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Cigliano, M. M. (2011): On the type specimens of Dichromatos corupa and Dichromatos montanus (Orthoptera, Acridoidea, Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 2981 (1): 63-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2981.1.6, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2981.1.6

Comunidades de ortópteros (Insecta, Orthoptera) en pastizales del Chaco Oriental Húmedo, Argentina.— La diversidad específica y abundancia de las comunidades de Orthoptera fueron estimadas en dos pastizales del Chaco Oriental Húmedo durante el período 2006–2007. El pastizal con pastoreo intenso de ganado bovino y predominancia de especies vegetales nativas se caracterizó por presentar la mayor diversidad específica y el pastizal libre de pastoreo, con predominancia de especies vegetales introducidas, se caracterizó por una mayor abundancia. En total, se registraron 25 especies de ortópteros, siendo la familia Acrididae (Caelifera) la más numerosa y diversa. Staurorhectus longicornis, Dichromorpha australis y Orphulella punctata fueron las especies más abundantes; registrándose las dos últimas durante todo el periodo de muestreo. La mayor abundancia se detectó en el mes de diciembre de 2006. La abundancia de individuos no estuvo correlacionada con ninguna de las variables climáticas consideradas. Palabras clave: Acridoidea, Diversidad específica, Abundancia, Variación temporal y espacial., Species diversity and abundance of Orthoptera communities were estimated in two grasslands of Eastern Humid Chaco from 2006 to 2007. The greatest species diversity was recorded in the grassland with intensive livestock grazing and predominance of native plant species, whereas the abundance values were higher in the grassland without grazing and characterized by introduced plant species. In total, 25 Orthoptera species were collected during the study. Acrididae (Caelifera) was the most abundant and diverse family recorded. Staurorhectus longicornis, Dichromorpha australis and Orphulella punctata were the most abundant species; the last two species being recorded during the entire sampling period. The greatest abundance was recorded in December 2006. Abundance did not show any correlation with climatic variables. Key words: Acridoidea, Species diversity, Abundance, Spatial and temporal variation.

Pediella juninensis, n.sp. (Figs. 1C; 4D, H; 5T–X; 6) Holotype male 2, allotype female, Perú: Depto. Junín, 21 km from Tarma to Jauja, almost at the pass, 4100m, S11º02’36.5” / W75º37’33.9”, 28/04/2008, (Cigliano & Lange), MLPA. Paratypes: 3 males, 2 females, Perú: Depto. Junín, 25 km. W La Oroya, 3900 m., 09/1978 (Herbe Haute) (Descamps), MNHN; 1 male, Depto. Junín, La Oroya, 4000 m., 08/1978, (Descamps), MNHN; 8 males, 6 females, Depto. Junín, btwn. Tarma & Jauja, 4000 m., 09/1978, (Descamps), MNHN, MLPA; 1 female, Depto. Junín, Tarma, La Oroya, 4000 m, 26/10/2001 (Amedegnato & Poulain), MNHN; 1 female, Depto. Junín, Huancayo, 26 Km to Tarma from La Oroya, 4145m, S11º23’55.2” / W75º49’14.0”, 26/04/2008, (Cigliano & Lange), MLPA; 3 females, 2 males, 1 nymph, Depto. Junín, 21 km from Tarma to Jauja, at the pass, 4100m, S11º02’36.5” / W 75º37’33.9”, 28/04/2008, (Cigliano & Lange), MLPA Diagnosis. Distinguished from the remaining species of Pediella by the hind tibiae with the proximal two thirds yellow, distal third and tarsi orange red; male cerci wide and short not exceeding the tip of epiproct, compressed laterally. 1. http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/editTaxon/Distribution/SpecimensMap.aspx?TaxonNameID=77279 2. http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/ShowImage.aspx?TaxonNameID=77278&ImageID=68985 Description. Body color dorsally dark green (some specimens light green), with a yellow midlongitudinal stripe on dorsum of abdomen; face, anterior edge of pronotum and thorax ventrally whitish green porcelaine; epimeron with a whitish porcelain stripe; abdominal sternites and subgenital plate yellow, abdomen lateral with tinges of violet-blue (in alive specimens); ventral area of first and second pair of legs greenish cream with tinges of red; hind femur with ventral and inner orange red, dorsal area of olive green, outer area olive green except yellow pinnae; hind tibiae with the proximal two thirds yellow, distal third and tarsi orange red. Cerci (Fig. 4D, H) wide and short not exceeding the tip of epiproct, compressed laterally. Phallic complex (Figs. 5T–X): endophallic plates wide in lateral view; rami wide and short; cingulum with largely developed apodemes; arch of cingulum highly developed, bulky dorsally; distal portion of apical valves of aedeagus convex ventrally, hooked shaped at the apex; sheath of aedeagus largely developed; epiphallus with lophi largely developed horizontally. Tegmina with rounded apex (Fig. 1C). Females: similar to male but more robust; body brown with yellow tinges, with a yellow mid-longitudinal stripe on dorsum of abdomen, of epiproct and of ovipositor valves; antennae red; body ventrally yellowish brown; first and second pair of legs brown with tinges of yellow; ventral area of hind femur orange red; inner area and outer area of hind femur brown with the yellow pinnae; hind tibiae with the proximal two thirds yellow, distal third and tarsi orange red. Sides of abdomen purple and of ovipositor valves with tinges of purple. Measurements. Body length 17.8 mm (17–19) males, 22.7 mm (21–24) females; femur III length 9.8 mm (9–11) males, 12.2 mm (11–13) females. Distribution. Perú, Junín (Fig. 6), at the mountain passes, in puna grassland areas with bunchgrasses and tussocks, with a number of herbs, including non-tussock-forming grasses and sedges, prostrate or lowgrowing forbs such as species of Werneria and Acaena, and cactacea species. (See geographic distribution 1).

Observations on the reproductive features are provided for three species of Eunicidae (Lysidice ninetta Audouin and Milne Edwards, Lysidice collaris Grube and Nematonereis unicornis (Grube)). They all occur in Posidonia oceanica meadows as borers in the sheaths. The material examined was collected during several studies on P. oceanica meadows conducted at various times of the year and in different years along the coasts of Sardinia and the Ischia islands (Tyrrhenian Sea), and Otranto (Southern Adriatic Sea). All individuals of the three species were measured (width 3rd chaetiger, diameter of eyes), and checked for presence of gametes. In each of the females recognized, egg diameter was measured. To integrate the observations, living specimens were collected in March 2003 and reared in the laboratory until August 2003 to check for gamete maturation; mature males were fixed for analysis of the structure of the spermatozoa by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All three species studied are gonochoric. For both species of Lysidice gametes occurred in individuals with a width greater than 0.8 mm. The overall scarcity of mature males and females observed with respect to the total number of specimens collected is probably due to the dimensional constraint exerted by the sheaths. In Lysidice spp. specimens with small developing oocytes were observed in January-February and reached their maximum diameter between June and August (157 µm). Gametes were located mainly in the posterior part of the body, and an enlargement of the eyes (almost doubled in size) characterized mature specimens close to spawning. N. unicornis is a smaller species, and it is less frequent in Posidonia sheaths than Lysidice spp.; individuals with gametes had a width greater than 0.55 mm. A few mature specimens were observed between March and May with a maximum egg diameter of about 155 µm. In this species maturation of the gametes is coupled with a huge enlargement of the eyes (ten-times larger than in immature individuals), while the posterior part of the body is swollen and full of mature gametes, indicating reproduction by schizogamy. Analysis of mature spermatozoa of the three eunicids revealed a similar morphology, which is that of an “ect-aquasperm” type, typical of many free-spawning species with external fertilization. The nucleus is round and globose (2.5 µm diameter) and the acrosome, slightly different among the three species, has the general shape of a truncate sub-cone., Se discuten algunas caracteristicas generales de la biología de la reproducción de tres especies de poliquetos Eunicidae (Lysidice ninetta Audouin and Milne- Edwards, Lysidice collaris Grube y Nematonereis unicornis (Grube)). Estas especies fueron obtenidas en praderas de Posidonia oceánica, en donde viven asociadas a las escamas de las hojas. El material examinado fue recolectado en diferentes anos y en praderas de P. oceánica distribuidas en la costa de Cerdeña, de la isla de Ischia (Mar Tirreno), y de Otranto (Mar Adriatico Sur). Todos los individuos fueron medidos (anchura del tercer segmento, diámetro de los ojos), y analizados para observar en ellos la presencia de los gametos. En cada hembra se midió el diámetro de los huevos. El desarrollo de otros individuos fue observado en el laboratorio desde Marzo a Agosto 2003 con la finalidad de estudiar la maduración de los gametos. Los machos maduros fueron fijados para el análisis de la ultra-estructura de los espermatozoos al Microscopio Electrónico. Las tres especies estudiadas son gonocóricas (sexos separados). Para las dos especies del genero Lysidice las hembras con huevos siempre se presentaron en individuos superiores en anchura a 0,8 mm. La escasez de hembras y machos maduros en relación al total de individuos está probablemente relacionado con las limitaciones que suponen las dimensiones y espesor de las escamas de Posidonia. Individuos de Lysidice spp. con huevos pequeños en desarrollo se observaron desde Enero-Febrero; los oocitos alcanzaron el máximo diámetro en Junio y Agosto (157 μm). Los gametos se localizaron preferentemente en la parte posterior del cuerpo, y cuando los individuos alcanzaron la madurez, sus ojos se hicieron más anchos (casi el doble en su diámetro). N. unicornis es una especie más pequeña, y menos frecuente en las escamas de Posidonia que Lysidice spp. Los individuos con gametos presentan anchuras superiores a 0,55 mm. Algunos individuos maduros fue observado desde Marzo a Mayo, con diámetros máximos de los huevos de casi 155 μm. En esta especie la madurez se relaciona con un enorme aumento del diámetro de los ojos (diez veces mas anchos que en individuos inmaduros), y en la dilatación de la parte posterior del cuerpo llena de gametos maduros; esta característica indica una reprodución de tipo eschizogámico. La ultra-estructura de los espermatozoos maduros es muy similares en las tres especies de Eunicidae, de tipo”ect-aquasperm”, típicas des especies con fecundación externa. El núcleo (2,5 μm en diámetro) es redondo y globular, y el acrosoma, que es un poco diferente entre las especies, es de forma general en cono truncado.

This study aimed to evaluate the long-term course of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in patients treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and to identify predictors of clinical outcome. Seventy-nine patients fulfilling DSM-IV criteria for OCD were followed prospectively for 3 years. Baseline information was collected on demographic and clinical characteristics, using standardized instruments. During the follow-up period, the clinical status of each patient was evaluated monthly in the first year and bimonthly thereafter by means of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS). The cumulative probability of achieving at least partial remission from obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms during the 3-year period was 65%. The probability of full remission was 38%. For subjects who achieved at least partial remission, the probability of subsequent relapse was 60%. Significant predictors of poor outcome included a longer duration of illness, a greater severity of OC symptoms at intake, and the presence of comorbid schizotypal personality disorder. The findings confirm that the course of illness in OCD is usually continuous with fluctuations in the intensity of OC symptoms. Despite adequate SRI therapy, relatively few patients achieve a completely asymptomatic state, and of those who achieve at least a partial remission, a substantial proportion subsequently relapse. One third of OCD patients is treatment-resistant. Further studies with large samples are required to adequately identify predictors of long-term outcome of OCD in order to optimize the choice among the existing treatment modalities. The development of alternative strategies is needed to improve the treatment approaches for treatment-resistant OCD patients.

L'intervento esamina, in maniera molto sintetica, i fenomeni (di natura politica, economica, sociale e culturale) che possano considerarsi fondanti e decisivi per l’età età contemporanea. L’avvento della società di massa e le trasformazioni subite dall’economia costituiscono senz’altro due degli elementi distintivi di quella che, convenzionalmente, definiamo l’età contemporanea. Il capitolo analizza poi il ruolo delle ideologie politiche nelle vicende storiche degli ultimi due secoli, le modificazioni (graduali o repentine) dei sistemi politici e degli assetti politico-istituzionali e fa un quadro riassuntivo delle principali tappe della politica internazionale e delle relazioni fra gli Stati. Infine, quali elementi caratterizzanti dei secoli XIX e XX vengono analizzati il processo di secolarizzazione, i movimenti suffragisti e femministi ed il loro contributo per l’emancipazione femminile ed il ruolo giocato dei moderni mass media nei processi politici e di acculturazione di massa.