well-shaken essential oil of a certain concentration was sprayed from a distance of 15 cm into the inner space of a plastic box with leaves and thrips specimens. Standard protective and lethal concentrations and doses of selected oils were specified. The results showed differences in repellency and lethality among essential oil product types and their concentrations. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) oil was identified (p < 0.05) as the most rapid (after 30 min of exposure) and effective biopesticide with the highest protective and lethal effect (PC50 = 0.66%, LC50 = 15,80%) compared with oils from rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), dill (Anethum graveolens), black pepper (Piper nigrum), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.). Moreover, the protective effect of rosemary oil (PC50: 28.11%) and the lethal effect of dill oil (LC50: 42.85%) were identified as statistically significant. The application of cinnamon oil is proposed as eco-safe plant protection against H. femoralis, especially in households and indoor spaces, where the use of less toxic biopesticides is environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, two different MTCC strains of Vibrio cholera, 3904 and 3906, were used to determine the anti-bacterial properties of Cinnamomum verum (C. verum) leaves (Family: Lauraceae). This was done through qualitative phytochemical compound screening and quantitative identification of volatile compounds using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methanolic extract was subjected to phytochemical screening in order to determine the active components. Through qualitative examination revealed that the substance contained alkaloids, total carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, and tannins. Due to the abundance of phytochemical agents in the extract, GC-MS experiments were conducted. Based on their retention times and coverage percentages in mass spectra, these studies identified 42 volatile chemicals. The maximum zone of inhibition for the antibacterial activity of methanol extract were 15.9 mm for the V. cholera MTCC 3904 strain and 16.3 mm for the V. cholera MTCC 3906 strain, respectively, at concentrations of 100µL, Azithromycin showed 22.30 mm, a positive control, at a dosage of 30µg. Total antibacterial activity was determined to be 15.05 ±1.15 mm and 15.10±1.15 mm, respectively, in the examined bacterial strains. These values are equivalent to conventional azithromycin. In conclusion, C. verum can be a potential therapeutic agent against V. cholera strains, this is due to strong antibacterial nature of active biomolecules present in the medicinal plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at evaluating the potential of the essential oil of Cinnamomum verum (EOCV) as an antioxidant, as an insecticide against Callosobruchus maculatus and for its anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. To this end, EOCV was extracted via hydrodistillation from this plant, and the identification of the phytochemicals was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The antioxidant power was determined via in vitro tests, the insecticidal ability was tested via exposing C. maculatus to EOCV, and molecular docking was used to evaluate the anti-cholinesterase ability. The results of these GC–MS analyses show that the main composition of EOCV comprises Cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetal (64.50%), cinnamicaldehyde (35.04%) and α-Copaene (0.11%). The insecticidal potential of the studied OEs, determined by using the inhalation test, and expressed as the concentration of EOs required for the death of 50% of the insects (LC50) and that required the death of 95% of adults (LC95) after 96 h of exposure, was 3.99 ± 0.40 and 14.91 ± 0.10 μL/L of air, respectively. In the contact test, 96 h of exposure gave an LC50 and LC95 of 3.17 ± 0.28 and 8.09 ± 0.05 μL/L of air, respectively. A comparison of the antioxidant activity of EOCV to that of ascorbic acid via DPPH free radical scavenging ability and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) revealed the IC50 and EC50 values of EOCV to be much higher than that obtained for ascorbic acid, and the molecular docking simulation revealed Coumarin, Piperonal, Cinnamaldehyde dimethyl and alpha-Copaene as possessing potential inhibitory activities against human acetylcholinesterase. However, further experimental validation is needed to enhance the prospects of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is heading to increase the productivity, quantity and quality, of basic crops, but the stored grain pests destroy all these efforts and reduce its quality. This study aims to assess activity of Cinnamomum verum powder and extract against Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Rhyzopertha dominica, and Sitophilus granarius. Residual film of cinnamon was tested with and without grains (as contact toxicity). Repellent activity was estimated by using choice chamber method and waved filter paper for powder and extract, respectively. There were significant differences among all tested insects. S. granarius was more affected with cinnamon extract than C. ferrugineus followed by R. dominica. LC50 values were 1.01, 1.37 and 3.13% at 24 h. While, C. ferrugineus was more affected with powder than S. granarius followed by R. dominica. For repellent activity, C. ferrugineus was the most affected with the powder and extract followed by R. dominica and S. granarius, where, the mean repellent percentages were 100, 98 and 82% for the powder and 86.94, 62.78 and 29.44% for the extract, respectively. The repellent percentage increased with increasing the concentration and the time of exposure. Cinnamon powder and extract can be used as insecticide against stored grain pests by easy way and safety to human and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum syn. C. zeylanicum) is consistent due to its superior characteristics. Besides that, Sri Lanka is home to seven other wild species: Cinnamomum capparu-coronde, Cinnamomum citriodorum, Cinnamomum dubium, Cinnamomum litseifolium, Cinnamomum ovalifolium, Cinnamomum rivulorum, and Cinnamomum sinharajaense. Since cinnamon bark contains more than seventy bioactive compounds, it possesses various pharmacological and health benefits, including antimicrobial activity. Even though there is some literature on the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of C. verum, wild species have not been studied yet. The present study evaluated the antimicrobial activity and biochemical compounds of Cinnamomum species found in Sri Lanka using bark methanol extract and crude. Trans-cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamyl acetate, coumaric acid, and coumarin were quantified using HPLC techniques. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated by disc diffusion assay against two standard pathogenic strains, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. There were no detectable coumarin or coumaric acid levels in any of the species. The highest transcinnamaldehyde content and antimicrobial activity were observed in C. verum, followed by C. sinharajaense and C. capparu-coronde. Further, C. ovalifolium, C. dubium, and C. rivulorum did not show positive inhibition zones against the two pathogenic strains and detectable levels of transcinnamaldehyde. Moreover, the results showed a strong positive correlation between antimicrobial activity and transcinnamaldehyde content. The results suggest that the antibacterial activity of C. sinharajaense and C. capparucoronde should be tested against a broader range of pathogenic strains and could be useful in future breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a condition characterized by insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance. The insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is responsible for degrading insulin and is a potential drug target for T2DM treatment. Numerous activities have been proposed for plant extracts, but research on the effects of plant extracts on IDE expression and activity is riddled with drawbacks.Materials and Methods: We investigated the effect of Phaseolus vulgaris, Allium cepa, Portulaca oleracea, Cinnamomum verum, and Citrullus colocynthis extracts on the expression and activity of IDE in the Caco-2 cell line.Results: Findings of RT-PCR showed that IDE gene expression was reduced following treatment with P. vulgaris, C. colocynthis, and C. verum extracts. The results of IDE activity with fluorogenic peptide substrate V also indicated that P. vulgaris, C. colocynthis, and P. oleracea extracts reduced IDE activity in a significant and dose-dependent manner.Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extracts studied, except for A. cepa, can prevent insulin degradation by reducing the expression and activity of the IDE enzyme. This new insight into the effects of herbal medicines on IDE activity can help future studies.

The integrity of the distal alveolar epithelium is crucial for lung regeneration following an injury. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Cinnamomum verum extract; cross‐talk of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and erythropoietin (EPO) genes in a smoke‐induced lung injury rat model. For experimentation (n = 27), albino rats were divided equally into three groups, i.e., negative control (NC), positive control (PC), and treatment group (TG). Cigarette smoke was exposed to PC and TG (4 CG/day). C. verum was given orally (350 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days. Decapitation (n = 3) was done on 14th, 18th, and 21st days, respectively. Analyses (hematology, biochemical, high performance liquid chromatography [HPLC], histology, and gene expression) were carried out and results were statistically analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance. HPLC analysis of ethanolic extract of C. verum was done to identify the presence of phenolic constituents which showed high concentrations of quercetin and P‐coumaric acid. Serum oxidative parameters such as total oxidant status, malondialdehyde, and hematological parameters such as red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and white blood cells were significantly (p <.05) elevated in the PC group; however, these parameters were significantly (p <.05) improved in TG. While total antioxidant capacity and serum parameters such as total protein, albumin, and globulin were significantly (p <.05) reduced in the PC group but significantly improved (p <.05) in TG. Histological analysis revealed that smoke exposure resulted in a measurable increase in alveolar septal thickening while ethanolic extract of C. verum greatly ameliorated the histopathological changes in the lung alveoli. The gene expression analysis of EGF and EPO genes showed a significant upregulation (p <.05) of both genes in PC group while in TG, the level of both genes downregulated, in which lung damage was ameliorated due to cytoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of C. verum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Cinnamomum of the family Lauraceae is an economically important crop. The Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum syn. C. zeylanicum) has an exceptional position in the global cinnamon market. In addition to the cultivated species, Sri Lanka is home to seven endemic wild Cinnamomum species, C. capparu-coronde, C. citriodorum, C. dubium, C. litseifolium, C. ovalifolium, C. rivulorum, and C. sinharajaense. Nevertheless, the species delimitation has not been successful with some morphometric and molecular traits. Therefore, this study focused on molecular characterization with an Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) nuclear marker, floral morphometric characteristics, and microscopy of the powered bark of Cinnamomum species reported in Sri Lanka. According to the results four polymorphic ISSR regions resulted in an average of 83.7% polymorphism among all collected species, suggesting considerable polymorphism. The bark fiber size of the cultivated species is different from the studied wild species and could be used as a key to identify adulterants during export. The cultivated cinnamon, C. verum and two wild species (C. sinharajaense, and C. capparu-coronde) have considerably larger flowers compared to other species. Moreover, floral traits such as flower colour and shape could differentiate species C. sinharajaense and C. capparu-coronde. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SCM) of pollen showed that the pollen size, spine length, interspinal distance, and spine ornamentation significantly contribute to species variation, and such variations need to be studied comprehensively. Nevertheless, the phylogeny of Cinnamomum species could not be completely resolved using ISSR regions, bark powder morphology, and floral morphological traits assessed and suggested for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulated dental biofilm can be a source of oral bacteria that are aspirated into the lower respiratory tract causing ventilator-associated pneumonia in hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic antibiofilm action of the produced and phytochemically characterized extracts of Cinnamomum verum and Brazilian green propolis (BGP) hydroethanolic extracts against multidrug-resistant clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in addition to their biocompatibility on human keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT). For this, High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the plant extracts was performed; then the minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the extracts were determined; and antibiofilm activity was evaluated with MTT assay to prevent biofilm formation and to reduce the mature biofilms. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was verified using the MTT colorimetric test, evaluating the cellular enzymatic activity. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests as well as Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s tests, considering a significance level of 5%. It was possible to identify the cinnamic aldehyde in C. verum and p-coumaric, caffeic, and caffeoylquinic acids as well as flavonoids such as kaempferol and kaempferide and Artepillin-C in BGP. The combined extracts were effective in preventing biofilm formation and reducing the mature biofilms of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa. Moreover, both extracts were biocompatible in different concentrations. Therefore, C. verum and BGP hydroethanolic extracts have bactericidal and antibiofilm action against multidrug resistant strains of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa. In addition, the combined extracts were capable of expressively inhibiting the formation of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa biofilms (prophylactic effect) acting similarly to 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate.

Context: Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton grains and Cinnamomum verum J. Presl barks are immensely consumed by Jordanian population as food flavoring and remedies in treating different disorders without awareness of their effect or dose toxicity. Aims: To evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of essential oils (EOs) hydro-distilled from E. cardamomum grains and C. verum barks. Methods: Hydro-distillation was carried out using Clevenger apparatus; the EOs were analyzed using GC/MS, and their constituents were quantified using GC/FID. The antibacterial activity was determined by agar diffusion test and micro-broth dilution assay, while the antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Results: E. cardamomum EO was most effective against Bacillus subtilis with MIC 3.75 µL/mL and exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH assay with IC50 0.057 ±0.013 µL/mL (0.076 ±0.017 µL EO/µg Trolox®) but was ineffective in the ABTS test up to 5 µL/mL; 86.22% of its EO constituent are oxygenated monoterpenes with α-terpinyl acetate as the major component. Whilst C. verum EO was active against both tested Gram-positive and negative bacterial strains with MIC 1.25-5.00 µL/mL but was devoid of significant antioxidant activity up to 5 µL/mL; phenylpropanoids constituted 69.48% of its EO with E-cinnamaldehyde as the major component. Both EOs showed cytotoxic activity against the breast cancer cell line withIC50 0.14-0.46 µL/mL. Conclusions: The current results unveil the potential application of C. verum and E. cardamomum in complementary and alternative medicine as biosafe remedies besides their usage as flavoring and seasoning sources.

Essential oils have been used by indigenous peoples for medicinal purposes since ancient times. Their easy availability played an important role. Even today, essential oils are used in various fields—be it as aromatic substances in the food industry, as an aid in antibiotic therapy, in aromatherapy, in various household products or in cosmetics. The benefits they bring to the body and health are proven by many sources. Due to their complex composition, they offer properties that will be used more and more in the future. Synergistic effects of various components in an essential oil are also part of the reason for their effectiveness. Infectious diseases will always recur, so it is important to find active ingredients for different therapies or new research approaches. Essential oils extracted from the bark of trees have not been researched as extensively as from other plant components. Therefore, this review will focus on bringing together previous research on selected bark oils to provide an overview of barks that are economically, medicinally, and ethnopharmaceutically relevant. The bark oils described are Cinnamomum verum, Cedrelopsis grevei, Drypetes gossweileri, Cryptocarya massoy, Vanillosmopsis arborea and Cedrus deodara. Literature from various databases, such as Scifinder, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed, among others, were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three watercolour paintings by Richard Bradley, depicting plants from the East Indies and southern Africa, are described. The images of Coffea arabica (coffee) (Rubiaceae), Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) (Lauraceae) and a southern African succulent, Cylindrophyllum calamiforme (Aizoaceae), are bound into contemporary volumes now held at the British Library, London. Also included in the cinnamon watercolour are two images of Sri Lankan butterflies. This paper sets these watercolours in the context of Bradley's other paintings and colour illustrations. These three images, hitherto unpublished, were probably painted during Bradley's visit to Holland in 1714. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study sets out to compare the antibacterial and antibiofilm profiles of Ci/Ca EOs alone and in combination together against infectious bacterial strains. MIC assay was carried out to survey the effectiveness of prepared EOs by two-fold serial dilution method and MTT evaluation. Synergic antibacterial properties of EOs against target strains were studied by using checkerboard titration method. Biofilm growth and development were evaluated using CV and XTT reduction assays. Antibacterial activity was observed for EOs against both bacterial strains with stronger activity for CiEO against both bacteria. The synergistic antibacterial effect was observed only against B. subtilis. Based on the FIC index, combinations could not inhibit the growth of E. coli. The pure EOs and their combination inhibited cell attachment for both studied bacteria with stronger effect on E. coli. CV and XTT reduction assays results showed that Ci EO and its combination with CaEO had the highest antibiofilm activity at lowest MIC value 0.08% and 0.04/0.02% against biofilm formed by E. coli and B. subtilis respectively, indicating a high antibiofilm potential. Computational docking analyses also postulated that the active constituents of evaluated EOs have the potential to interact with different bacterial targets, suggested binding mode of action of EOs metabolites. By and large, synergistic anti-biofilm properties of EOs may provide further options for developing novel formula to inhibit a variety of infectious clinical and industrial strains without (or less) toxicity effects on human body. Graphical Abstract

Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a condition characterized by insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance. The insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is responsible for degrading insulin and is a potential drug target for T2DM treatment. Numerous activities have been proposed for plant extracts, but research on the effects of plant extracts on IDE expression and activity is riddled with drawbacks. Materials and Methods: We investigated the effect of Phaseolus vulgaris, Allium cepa, Portulaca oleracea, Cinnamomum verum, and Citrullus colocynthis extracts on the expression and activity of IDE in the Caco-2 cell line. Results: Findings of RT-PCR showed that IDE gene expression was reduced following treatment with P. vulgaris, C. colocynthis, and C. verum extracts. The results of IDE activity with fluorogenic peptide substrate V also indicated that P. vulgaris, C. colocynthis, and P. oleracea extracts reduced IDE activity in a significant and dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extracts studied, except for A. cepa, can prevent insulin degradation by reducing the expression and activity of the IDE enzyme. This new insight into the effects of herbal medicines on IDE activity can help future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamomum verum (Cinnamomum genus) essential oil is commonly used in food preparation and traditional medicines, with a broad spectrum of biological activities. However, research on the extraction of essential oils (EOs) from C. verum cultivated locally in Vietnam is currently limited. Therefore, in this study, the chemical compositions and bioactivities of EOs from the bark and leaves of C. verum collected from the Thai Nguyen and Yen Bai provinces of Vietnam were investigated. The EOs samples were extracted by using water distillation, organic solvent (n-hexane) and ultrasound-assisted (in n-hexane solvent) extraction methods. The chemical composition of the obtained EOs were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses. Results showed that the major chemical compositions of C. verum EOs were: (E)-cinnamaldehyde, trans-cinnamic acid, cinnamyl acetate, and benzaldehyde. Furthermore, C. verum EOs exhibited inhibitory activities against two tested cancer cell lines and four bacterial strains. These findings provide essential knowledge about the potential application of C. verum EOs cultivated in Vietnam for the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at evaluating the potential of the essential oil of Cinnamomum verum (EOCV) as an antioxidant, as an insecticide against Callosobruchus maculatus and for its anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. To this end, EOCV was extracted via hydrodistillation from this plant, and the identification of the phytochemicals was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The antioxidant power was determined via in vitro tests, the insecticidal ability was tested via exposing C. maculatus to EOCV, and molecular docking was used to evaluate the anti-cholinesterase ability. The results of these GC–MS analyses show that the main composition of EOCV comprises Cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetal (64.50%), cinnamicaldehyde (35.04%) and α-Copaene (0.11%). The insecticidal potential of the studied OEs, determined by using the inhalation test, and expressed as the concentration of EOs required for the death of 50% of the insects (LC50) and that required the death of 95% of adults (LC95) after 96 h of exposure, was 3.99 ± 0.40 and 14.91 ± 0.10 μL/L of air, respectively. In the contact test, 96 h of exposure gave an LC50 and LC95 of 3.17 ± 0.28 and 8.09 ± 0.05 μL/L of air, respectively. A comparison of the antioxidant activity of EOCV to that of ascorbic acid via DPPH free radical scavenging ability and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) revealed the IC50 and EC50 values of EOCV to be much higher than that obtained for ascorbic acid, and the molecular docking simulation revealed Coumarin, Piperonal, Cinnamaldehyde dimethyl and alpha-Copaene as possessing potential inhibitory activities against human acetylcholinesterase. However, further experimental validation is needed to enhance the prospects of this study.

One of the most widely used medicinal herbs, cinnamon verum, has numerous pharmacological applications in traditional medicine. In this work, an aqueous extract of Cinnamomum verum (Cv) was used to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Numerous methods were used to study the Cv -AgNPs, including transmission electron microscopy(TEM), dynamic light scattering(DLS), ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry(UV–vis), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The face-centered cubic(FCC) crystal structure of the Cv-AgNPs, with an average crystallite size of 19.25 nm, has been revealed by XRD pattern analysis. The MTT assay was utilized to evaluate the anti-tumor and cytotoxic effects of Cv -AgNPs on MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines. Moreover, the anticancer activity of Cv -AgNPs was demonstrated using human cervical cancer cells(HeLA) and the breast cancer cell line(MCF-7). The results showed that Cv -AgNPs demonstrate in vitro cell viability of 9 % and 6 % for Hela and MCF-7 cell line, respectively, based on 500 μl of Cv -AgNPs consumed for 24 h. This revealed the Cv -AgNPs' potency as an anticancer agent. Taking everything into account, this work proposes an environmentally friendly way to synthesize Cv -Ag NPs, which may find use in bio-nanomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La cannelle de Ceylan est une épice très appréciée pour ses qualités alimentaires dont est extraite de l'huile essentielle issue des feuilles ou du bois. Elle contient un aldéhyde aromatique, le cinnamaldéhyde, puissant et caustique, ainsi qu'un phénol considéré comme moins caustique que les autres. Ces deux molécules ont des propriétés anti-infectieuses importantes et à large spectre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition, the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of crude extract from leaves Cinnamomum verum and their enriched fractions was studied. Phytochemical analyses were performed by TLC and HPLC, and the antioxidant capacity was verified by DPPH• and ABTS•+. The Minimal Inhibitory/Bactericidal Concentration was conducted against twenty-two bacteria to select five strains susceptible to extracts/fractions and resistant to the antibiotics tested. Interference of Ethyl Acetate Fraction (EAF) in resistance to synthetic antibiotic was assayed by modulatory and checkerboard model. The chromatographic data showed phenolic compounds in crude extract, as well the flavonoid enrichment in the EAF. The combination of EAF and synthetic antibiotics (ampicillin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, or gentamicin) provides a synergistic effect against multidrug resistant strains). The results are useful to obtain multi-targeting in a single therapy solution, which on antioxidants molecules plant-derivatives can act synergistically in antimicrobial combinations, a valuable aid as bacterial resistance modifying compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To modify the surface of denture base material by coating it with cinnamon-laden nanofibers to reduce Candida albicans (C. albicans) adhesion and/or proliferation. Materials and methods: Heat-cured poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) specimens were processed and coated, or not, with cinnamon-laden polymeric nanofibers (20 or 40 wt.% of cinnamon relative to the total polymer weight). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses of the nanofibers were performed. Antifungal activity was assessed through agar diffusion and colony-forming unit (CFU/mL) assays. Representative SEM morphological analysis was carried out to observe the presence/absence of C. albicans on the fibers. Alamar blue assay was used to determine cell toxicity. Analysis of variance and the Tukey's test were used to analyze the data (α = 0.05). Results: SEM imaging revealed nanofibers with adequate (i.e., bead-free) morphological characteristics and uniform microstructure. FTIR confirmed cinnamon incorporation. The cinnamon-laden nanofibers led to growth inhibition of C. albicans. Viable fungal counts support a significant reduction on CFU/mL also directly related to cinnamon concentration (40 wt.%: mean log 6.17 CFU/mL < 20 wt.%: mean log 7.12 CFU/mL), which agrees with the SEM images. Cinnamon-laden nanofibers at 40 wt.% led to increased cell death. Conclusions: The deposition of 20 wt.% cinnamon-laden nanofibers onto PMMA surfaces led to a significant reduction of the adhesive and/or proliferative ability of C. albicans, while maintaining epithelial cells' viability. Clinical relevance: The high recurrence rates of denture stomatitis are associated with patient non-adherence to treatments and contaminated prostheses use. Here, we provide the non-patients' cooperation sensible method, which possesses antifungal action, hence improving treatment effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamon is one of the oldest and extensively consumed seasoning obtained from the barks of some Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) species. Although over the 250 Cinnamomum species are known, Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon), C. cassia (Chinese), C. burmanni (Indonesian) and C. loureiroi (Vietnamese) are widely cultivated and traded. Differentiation of powdered barks is only possible with anatomical, morphological, chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis. Cinnamon and its essential oil are widely used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries due to its unique aroma. Some types of cinnamon, which has been recommended for diabetics, contain high amounts of anticoagulant and hepatotoxic "coumarin" compound. In this study, 23 cinnamon samples were examined anatomically and morphologically. Main compounds of obtained essential oils were analysed by Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Coumarin contents were determined by High-performance Liquid Chromatography. Except for one sample, all defined as "cassia". Coumarin was found in concentrations ranging from 0.042 to 128 mg/gr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we report the green synthesis of nontoxic, stable, and small size silver nanoparticle by Cinnamomum verum with reducing/capping ability without any toxic reducing agents. The in situ prepared AgNPs were characterized by advanced physicochemical techniques like FE-SEM, TEM, and UVVis study. It has been established that AgNPs have a spherical shape with a mean diameter from 10 to 45 nm. In the antioxidant test, the IC50 of AgNPs and BHT against DPPH free radicals were 191 and 242 µg/ mL, respectively. In the cellular and molecular part of the recent study, the treated cells with AgNPs were assessed by MTT assay for 48 h about the cytotoxicity and anti-human lung adenocarcinoma properties on normal (HUVEC) and lung adenocarcinoma cell lines i.e. PC-14, LC-2/ad, and HLC-1. The IC50 of AgNPs were 259, 291, and 395 µg/mL against PC-14, LC-2/ad, and HLC-1 cell lines, respectively. The viability of malignant lung cell line reduced dose-dependently in the presence of AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient harvesting of cinnamon while maximizing the yield is highly dependent on its phenology. Many important studies on Ceylon cinnamon have been undertaken, though in-depth studies on vegetative and reproductive phenology of Cinnamomum verum are limited. Therefore, this study investigated the vegetative and reproductive phenology of C. verum, giving particular emphasis on the major phenological phases such as leaf flushing, flowering, and fruiting. The investigation was carried out from January 2018 to March 2019 to cover a complete annual phenological cycle at the Thihagoda site, in the intermediate climatic zone of Sri Lanka. The results indicate that the leaf emergence of C. verum in Sri Lanka takes place in flushes which appeared to be controlled by two factors, the seasonality and the rainfall after a dry period. The seasonal flushing took place in the four months period from February to May. The leaf longevity of C. verum in Sri Lanka is longer than 15 months. The leaf fall was not continuous and limited to a five -month period from March to July with a peak in March. The flowering in C. verum took place during October and November, however only 18.6 ± 5.6 % of flower buds matured to flowers. Moreover, 94.1 ± 8.5 % of flowers developed into young fruits. The timing of these phenological traits is important to manage the cinnamon productivity as it is recognized that the peeling ability of C. verum depends on the cambial activity which is controlled by source-sink relationships in assimilate partitioning in C. verum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aim:Increasing use of antibiotics against infection caused by microorganisms has increased drug resistance. This has led to extensive research on plant compounds with antimicrobial properties and greater effectiveness as an alternative to antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate antibacterial activity the five Medicinal plant extracts CinnamomumVerum, Zingiber officinale, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Berberis vulgaris, and Mentha pulegium against standard bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Entrococcous fecalis, Pseudomonas aeroginosa,Acintobacter bumani, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Esherishia coli. Methods: The present experimental study was conducted in 2020 at Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The ethanol extract of the Cinnamomum verum, Zingiber officinale, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Berberis vulgaris and Mentha pulegium were prepared by maceration method.The antibacterial activity of the extracts was performed on several standard bacterial strains by agar well diffusion method after three replications and diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and recorded. Then MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) with Broth microdilution was determined. Mean growth zone diameter was analyzed by Duncanchr('39')s comparison test at the 5% level. Results: In the present study, the highest antibacterial effect was related to Berberis vulgaris and Zingiber officinale extracts on S. saprophyticus with growth inhibition drops of 25 and 23 mm, respectively (p

Background and Aim: The presence of different climatic conditions in Iran has resulted in the high richness of medicinal plants. The occurrence of adverse side effects was reported following use of the chemical-based repellents which extensively used for personal protection against nuisance mosquitoes. All the efforts are made for exploring new repellents originated from medicinal plants and could be protected safe and whole night against biting arthropods. This will be an effective action for preventing of risk of arthropod-borne diseases. Materials and Methods: The fennel seeds and cinnamon bark were chosen due to antibacterial, antioxidant and insecticidal properties. The essential oils were obtained using hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical components of essential oils were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A well-colonized Aedes vexans in insectary was used for repellency assays on the animal model (the white rabbit). Results: Eighteen and 15 components were identified in the essential oils of fennel and cinnamon and Cadina-1,4-diene and b-Oplopenone were respectively as the main components. The protection time of 50% essential oils was assessed against lab-bred Aedes vexans, and protection time were estimated 3 and 3.5 h for F. vulgare and 1 and 1.5 h for C. verum,. According to a dose-response analysis, the median effective dosage (ED50) of essential oils was 13.7 and 84.2 μl/cm2 for F. vulgare and C. verum. Conclusion: The essential oil of F. vulgare could provide acceptable protection against dengue fever vectors on the animal subject. It is recommended to be continued the investigation on human volunteers against other medically important arthropods.