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Introduction: Eucidaris thouarsii is a cidaroid sea urchin found from the Gulf of California to Ecuador. Its taxonomy is based on general descriptions of test shape, primary and secondary spines, the Aristotle’s lantern, apical system, and peristome. Objective: To redescribe E. thouarsii with detailed descriptions, adding new taxonomic characters. Methods: We examined and reidentified 792 specimens, measuring and analyzing in detail structures of taxonomic value. Results: The horizontal diameter of the test ranges from 2.8 to 48.45 mm; the peristome corresponds to 40-60 % of that diameter, proportionally bigger than the apical system; the interambulacral areas are four times larger than the ambulacral areas. The variation of the pedicellariae is shown with scanning electron microscopy. The specimens of the Mexican oceanic islands are markedly different when compared to those of the mainland. Conclusions: Eucidaris thouarsii has five well differentiated secondary spines, and also specific regionalization; the apical system varies according to the size of the Horizontal Diameter of the Test; the globiferous pedicellariae have intraspecific differences; and the tridentate pedicellariae are specifically regionalized. Resumen Introducción: Eucidaris thouarsii es una especie de erizo de mar, cidárido presente desde el Golfo de California hasta Ecuador. Su taxonomía está basada en descripciones generales de la forma de la testa, espinas primarias y secundarias, la linterna de Aristóteles, el sistema apical y peristoma. Objetivo: Redescribir E. thouarsii con descripciones detalladas, añadiendo nuevos caracteres taxonómicos. Método: Examinamos y reidentificamos 792 ejemplares, midiendo y analizando a detalle estructuras de valor taxonómico. Resultados: El diámetro horizontal de la testa va de 2.8 a 48 mm; el peristoma corresponde entre el 40-60% del diámetro horizontal de la testa, proporcionalmente más grande que el sistema apical; el área interambulacral es cuatro veces más grande que el área ambulacral. La variación en los pedicelarios se muestra con microscopía electrónica de barrido. Los ejemplares de las islas oceánicas mexicanas son claramente diferentes, comparados con los de la costa. Conclusiones: Eucidaris thouarsii tiene cinco tipos bien definidos de espinas secundarias que se encuentran regionalizadas en la testa, el sistema apical varía de acuerdo con el diámetro horizontal de la testa, los pedicelarios globíferos tienen diferencias intraespecíficas y los pedicelarios tridentados estas específicamente regionalizados.

The analysis of samples and in-vivo underwater images of two sea urchin species, Cidaris cidaris and Stylocidaris affinis, allowed to collect biometric parameters, such as diameter of the dermal skeleton and length of the primary spines. The ratio between the two measures proved to be a useful tool for the discrimination and specific identification of these two similar species from video analysis.

After a relatively low but stable phase of taxonomic diversity during the Lias (Lower Jurassic), echinoids diversity strongly increases from Aalenian (Dogger-Middle Jurassic) to Kimmeridgian (Malm-Late Jurassic) and a conspicuous crisis takes place in Tithonian times, before the end of the Jurassic. During these major phases, minor decreases in diversity correspond with regressions (sea-level falls), mainly in the Middle Bathonian (Middle Jurassic). From the Aalenian to Callovian, the average duration of irregular echinoid species is about 3.8 m.y. whereas it is about 5.5 m.y. for the regular ones; the later value corresponding to the average duration of a Jurassic. From Callovian to Tithonian, it is respectively 5.3 m.y. and 8.3 m.y. The longest durations corresponds to reefal species or species found in coarse bioclastic platform deposits (Holectypoids, 16 m.y.; Cidaridae, 18 m.y.) but also to taxa insufficiently studied. Conversely, in the restricted area investigated (Paris Basin, Aquitanian and South East Basins in France), some taxa have a very short time span (Centropygus petitclerci, 1 m.y.; Acropeltis aequituberculata, 1 m.y.) which is comparable to that of an ammonite biozone. So, if these data are also true for other countries, such taxa would be used as time markers in biostratigraphy.

Cidaris rugosa (H.L. Clark, 1907) Figures 21 A���B, 22A���B Cidaris rugosa was identified based on the spine shape, including the spine tip morphology as outlined in Phelan (1970). Occurrence of this species was based on Phelan (1970) and enhanced by USNM collection records and new occurrence from Pawson and Pawson (2013). Occurrence: Georgia, Louisiana, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Puerto Rico, St. Martin, St. Lucia, Guadeloupe, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Venezuela, Mexico 130���788 m Images Examined: See below., Published as part of Mah, Christopher L., 2020, New species, occurrence records and observations of predation by deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer, pp. 201-260 in Zootaxa 4766 (2) on pages 245-247, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4766.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3764018, {"references":["Clark, H. L. (1907) The Cidaridae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 51 (7), 165 - 230.","Phelan, T. (1970) A Field Guide to the Cidaroid Echinoids of the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 40, 1 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.40","Pawson, D. L. & Pawson, D. J. (2013) Bathyal sea urchins of the Bahamas, with notes on covering behavior in deep sea echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 92, 207 - 213. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2013.01.023"]}

Echinoderms are one of the most important invertebrates in the early to middle Miocene heterozoan carbonate deposits of the Pirabas Formation of the northern Brazil. The well-preserved echinoid tests were useful for accurate identification, whereas the sediment filling the tests provide significant information regarding the rock matrix. The dominance of disarticulated ophiuroid, crinoid, and asteroid plates, and damage on the echinoderm test provides a basis for taphonomic processes to elucidate a paleoenvironmental interpretation based on the echinoderm assemblages. Nineteen echinoderm taxa (ten valid species and nine species in open nomenclature) were recorded based on well-preserved and/or fragmented tests and/or spines, including Abertellidae †Abertella pirabensis (Santos, 1958), Placatenellidae †Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981), Clypeasteridae †Clypeaster lamegoi Santos, 1958, †Clypeaster paraensis Brito, 1979, and †Clypeaster paulinoi Santos, 1958, Cassidulidae †Anisopetalus oliveirai (Santos, 1958) and †Rhyncholampas candidoi Fernandes and Morais, 1994, Echinolampadidae †Echinolampas paraense Santos, 1958, Schizasteridae †Agassizia eugeniae Brito and Ramires, 1974 and Schizaster sp., Cidaridae Cidaris sp., †Phyllacanthus priscus Brito and Ramires, 1974, and Prionocidaris sp. The smaller echinoderm fragments were dominated by disarticulated plates of Gorgonocephalidae ophiuroids, Comatulidae crinoid Sievertsella sp., Goniasteridae asteroids, as well as spines and tests fragments of Cidaridae echinoids. The echinoderm assemblages suggest an inshore and shallow water paleoenvironment over a soft sandy carbonate bottom. MicroCT analyses of sediments filling echinoid tests exhibited a microfossil assemblage, including foraminifera, sponges, ahermatypic corals, bryozoans, and mollusks. Broken and disarticulated tests and plates in chaotic orientations suggest high-energy paleoenvironment. Evidence of test damage indicates complex predator-prey interactions. Overall, the microCT analyses of echinoid tests proved to be a high accuracy non-destructive, analytical approach for investigating fossil echinoderms and their paleoenvironment.

Eucidaris tribuloides ? (Lamarck, 1816) Reports for the Azores: Cidaris tribuloides Lamarck, 1816 — $ Koehler 1895a: 224, 1898: 8–10; Pereira 1997: 333; García-Diez et al. 2005: 50; Micael & Costa 2010: 322; Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816) — Mortensen 1928: 400–408, pl. 41, figs. 9–16, pl. 48, fig. 1, pl. 73, fig. 1, pl. 86, fig. 16; Harvey 1956: 63; Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1999: 50–51; Micael et al. 2012: 3. See: H.L. Clark (1925: 21–22); Mortensen (1928); Lares & McClintock (1991); Schultz (2006: 38–39, figs. 65–67); Lessios et al. (1999); Madeira et al. (2011: 245–248). Occurrence: restricted to the tropical areas of the Atlantic; in the west from South Carolina and Bermuda to Brazil (Mortensen 1928); in the west, present in the Gulf of Guinea (Koehler 1914b), Cape Verde (Koehler 1909), the?Azores (Koehler 1898), Ascension (Mortensen 1936) and St Helena (Mortensen 1933c). Depth: 0–450 m (Mortensen 1928);? AZO: 130 m (Koehler 1898). Habitat: mainly a littoral form, occurring under stones and crevices and among corals (Mortensen 1928, Pawson 1978). Larval stage: planktotrophic (Emlet 1995). Fossil record: Eucidaris tribuloides is a common presence in the Pliocene fossiliferous outcrops in Santa Maria Island, Azores (Madeira et al. 2011, Ávila et al. 2015b). Remarks: Koehler (1895a, 1898) identified a small individual of E. tribuloides among the material collected by Hirondelle in the Azores (sta 226: 38°31’19”N, 28°34’31”W, 130 m). The specimen may represent a vagrant that managed to arrive in the Azores, i.e. it does not represent a real self-sustained population (for discussion see Madeira et al. 2011). Thus, until new material is collected in this area, the presence of this species in the archipelago should be treated with caution., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 97, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Lamarck, J. - B. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Tome Second. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp.","Koehler, R. (1895 a) Note preliminaire sur les echinides recueillis pendant les campagnes de l'Hirondelle. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 20, 223 - 227.","Koehler, R. (1898) Echinides et Ophiures provenant des campagnes du yacht Hirondelle (Golfe de Gascogne, Acores, Terre- Neuve). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 12, 1 - 78.","Pereira, M. (1997) Checklist of the littoral echinoderms of the Azores. Acoreana, 8 (3), 331 - 337.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323.","Mortensen, T. (1928) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Harvey, E. B. (1956) The American Arbacia and other sea urchins. Princeton University Press. Princeton, viii + 298. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7234","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Entrambasaguas, L. & Bacallado, J. J. (1999) Fauna de equinodermos (Echinodermata) de los fondos rocosos infralitorales del archipielago de Cabo Verde. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 11 (3 - 4), 43 - 62.","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Clark, H. L. (1925) A catalogue of the Recent sea urchins (Echinoidea) in the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum and Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp.","Lares, M. T. & McClintock, J. B. (1991) The effects of temperature on the survival, organismal activity, nutrition, growth, and reproduction of the carnivorous, tropical sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides. Marine Behaviour and Physiology, 19 (2), 75 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 10236249109378798","Schultz, H. (2006) Sea Urchins - a guide to worldwide shallow-water species. 3 rd Edition. Heinke & Peter Schultz Partner Scientific Publications, 484 pp.","Lessios, H. A., Kessing, B. D., Robertson, D. R. & Paulay, G. (1999) Phylogeography of the pantropical sea urchin Eucidaris in relation to land barriers and ocean currents. Evolution, 53, 806 - 817. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1999. tb 05374. x","Madeira, P., Kroh, A., Cordeiro, R., Meireles, R. & Avila, S. P. (2011) The fossil echinoids of Santa Maria Island, Azores (Northern Atlantic Ocean). Acta Geologica Polonica, 61 (3), 243 - 264.","Koehler, R. (1914 b) Echinoderma I: Asteroidea, ophiuroidea et Echnoidea. In: Michaelsen, W. (Ed.), Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas. 1 (2). L. Friederichsen & Co., Hamburg, pp. 127 - 303.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Mortensen, T. (1936) Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea. Discovery Reports, 12, 199 - 348. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 8051","Mortensen, T. (1933 c) The echinoderms of St. Helena (Other than crinoids). Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening, 93, 401 - 473.","Pawson, D. L. (1978) The Echinoderm Fauna of Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 2, 1 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.2.1","Emlet, R. B. (1995) Developmental mode and species geographic range in regular sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Evolution, 49 (3), 476 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1995. tb 02280. x","Avila, S. P., Ramalho, R., Habermann, J., Quartau, R., Kroh, A., Berning, B., Johnson, M., Kirby, M., Zanon, V., Titschack, J., Goss, A., Rebelo, A. C., Melo, C., Madeira, P., Cordeiro, R., Meireles, R., Bagaco, L., Hipolito, A., Uchman, A., Silva, C. M. da, Cach \" o, M. & Madeira, J. (2015 b) Palaeoecology, taphonomy, and preservation of a lower Pliocene shell bed (coquina) from a volcanic oceanic island (Santa Maria Island, Azores, NE Atlantic Ocean). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 430, 57 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.04.015"]}

Stereocidaris ingolfiana ? Mortensen, 1903 Reports for the Azores: Stereocidaris ingolfiana Mortensen, 1903 —? $ Pérès 1992: 254, 258. Type locality: Denmark Strait. See: Mortensen (1903: 38–41, pl. 6, figs. 1–5, pl. 8, figs. 4, 10–11, 16, 19–21, 23, 26, 28, 30, 36, pl. 11, figs. 12, 16–17, 23, 28, 30, 32–33; 1928: 267–268, pl. 27, figs. 1–3, pl. 70, fig. 6). Occurrence: North Atlantic, from the Denmark Strait south to the Caribbean in the west and to Cape Verde in the east (Mortensen 1928). Depth: 300– 1,745 m (Mortensen 1928);? AZO: 2,050 –3,300 m (Pérès 1992). Habitat: soft sediments (Koehler 1909). Larval stage: lecithotrophic (Emlet 1995). Remarks: Pérès (1992) claimed to have observed Stereocidaris ingolfiana during a dive made by the bathyscaphe Archimède north of S„o Miguel Island (2,050 m depth) and east of Santa Maria Island (3,150 –3,300 m depth). No specimen was collected and the identification seems to have rested solely on the long size of the spines of the observed animals. Pérès observations could represent an intermediary record between the east and West Atlantic populations, though S. ingolfiana known depth range is slightly shallower than the depth reported by this author. In the other hand, Cidaris cidaris is the only cidaroid confirmed species to occur in the archipelago with abundant documented material (see above). At macroscopic level these two species are almost identical, and in many instances the diagnose rests on the observation of pedicellaria (see Mortensen 1927a, 1928). Thus, until material belonging to S. ingolfiana is documented in the archipelago, Pérès observation must be placed as a dubious record (see also remarks under Histocidaris purpurata)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1903) Echinoidea (Part 1). In: The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 1895 - 1896. 4 (1). Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, 4 (1), pp. 1 - 198.","Peres, J. M. (1992) Le bathyscaphe francais Archimede aux Acores: etude bionomique et ecologique du benthos profond. Acoreana, Suplemento, 237 - 264.","Mortensen, T. (1928) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Emlet, R. B. (1995) Developmental mode and species geographic range in regular sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Evolution, 49 (3), 476 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1995. tb 02280. x","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841"]}

Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias, Ávila, Sérgio P. (2019): The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean). Zootaxa 4639 (1): 1-231, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1

Phyllacanthus imperialis (Lamarck, 1816) Material studied. WUSL /ER/198, 199 (wet, with spines) from Godawaya; WUSL /ER/200 (dry, with spines) from Negombo; WUSL /ER/201, 202 (dry, denuded) from Nilwella. Literature records for Sri Lanka. Agassiz (1872), Herdman et al. (1904), Clark (1915, 1925). Distribution in Sri Lanka. Southern and western coasts of Sri Lanka. Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 1–8 m (present study), 23–65 m (previous records). Habitat. In coral ecosystems where it hides during the day in rock beds and emerges at night to graze. Observed occurrence in this study. Southern coast (Godawaya, Nilwella) and western coast (Negombo) of Sri Lanka. Remarks. This species differs from others in the genus by its characteristic primary spines with very numerous, closely spaced series of granules. Mortensen (1928) introduced three forms under Phyllacanthus imperialis: typicus, ustigerus, and unicolor. Specimens observed during this study most closely matched unicolor. Their primary spines are unbanded, and uniformly dark violet. This species was recorded from Sri Lanka 90 years ago by Clark (1925)., Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940, {"references":["Agassiz, A. (1872 - 1874) Revision of the Echini. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 7, pt. 1 - 2, 3 & 4, i-xii, 1 - 378, pls. 1 - 49 (1872); 379 - 628 + 1, pls. 50 - 77 (1873); 629 - 762, pls. 78 - 94 (1874).","Herdman, W. A., Herdman, J. B. & Bell, F. J. (1904) Report on the Echinoderma collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. The Royal Society, London, pp. 137 - 150.","Clark, H. L. (1915) The echinoderms of Ceylon other than holothurians. Spolia Zeylanica, 10, 83 - 102.","Clark, H. L. (1925) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1928) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 151 pp."]}

The class Echinoidea contains among the best-known echinoderms. The group has left the most complete fossil record of this phylum, and contains about 1000 living species, of which 51 are recorded along the Brazilian coast. Although the first record of echinoids in Brazil was made 369 years ago, the knowledge of this fauna remains quite unsatisfactory from a taxonomic and ecological point of view, particularly in the north and northeastern regions of the country. This study provides the first annotated list of echinoids from northeastern Brazil. The studied material largely belongs to collections of the Federal University of Paraíba (CIPY), Federal University of Sergipe (LABIMAR-UFS), Federal University of Bahia (MZUFBA), University of São Paulo (MZUSP), and National Museum of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ). Thirty-two species from 29 genera, 18 families, and 10 orders were identified. Descriptions of species are provided. Highest diversities of Echinoidea were encountered for the states of Bahia (19 spp.), Alagoas (11 spp.), Paraíba (10 spp.), Ceará (7 spp.), Rio Grande do Norte (7 spp.), and Pernambuco (6 spp.). On the basis of the data analysed, Maranhão (2 spp.), Piauí (2 spp.), and Sergipe (3 spp.) have the lowest diversity. Sandy substrates and depths below 10 m were the least sampled areas over the continental shelf. Although the studied species are common, some taxonomic problems were encountered and discussed. We also provide ecological information and comments on status of the species from the studied region. As a result of this inventory, we were able to provide the first assessment of the echinoid fauna of northeastern Brazil.

Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816) Figures 3 A–M, 18 A, 19 A Cidarites tribuloides Lamarck, 1816: 56. Cidaris tribuloides L. Agassiz & Desor, 1846: 326.– Rathbun, 1879: 143.– L. Agassiz, 1835: 188.– Brito, 1962: 5; 1968: 17–18, pl. 8, fig. 1; 1971: 263. Cidaris annulata Gray, 1855a: 37. Eucidaris tribuloides Döderlein, 1887: 42.– Bernasconi, 1955: 52 –54, pl. 1, figs 1, 5.– Tommasi, 1958a: 2, 4, pl. 1, fig. 2; 1959: 602, 603; 1964: 83–84; 1966a: 6; 1972: 21, figs 30–33.– Brito, 1960b: 2, fig. 2e; 1971: 263.– Lima-Verde, 1969: 10.– Tommasi & Aron, 1987: 3; 1988: 2.– Alves & Cerqueira, 2000: 547.– Fernandes et al., 2002: 422.– Santos et al., 2002: 295 – 297.– Magalhães et al., 2005: 63.– Netto et al. 2005: 213.– Ventura et al., 2007b: 279, tab. 11.2, 289, app. 11.1.– Campos & Moura, 2008: 136, 139, fig. 2b.– Manso et al., 2008: 182, figs 3a–d.– Correia & Sovierzoski, 2009: 1087.– Xavier, 2010: 75.– Oliveira et al., 2010: 10, fig. 4a.– Martins et al., 2012a: 55.– Miranda et al., 2012: 142, fig. 4a.–Ventura, 2013: 104, fig. 119a,b.– Ventura et al., 2014: 65, fig.– Martins et al., 2018: 523, figs 1–3. Cidaris minor Koehler, 1908: 302 –303, pl. 15, figs 136–138. Eucidaris tribuloides africana Mortensen, 1909: 40 –43, pl. 6, figs 3, 13, pl. 10, fig. 4, pl. 13, fig. 17, pl. 14, figs 12–13, pl. 15, fig. 1, 15, 19, pl. 16, fig. 19. Eucidaris clavata Mortensen, 1928: 408 –411, pl. 42, figs 1–4, pl. 47, figs 10–11, pl. 73, fig. 2, pl. 86, fig. 15. Eucidaris tribuloides africana cf. attenuata A.M. Clark, 1955: 51, pl. 2. Eucidaris tribuloides tribuloides Serafy, 1979: 15. Stylocidaris lineata Ventura, 2013: 105, fig. 120a, b [not Stylocidaris lineata Mortensen, 1910]. Material examined. Paraíba: Project Algas—1 spm, 6°55′S 34°48′W, st. 58, 12 m, 04.II.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1362]; 4 spms, 7°10′S 34°38′W, st. 37, 25 m, 26.III.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1620]; 2 spms, 6°37′S 34°51′W, st. 80, 20 m, 02.VI.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1621]; 1 spm, 6°46′S 34°50′W, st. 68, 14 m, 19.V.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1624]; 2 spms, 7°12′5″S 34°36′W, st. 31, 26 m, 01. IV.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1626]; 1 spm, 7°21′S 34°38′W, st. 19, 16 m, 13.V.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1627]; 1 spm, 7°13′S 34°42′W, st. 33, 20m, 27.III.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1628]; 1 spm, 7°31′S 34°31′W, st. 5, 34 m, 29.I.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1636]; 7 spms, 7°34′S 34°45′W, st. 1, 11 m, 21.I.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1638]; 1 spm, 7°10′S 34°38′W, st. 37, 25 m [UFPB/ECH.1640]; 3 spms, 6°37′5″S 34°46′W, st. 78, 35 m, 29.V.1981 [UFPB/ ECH.1643]; 1 spm, 7°07′S 34°37′W, st. 38, 27 m, 25.III.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1727]; 6 spms, 6°55′S 34°46′05″W, st. 58, 12 m, 06.II.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1728]; 4 spms, 7°04′S 34°38′W, st. 45, 26 m, 17.II.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1734]; 8 spms, 6°26′S 34°52′W, st. 93, 26 m, 11.VI.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1735]; 3 spms, 7°31′S 34°42′W, st. 7, 16 m, 23.I.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1738]; 2 spms, 7°01′S 34°30′W, st. 47, 26 m, 13.II.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1739]; 9 spms, 7°15′05″S 34°36′W, st. 29, 28 m, 02. IV.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1755]; 3 spms, 7°12′5″S 34°39′W, st. 32, 20 m, 01. IV.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1756]; 1 spm, 6°50′S 34°47′W, st. 65, 18 m, 12.III.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1757]; 8 spms, 7°13′S 34°45′W, st. 34, 10 m, 27.III.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1758]; 2 spms, 6°50′S 34°50′W, st. 66, 10 m, 12.III.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1759]; 1 spm, 6°55′S 34°43′05″W, st. 56, 21 m, 11.II.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1761]; 2 spms, 7°34′S 34°42′W, st. 2, 20 m, 21. IV.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1762]; 1 spm, 7°10′S 34°45′W, st. 35, 10 m, 26.III.1981 [UFPB/ ECH.1763]; 1 spm, 7°34′S 34°36′W, st. 4, 33 m, 22.I.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1764]; 1 spm, 7°34′S 34°39′W, st. 3, 26 m, 22.I.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1765]; 3 spms, 6°57′S 34°38′W, st. 54, 30 m, 12.II.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1766]; 2 spms, 6°33′S 34°51′W, st. 85, 20 m, 04.VI.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1767]; 4 spms, 6°33′S 34°47′W, st. 86, 26 m, 04.VI.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1768]; 1 spm, 7°07′S 34°43′W, st. 40, 17 m, 19.III.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1769]; 2 spms, 6°55′S 34°40′W, st. 55, 28 m, 11.II.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1770]; 2 spms, 7°04′S 34°41′W, st. 44, 22 m, 16.II.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1771]; 2 spms, 7°15′5″S 34°33′W, st. 30, 35 m, 01. IV.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1777]; 1 spm, 7°01′S 34°30′W, st. 47, 26 m, 13.II.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1785]; 1 spm, 7°28′S 34°37′W, st. 11, 24 m, 05.V.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1786]; 1 spm, 6°52′S 34°42′W, st. 61, 20 m, 20.II.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1787]; 1 spm, 7°34′S 34°39′W, st. 3, 26 m, 22.I.1981 [UFPB/ ECH.1788]; 1 spm, 6°57′S 34°41′W, st. 53, 26 m, 12.II.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1789]; 1 spm, 6°43′S 34°45′W, st. 71, 22 m, 20.V.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1790]; 3 spms, 7°25′S 34°34′W, st. 15, 14 m, 07.V.1981 [UFPB/ECH.1810]; 1 spm, 7°21′9″S 34°31′W; Geomar XXIV, st. 97, 38 m, 30.V.1985 [UFPB/ECH.1821]. Pernambuco: 1 spm, Ponta de Serrambi, Ipojuca, 05.IX.1982 [UFPB/ECH.1820]; 1 spm, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, 28.IV.2001 [UFPB/ ECH.1917]. Alagoas: 2 spms, Saco da Pedra Reef, Maceió, 10.II.2009 [UFSITAB-230]; 3 spms, Saco da Pedra Reef, 10.II.2009 [UFSITAB-230]; 1 spm, Francês Beach, Marechal Deodoro, 13.XI.1983 [UFPB/ECH.1337]; 15 spms, Francês Beach, Marechal Deodoro, 02.II.1983 [UFPB/ECH.1813]; 4 spms, Francês Beach, Marechal Deodoro, 19.II.2011 [UFPB/ECH.1902]. Bahia: 2 spms, Itapuã Beach, Salvador, 16.II.2007 [UFSITAB-75]; 15 spms, Itapuã Beach, 21.XII.1984 [UFPB/ECH.1736]; 2 spms, Itapuã Beach, 17.IX.1982 [UFPB/ECH.1737]; 2 spms, Pitanga Beach, Lauro de Freitas, 16.IX.1982 [UFPB/ECH.1814]; 1 spm, Ponta de Aratuba, Itaparica, 18.X.1982 [UFPB/ECH.1815]; 1 spm, Ponta da Coroa Vermelha, Santa Cruz de Cabrália, 15.X.1982 [UFPB/ ECH.1816]; 3 spms, Arembepe Beach, Camaçari, 16.IX.1982 [UFPB/ECH.1817]; 1 spm, Pituba Beach, Salvador, 17.IX.1982 [UFPB/ECH.1818]. Description. Test circular, slightly flattened both orally and aborally (TD = 3.3 to 45.4 mm; TH = 1.4 to 30.2 mm) (Fig. 3 A–C, G, H). Apical system hemicyclic, uniformly tuberculate (Fig. 3G, J). Periproct pentagonal, covered by tuberculated plates that decrease in size towards the anus (Fig. 3G, J). Ambulacra narrow and slightly sinuous (Fig. 3G, H, L). Interambulacra wide, with clear vertical series of primary spines (Fig. 3G, H, M). Ambulacral plating simple (Fig. 3L). Interambulacral plates bearing single, perforate and non-crenulate primary tubercle, surrounded by many scrobicular tubercles (Fig. 3M). Primary spines thick and cylindrical (Fig. 3 A–C), arranged into 10 vertical series, ending in crown of small projections. Secondary spines short and compressed. Oral-most primary spines often banded dirty white and light pinkish. Peristomial membrane densely covered by flat and imbricated small plates arranged in vertical parallel series (Fig. 3K). Tube foot spicules are rods with several blunt short spines and elongated flattened plates with perforations restricted to middle and one side (Fig. 3E). Pedicellariae. Tridentate and globiferous pedicellariae spread over the whole test, the latter more numerous around the primary spines and peristome. Fistulate globiferous pedicellariae small, without a neck. Valve oval, with serrated margin, and denticulate foramen (Fig. 3F). Tridentate pedicellariae short, without a neck. Valve long, narrow, with denticulate margin (Fig. 3D). Colour. Ground colour of the test is light brown to red-brown. The muscle bases of all secondary spines are brown to red-brown, spine are shafts dirty white, and the distal ends are lightly tinged with light brown (Hendler et al. 1995). Naked test greenish, except for pore zones, which are white. Distribution. North Carolina, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Cuba, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil (Hendler et al. 1995; Alvarado et al. 2008; Solís-Marín et al. 2013; Kroh & Mooi 2016). In Brazil from PE, AL, BA, SP, RJ, and SC, including Abrolhos Archipelago, São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago, Fernando de Noronha, Trindade and Martin Vaz Islands (H.L. Clark 1907; Tommasi 1958a; Brito 1962; Lima-Verde 1969; Tommasi & Aron 1988; Fernandes et al. 2002; Magalhães et al. 2005; Netto et al. 2005; Manso et al. 2008; Correia & Sovierzoski 2009; Xavier 2010; Martins et al. 2018). This is the first record of this species for the coast of Paraíba. From 0 to 800 m, but most commonly in less than 50 m (Hendler et al. 1995). Remarks. The genus Eucidaris contains five living and three fossil species (Kroh & Mooi 2016). In their phylogenetic study of the genus, Lessios et al. (1999) did not find differences between E. tribuloides from the west Atlantic and E. tribuloides africana, from Africa. Their results suggest that Atlantic Eucidaris belong to a single panmictic unit over the entire western Atlantic (Lessios et al. 1999). No morphological differences were found among the specimens in the present study. However, Bernasconi (1955) observed some variations in the aspect of ambulacral and interambulacral areas and in the ocular plate/periproct ratio in specimens sampled from the Brazilian coast. The size and thickness of primary spines in E. tribuloides can vary with habitat (Hendler et al. 1995). In high hydrodynamic environments, the spines tend to be short and thick, while in low energy environments they are longer and thin. However, this trend was not observed in the specimens examined, since they all had short and thick spines, apart from young individuals, which exhibited slightly longer and thinner spines. Ecological notes. This species lives in small cavities in the reef habitat, under rocks and gravel in the backreef or in seagrass beds (del Valle García et al. 2005). Eucidaris tribuloides is omnivorous; its diet varies according to food availability in the environment (Lawrence 1975; Machado et al. 2008). Pieces of algae and bryozoans, coral fragments, gastropod shells, echinoid spines, sponges, and seagrass have been recorded as food items (Hendler et al. 1995). This species is common in the intertidal zone along the coasts of Alagoas and Bahia, while in the remaining northeastern states it seems to be more restricted to depths greater than 10 m. Few specimens were observed in reef crevices and among macroalgae in the coral reef formations of Tamandaré, State of Pernambuco. On the other hand, the species is abundant on the reefs of Praia do Francês (State of Alagoas), where it occurs on under rocks and co-occurs with crinoids, sponges, and other invertebrates. At this beach, we observed specimens hosting an ectoparasitic gastropod belonging to the family Eulimidae Philippi (Fig. 19A). Numerous specimens were reported by del Valle García et al. (2005) from strongly polluted areas such as “Playa del Chivo” and the coast adjacent to the river “Quibú”. Along the Brazilian littoral, specimens are being removed in large quantities, mainly to supply the demands of aquarium enthusiasts (Machado et al. 2008). Martins et al. (2012a) evaluated echinoderm harvesting in Todos os Santos Bay (BA) for local aquarium trade and listed E. tribuloides as the eighth most collected species for this purpose., Published as part of Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Moura, Rafael Bendayan De, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey & Dias, Thelma Lúcia Pereira, 2018, Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4529 (1) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4529.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2612564, {"references":["Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leur classes, leurs familles, leurs generes, et le citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une Introduction offrant la Determination des caracteres essentiells de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome Troisieme. Verdiere, Paris, 586 pp.","Agassiz, L. & Desor, P. J. E. (1846) Catalogue raisonne des familles, des genres, et des especes de la classe des echinodermes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Troisieme Serie, Zoologie, 6, 305 - 374. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 47986 page / 311 / mode / 1 up (accessed 5 March 2017)","Rathbun, R. 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Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 6 (1 - 2), 51 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241955000100002","Tommasi, L. R. (1958 a) Os Equinodermos do litoral de Sao Paulo. II. Diadematidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae, Cidaroidae (Echinoidea) e Asteroidea do bentos costeiro. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Oceanografia Biologica, 2, 1 - 27.","Brito, I. M. (1960 b) Os equinoides regulares do litoral do Rio de Janeiro. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos, 4, 1 - 8.","Lima-Verde, J. S. (1969) Primeira contribuicao ao inventario dos Echinodermas do nordeste Brasileiro. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, 9 (1), 9 - 13.","Tommasi, L. R. & Aron, M. A. (1987) Equinodermos dos bancos submarinos da cadeia de montanhas Vitoria-Trindade. Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 18, 1 - 9.","Alves, O. F. S. & Cerqueira, W. R. P. (2000) Echinodermata das praias de Salvador (Bahia, Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 17 (2), 543 - 553. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752000000200024","Fernandes, M. L. B., Tommasi, L. R. & Lima, E. J. B. (2002) Filo Echinodermata de Pernambuco. In: Tabarelli, M. & Silva, J. M. C. (Eds.), Diagnostico da Biodiversidade de Pernambuco. Vol. 2. Massangana, Recife, pp. 405 - 427.","Santos, C. P., Coutinho, A. B. & Hadju, E. (2002) Spongivory by Eucidaris tribuloides from Salvador, Bahia (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 82, 295 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315402005477","Magalhaes, W. F., Martins, L. R. & Alves, O. F. S. (2005) Inventario dos Echinodermata do Estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 40, 375 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 9 n 1. p 61 - 65","Netto, L. F., Hadel, V. F. & Tiago, C. G. (2005) Echinodermata from Sao Sebastiao Channel (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (Supplement 3), 207 - 218.","Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Lima, R. N. P., Barcellos, C. F. & Oigman-Pszczol, S. S. (2007 b) Capitulo 11. Echinodermata. In: Creed, J., Pires, D. O. & Figueiredo, M. A. O. (Orgs.), Biodiversidade Marinha da Baia da Ilha Grande. Serie Biodiversidade 23. MMA / SBF, Brasilia, pp. 273 - 290.","Campos, L. S. & Moura, R. B. (2008) Macrostructure and evolution of the digestive system in Echinoida (Echinodermata). Zoomorphology, 127, 135 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00435 - 008 - 0058 - 4","Manso, C. L. C., Alves, O. F. S. & Martins, L. R. (2008) Echinodermata da Baia de Todos os Santos e da Baia de Aratu (Bahia, Brasil). Biota Neotropica, 8 (3), 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032008000300017","Correia, M. D. & Sovierzoski, H. H. (2009) Ecossistemas costeiros de Alagoas, Brasil. Vol. 1. Ed. Technical Books, Rio de Janeiro, 144 pp.","Xavier, L. A. R. (2010) Inventario dos Equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 14 (2), 73 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 14 n 2. p 73 - 78","Oliveira, J. P., Oliveira, J. & Manso, C. L. C. (2010) Inventario da colecao de equinodermos do LABIMAR, Campus Prof °. Alberto Carvalho, Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Scientia Plena, 6 (12), 1 - 14.","Martins, L., Souto, C., Magalhaes, W. F., Alves, O. F. S., Rosa, I. L. & Sampaio, C. L. S. (2012 a) Echinoderm harvesting in Todosos-Santos Bay, Bahia State, Brazil: the aquarium trade. Sitientibus serie Ciencias Biologicas, 12 (1), 53 - 59.","Miranda, A. L. S., Lima, M. L. F., Sovierzoski, H. H. & Correia, M. D. (2012) Inventory of the Echinodermata collection from the Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Biota Neotropica, 12 (2), 135 - 146. Available from: http: // www. biotaneotropica. org. br / v 12 n 2 / en / abstract? inventory + bn 00812022012 (accessed 1 Agust 2012)","Ventura, C. R. R., Slivak, N. N. & Labbe-Bellas, R. (2014) Equinodermos. In: Lindner, A. (Org.), Vida marinha de Santa Catarina. Editora da UFSC, Florianopolis, pp. 62 - 65.","Martins, L., Souto, C., Braga, J. & Tavares, M. (2018) Echinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, off Brazil, with new records and remarks on taxonomy and species composition. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 98 (3), 521 - 555. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315416001569","Koehler, R. (1908) Asteries, ophiures et echinides de l'expedition Antarctique Ecossaise. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 46, 529 - 649. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 008045680000380 X","Mortensen, T. (1909) Die Echinoiden der Deutschen Sudpolar- Expedition 1901 - 1903. In: Drygalski, E. V. (Ed.), Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903 im Auftrage des Reichsamtes des Innern, XI. Band, Zoologie III. 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* Eucidaris metularia (Lamarck, 1816) Fig. 6 A–C. Genocidaris metularia: A. Agassiz, 1863: 17. Cidaris metularia: A. Agassiz, 1872: 98, 254, 385. Pl. I, Figs 23–24, Pl. XXXV, Fig. 3. Cidarites (Gymnocidaris) metularia: Bell, 1904: 138; Döderlein, 1906: 101. Eucidaris metularia: H.L. Clark, 1925a: 20; H.L. Clark, 1923: 370; H.L. Clark 1925: 20; Mortensen, 1928a: 386. Pl. XLI, Figs 1–8, Pl. LXXIII, Fig. 6. Pl. LXXXVI, Figs 11–14; Richmond, 1997: 295 –296; Samyn, 2003: 197, Fig. 2 A; Schultz, 2010: 36, Figs 61–63; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 48, 50). Pl. I, Fig. A. Material examined. MBC-A 022206; MBC-A 022233; SAMC-A28199; SAMC-A28200; SAMC-A28201; SAMC-A28202; SAMC-A28203; SAMC-A23712; SAMC-A28204; SAMC-A28205; SAMC-A28206; SAMC- A28226; SAMC-A28227; SAMC-A28228; SAMC-A28237; SAMC-A28238; SAMC-A28239; SAMC-A28240. Identification. Test with well-defined plate outline, conspicuous apical disc, flat or evenly sunken, naked ocular usually exsert, but in some cases ocular I, IV and V may be insert; apical disc smaller than protruding peristome. Interporiferous zone of ambulacra somewhat naked. Spines short, stout, distally crown-shaped and sometimes tapered, distinctively banded, with longitudinal ridges distally. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 30 mm. Global distribution. Mozambique, East coast region of South Africa (Filander & Griffiths 2014), and Red Sea to Fiji, Gilbert and Hawaiian Islands, and from South Japan to north coast of Australia, at 5 – 570 m depth (Mortensen 1928a; Schultz 2010). Remarks. Marshall & Hodgons (1991) reported on a specimen collected in Presley Bay housed in the East London Museum, but gives no accession number for it. Seven records have been logged in the Royal Museum of Central Africa database and these form part of the samples collected by Samyn & Thandar (2003). Mortensen (1928a) highlights variations within the species, which include spines of some specimens being stout and blunt, whereas in other cases spines are fusiform, latter usually a feature of deep-water specimens. Moreover, color variation amongst adults and juveniles may also exist; young specimens being more vividly colored than adults. The number of longitudinal ridges may also vary with age, being greater in adults than in juveniles. However, none of the above variations where observed in specimens analysed by the authors., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leur classes, leurs familles, leurs generes, et le citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une introduction offrant la d´etermination des caracteres essentiells de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome Troisieme. Verdiere, Paris, 586 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1863) List of the echinoderms sent to different institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1, 253 - 308.","Agassiz, A. (1872) Revision of the Echini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 3, 1 - 378.","Bell, F. J. (1904) The Echinodermata found off the coast of South Africa. I. Echinoidea. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 3, 167 - 175.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Mortensen, T. (1928 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Richmond, M. D. (1997) A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, 448 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56.","Marshall, D., Hodgson, A. & Pretorius, R. (1991) New southern geographical records of intertidal sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), with notes on abundance. South African Journal of Zoology, 26 (4), 204 - 205.","Samyn, Y. & Thandar, A. S. (2003) Towards an understanding of the shallow-water echinoderm biodiversity of KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa. Echinoderm Research, 2001, 41 - 47."]}

* Plococidaris verticillata (Lamarck, 1816) Fig. 15 A–C. Phyllacanthus verticillata: A. Agassiz, 1881: 40. Plococidaris verticillata: Mortensen, 1928a: 428 –433. Pl. LI, Figs 3–7. Pl. LXXIV, Fig. 5. Pl. LXXXIII, Figs 19–21; Schultz, 2010: 50, Figs 88–92; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 51. Pl. I, Fig. F. Prionocidaris verticillata: H.L. Clark, 1925a: 17; Richmond, 1997: 294; Samyn, 2003: 200, Figs 2 E, E’. Material examined. SAMC-A28236. Identification. Test robust, low and flattened above and below, with arched sides; pores not distinctively conjugate. Apical disc star-shaped, dark, ocular and genital plates with a series of tubercles along the outer and inner edge. Peristome conically raised. Primary spines with three to four crown-like structures, with sharp ends; scrobicular spines adpressed. Generally green/brownish in color, primary spines somewhat banded, whorls having white tips; secondary spines greenish with a light brown base. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 40 mm. Global distribution. Kenya (Samyn 2003), Zanzibar, East coast of South Africa (Filander & Griffiths 2014), East Africa to Fiji and Hawaiian Islands, from southern Japan to Australian east coast; from littoral to 50 m (Schultz 2010). Remarks. Distinguishable from Acanthocidaris maculicollis by its stout spines, bearing 3–4 crown structures, and its conically raised peristome., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leur classes, leurs familles, leurs generes, et le citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une introduction offrant la d´etermination des caracteres essentiells de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome Troisieme. Verdiere, Paris, 586 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. In: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76: a summary of the scientific results, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321.","Mortensen, T. (1928 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Richmond, M. D. (1997) A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, 448 pp."]}

Prionocidaris pistillaris (Lamarck, 1816) Fig. 16 A–C. Prionocidaris pistillaris: A. Agassiz, 1863: 18; Mortensen, 1928a: 452 –456. Pl. XLIX. Pl. L. Pl. LI, Fig. 1. Pl. LXXIII, Fig. 18. Pl. LXXXVI, Figs 20–21; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 216 –217; Richmond, 1997: 295; Samyn, 2003: 200, Figs 2 D, D’, D”; Branch et al., 2010: 236, Fig. 106.1; Schultz, 2010: 61, Fig. 111. Cidaris sp.: Bell, 1904: 168. Prionocidaris baculosa: H.L. Clark, 1923 *: 370. Pl. XIII; H.L. Clark, 1924: 1. Prionocidaris baculosa var. lineata var. nov.: H.L. Clark, 1925a: 14. Material examined. MBC-A023316; A22665; MBC-A077765; MBC-A077770; MBC-A077780; MBC- A077761; MBC-A077755; MBC-A077754; MBC-A077764; A23724; MBC-A077753; MBC-A077751; MBC- A077756; MBC-A077752; MBC-A077760; MBC-A077763; MBC-A077762; MBC-A077769; MBC-A077759; MBC-A077766; MBC-A077758; MBC-A077757; MBC-A077757. Identification. Test circular, tubercles not crenulated, pores distinctively conjugated. Apical disc tuberculated, tubercles along inner edge of genital plates appearing larger, oculars insert. Well-developed peristome. Primary spines uniformly set with thorns, becoming small towards end of the shaft; collar striped. Scrobicular spines having rounded point, miliary rather adpressed. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 60 mm. Global distribution. Kenya (Samyn 2003), Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar and East Africa from Tanzania to East coast of South Africa (Schultz 2010); from littoral to 200 m depth. Remarks. Iziko Museum samples identified through this study document a 109 m depth extension from the previously known maximum depth of 91 m, to 200 m. Adults and juveniles differ in appearance, juveniles having fewer spines and being more vivid in color (Branch et al. 2010). Species similar to Plococidaris verticillata in oculars being insert, distinguished from one another in the spines, where P. verticillata has distinct whorls and P. pistillaris has a striped collar., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leur classes, leurs familles, leurs generes, et le citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une introduction offrant la d´etermination des caracteres essentiells de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome Troisieme. Verdiere, Paris, 586 pp.","Agassiz, A. (1863) List of the echinoderms sent to different institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1, 253 - 308.","Mortensen, T. (1928 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Richmond, M. D. (1997) A Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, 448 pp.","Branch, G. M., Griffiths, C. L., Branch, M. L. & Beckley, L. (2010) Two Oceans: a Guide to the Marine Life of southern Africa. Struik Nature, Cape Town, 456 pp.","Schultz, H. (2010) Sea-Urchins, a Guide to Worldwide Shallow Water Species. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publication, Hemdingen, 484 pp.","Bell, F. J. (1904) The Echinodermata found off the coast of South Africa. I. Echinoidea. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 3, 167 - 175.","Clark, H. L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435.","Clark, H. L. (1924) Echinoderms from the South African Fisheries and Marine Biology Survey. Part I. Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea). Report, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 4 (1), 1 - 33.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp."]}

* Acanthocidaris maculicollis (de Meijere, 1904) Fig. 14 A–B. Acanthocidaris maculicollis: Mortensen, 1928a: 329 –333. Pl. XLIII, Figs 1–2. Pl. XLIV, Fig. 1. Pl. LIV, Figs 5–6. Pl. LXXXIII, Figs 12–15; Mortensen, 1932b: 157 –158. Pl. V, Fig. 6. Pl. XI, Fig. 5; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 214; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 51. Pl. I, Fig. E. Acanthocidaris curvatispinis: Schultz, 2011: 875, Figs 1469–1473 [misidentification]. Material examined. SAMC-A28233. Identification. Test moderately high, flattened aborally, with circular outline; primary tubercles crenulated. Ocular plates usually insert, apical disc slightly larger than peristome. Primary spines long, longitudinally with reddish bands, collar conspicuously marked with red spots, secondaries loosely packed. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 61 mm. Global distribution. East coast of South Africa (Filander & Griffiths 2014), East Indies and South of Japan (Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976); at 40–225 m depth (Mortensen 1928a). Remarks. Based on the single sample from southern KwaZulu-Natal housed at the Iziko Museum. Although, Schultz (2011) reports on Acanthocidaris curvatispinis in the region, this record might be dubious, therefore further investigation is required to confirm A. curvatispinis in South Africa., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Meijere, J. C. H. (1904) Die Echinoidea der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga Expeditie, 43, 1 - 252.","Mortensen, T. (1928 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1932 b) New contributions to the knowledge of the cidarids. 1. Notes on some recent cidarids (echinoderms, echinoids, taxonomy). Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 4, 145 - 174.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp."]}

Stereocidaris squamosa Mortensen, 1928b Fig. 13 A���C. Stereocidaris squamosa Mortensen, 1928a: 245 ���247. Pl. XX, Figs 4���6, Pl. LXX, Fig. 7. Pl. LXXX, Figs 10���16; Mortensen, 1928b: 70; Mortensen, 1932b: 151; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 218; Schultz, 2011: 1060, Figs 1844���1845. Material examined. MBC-A077750. Identification. Has a less aborally elevated test than Stereocidaris excavata, greenish apical disc (Mortensen 1928b), and gonopores centrally positioned; primary spines with broad tips, with about 15 longitudinal ridges, yellowish, slightly tapered, dark line towards neck of spines; naked lines along test plates. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 47 mm. Global distribution. East coast region of South Africa, Tanzania, Saya da Malha Bank, at 270���374 m depth (Mortensen 1928b; Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976). Remarks. Differs from the two endemic species S. capensis and S. excavata in primary spines and genital plates, respectively. Both S. capensis and S. squamous have slightly elevated genital plates with distally positioned gonopores, but differ in the number of longitudinal ridges on the spine; the latter having about 15 and the former 12 ridges. Differs from S. excavata in raised greenish apical disc, S. excavata having a sunken one., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1928 b) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16, 44: New Cidaridae. (Preliminary Notice.). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i Kobenhavn, 85, 65 - 74.","Mortensen, T. (1928 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1932 b) New contributions to the knowledge of the cidarids. 1. Notes on some recent cidarids (echinoderms, echinoids, taxonomy). Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 4, 145 - 174.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp."]}

* Stylocidaris cingulata Mortensen, 1932b Fig. 17 A���C. Stylocidaris cingulata Mortensen, 1932b: 162 ���164. Pl. I, Fig. 6. Pl. XI, Fig. 6. Pl. XIII, Figs 8���10; Schultz, 2011: 925, Figs 1565���1566; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 51 ���52. Pl. I, Fig. G. Material examined. SAMC-A28217; SAMC-A28230. Identification. Test round, moderately thick, tubercles perforated. Apical disc dark green, star-shaped, tuberculated inner and outer edges; periproct conspicuously raised. Primary spines white-banded with pinkish tints; scrobicular spines loosely packed, whitish with a pinkish longitudinal stripe, stripe greenish towards base. Denuded test white with greenish tubercles and apical disc. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 13 mm. Global distribution. Indian Ocean at 120���125 m depth (Mortensen 1932b; Schultz 2011), extending into East coast of South Africa (Filander & Griffiths 2014)., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1932 b) New contributions to the knowledge of the cidarids. 1. Notes on some recent cidarids (echinoderms, echinoids, taxonomy). Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 4, 145 - 174.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56."]}

Stereocidaris excavata Mortensen, 1932b Fig. 12 A���C. Stereocidaris excavata Mortensen, 1932b. 151���154. Pl. II, Figs 1���5. Pl. IV, Fig. 2. Pl. XI, Fig. 1���2; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 217; Schultz, 2011: 1040. Material examined. MBC-A023320; MBC-A077747; MBC-A077745; MBC-A077748; MBC-A077746; MBC- A077744. Identification. Similar to Stereocidaris capensis; but differs in sunken apical disc, which has centrally positioned and slightly raised gonopores. Primary spines slender, somewhat fluted, rugose, with about 12 finely serrate, low ridges; secondaries adpressed, chisel-like in shape. Denuded test creamish, with green tint. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 69 mm. Global distribution. Endemic to the South coast region of South Africa, at 120���177 m depth (Mortensen 1932b; Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976; Schultz 2011). Remarks. Both S. capensis and S. excavata are restricted to South African waters; they may, however, be differentiated by their primary spines and apical discs. S. capensis has fusiform, stout primary spines with 20 longitudinal ridges and an elevated apical disc with distally arranged gonopores; whilst S. excavata has fluted, slender primary spines with 12 low serrations and a distinctively sunken apical disc with centrally positioned, elevated gonopores., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1932 b) New contributions to the knowledge of the cidarids. 1. Notes on some recent cidarids (echinoderms, echinoids, taxonomy). Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 4, 145 - 174.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp."]}

* Stereocidaris alcocki (Anderson, 1894) Fig. 10. A–C. Stereocidaris tricarinata: Döderlein, 1906: 112 –114. Pl. X, Fig. 7. Pl. XXXVI, Fig. 3. Stereocidaris alcocki: Mortensen, 1928a: 266. Pl. LXXI, Fig. 8. Pl. LXXXII, Fig. 18; Schultz, 2011: 1037; Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 51. Pl. I, Fig. D. Material examined. A28229 Identification. Globular, solid test. Apical disc with oculars insert, genital plates raised. Primary spines with three keels basally, two arranged laterally and one on underside; scrobicular spines having longitudinal furrows. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 32 mm. Global distribution. Restricted to Indian Ocean (Schultz 2011) including East coast of South Africa, depth 371 – 850 m., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Alcock, A. & Anderson, A. R. S. (1894) Natural history notes from HM Indian marine survey steamer '' Investigator' ', commander CF Oldham, RN, commanding. Series II, No. 14. An account of a recent collection of deep sea Crustacea from the Bay of Bengal and Laccadive Sea. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 63, 141 - 185.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Mortensen, T. (1928 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56."]}

Kionocidaris striata Mortensen, 1932b Fig. 7 A���B. Kionocidaris striata Mortensen, 1932b: 165 ���167. Pl. V, Fig. 7. Pl. IX, Figs 4���6. Pl. XI, Figs 3, 9. Pl. XII, Figs 1���2. Pl. XIII, Figs 4, 6���7; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 216; Schultz, 2011: 900, Figs 1520���1522. Material examined. MBC-A 022213 Identification. Test somewhat high, flattened above, upper primary tubercles distinctively crenulated. Apical disc star-shaped���oculars narrowly insert, elevated, the same size as peristome, sparsely tuberculated. Primary spines thick, solid, serrated, fusiform, tapering to a simple end, encircled by scrobicular spines. Denuded test creamish in color. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 27 mm. Global distribution. Endemic to East coast region of South Africa, only record at 126 m depth (Mortensen 1932b; Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976; Schultz 2011). Remarks. According to Schultz (2011), Clark & Courtman-Stock (1976) referred to the type in their report and no other specimen has been recorded. This species is represented by a single Iziko Museum sample, which is the type (MBC-A 022213)., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1932 b) New contributions to the knowledge of the cidarids. 1. Notes on some recent cidarids (echinoderms, echinoids, taxonomy). Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 4, 145 - 174.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp."]}

Stereocidaris capensis D��derlein, 1901 Fig. 11 A���C. Stereocidaris capensis: D��derlein, 1906: 110 ���112. Pl. X, Figs 3���6. Pl. XII, Fig. 2. Pl. XXXVI, Fig. 4. Pl. XXXVII, Fig. 1. H.L. Clark, 1925a: 25 ���26; Mortensen, 1928a: 369. Pl. LXXI, Fig. 1; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 217; Schultz, 2011: 1039, Figs 1796���1799. Material examined. MBC-A077742; MBC-A077743. Identification. Test moderately high; apical disc large, evenly raised, all plates exsert, genital pores distally positioned; spines long, tapered, stout, with about 20 longitudinal ridges. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 36 mm. Global distribution. Endemic to South coast region of South Africa (Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976); at 475��� 900 m. Remarks. Specimen identified through this study extends previously known distribution northwards towards Durban. Record also illustrates a 400 m depth extension from the previously known maximum depth of 500 m (D��derlein 1910; Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976) to 900 m., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on pages 16-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Doderlein, L. (1901) Diagnosen einiger von der Valdivia-Expedition gesammelter Seeigel-Arten aus dem Indischen Ocean. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 23, 9 - 23.","Doderlein, L. (1906) Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition, 5, 61 - 290.","Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 250 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1928 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp.","Doderlein, L. (1910) Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea. In: Schultze, L. (Ed.), Zoologische und Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt 1903 - 1905 (Jenaer Denkschrift 16), 4 (1), pp. 246 - 258."]}

* Goniocidaris (Goniocidaris) indica Mortensen, 1939 Fig. 9 A���C. Goniocidaris sp.: Mortensen, 1928a: 149 ���154; Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976: 215. Goniocidaris (Aspidocidaris) indica: Schultz, 2011: 1006, Figs 1730���1731 [misidentification]. Goniocidaris indica: Filander & Griffiths, 2014: 50 ���51. Pl. I, Fig. C. Material examined. SAMC-A28207; SAMC-A28224; SAMC-A28235; SAMC-A28232; SAMC-A28241. Identification. Sub-conical test; apical disc large, with ocular plates insert. Peristome smaller than apical disc. Primary spines thorny, well-developed basal disc. Preserved specimen pinkish-cream. Global maximum size. Maximum test diameter 25 mm. Global distribution. Maldives, Tanzania at 162���620 m depth (Clark & Courtman-Stock 1976; Schultz 2011); south coast region of South Africa (Filander & Griffiths 2014)., Published as part of Filander, Zoleka & Griffiths, Charles, 2017, Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4296 (1) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4296.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/843325, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1939) New Echinoida (Aulodonta). Preliminary Notice. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn, 103, 547 - 550.","Mortensen, T. (1928 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel & Oxford University Press, Copenhagen & London, 551 pp.","Clark, A. & Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp.","Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp.","Filander, Z. & Griffiths, C. L. (2014) Additions to and revision of the South African echinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). African Natural History, 10, 47 - 56."]}

Family: Cidaridae Cidaris cidaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Stylocidaris affinis (Philippi, 1845), Published as part of Despalatovi��, Marija, Cvitkovi��, Ivan & ��uljevi��, Ante, 2017, Checklist of the echinoderm fauna of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 101-116 in Zootaxa 4353 (1) on page 106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4353.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1064560

The first recorded regular echinoid species from Sri Lanka, “Salmacis virgulatus” (now known as S. virgulata L. Agassiz in L. Agassiz & Desor, 1846), was listed by Agassiz & Desor (1846). Knowledge of Sri Lankan regular echinoids continued to advance until the end of the 19th century. However, there is a gap in knowledge between the mid-20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries due to a lack of systematic studies, with the exception of two checklists published by the IUCN Red List in 2006 and 2012. In the present study, we compiled a species list combining published data and new data based on fieldwork between 2013 and 2015. Echinoids were sampled by snorkelling, diving, examination of fisheries bycatch, and collection of tests from beaches. The updated species list presented in this study includes 39 regular echinoids belonging to 28 genera, nine families, and five orders. Phyllacanthus imperialis (Lamarck, 1816) and Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske, 1778), which were not recorded during the last 90 years, were confirmed to still occur in Sri Lanka by the present study. We develop an updated species list of regular echinoids to form a basis for future systematic work. The study recommends further investigation to evaluate the status of deep-sea species and additional field work off the northern and eastern coasts of Sri Lanka.

Asterocheres Boeck, 1859 is the most speciose genus within the copepod family Asterocheridae Giesbrecht, 1899. Its main hosts are sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, and echinoderms. Among the latter there are records of Asterocheres associations with some species of the echinoid genus Eucidaris Pomel, 1883. Despite the wide distribution of Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1883) in the coastal waters of Brazil, no records exist as yet of any copepod associated with this species. Asterocheres siphunculus sp. nov. is described herein based on samples collected from E. tribuloides sampled from two different sites off the coast of Salvador city, Bahia state, in northeastern Brazil. The new species shares a 20-segmented antennule with 20 congeners, but differs from them by having a very short siphon that reaches the insertion of the maxilla, a very wide rostrum that occupies the entire area between the antennules, and a pedigerous somite 4 with pointed and narrow posterolateral corners and a concave posterior margin.

11 pages; International audience; Echinoids are common members of Antarctic zoobenthos, and different groups can show important trophic diversity. As part of the ANT-XXIX/3 cruise of RV Polarstern, trophic plasticity of sea urchins was studied in three neighbouring regions (Drake Passage, Bransfield Strait and Weddell Sea) featuring several depth-related habitats offering different trophic environments to benthic consumers. Three families with contrasting feeding habits (Cidaridae, Echinidae and Schizasteridae) were studied. Gut content examination and stable isotopes ratios of C and N suggest that each of the studied families showed a different response to variation in environmental and food conditions. Schizasteridae trophic plasticity was low, and these sea urchins were bulk sediment feeders relying on sediment-associated organic matter in all regions and/or depth-related habitats. Cidaridae consumed the most animal-derived material. Their diet varied according to the considered area, as sea urchins from Bransfield Strait relied mostly on living and/or dead animal material, while specimens from Weddell Sea fed on a mixture of dead animal material and other detritus. Echinidae also showed important trophic plasticity. They fed on various detrital items in Bransfield Strait, and selectivity of ingested material varied across depth-related habitats. In Weddell Sea, stable isotopes revealed that they mostly relied on highly 13C-enriched food items, presumably microbially reworked benthic detritus. The differences in adaptive strategies could lead to family-specific responses of Antarctic echinoids to environmental and food-related changes.

The Bellingshausen Sea is one of the most remote and least surveyed seas of the Southern Ocean, so that little was known about benthic communities and those factors that determine community structuring until recently. The present work aims at characterizing the structure and spatial distribution of echinoid assemblages in the Bellingshausen Sea, as well as identifying the environmental factors that determine assemblage structuring. Echinoids were collected at 32 stations using an Agassiz trawl, at depths of 86–3,304 m, during BENTART oceanographic expeditions led in 2003 and 2006. Sediment and bottom water properties were analysed using an USNEL-type box corer and a Neil Brown Instrument System Mark III CTD, respectively. Echinoids were found at all stations, except Peter I Island. Seventeen species were identified, representing 22 % of the echinoid species present in the Southern Ocean and increasing twofold the number of species recorded in the Bellingshausen Sea so far. The echinoid fauna is dominated by the very abundant species Sterechinus antarcticus. Depth is the key factor that determines the nature of echinoid assemblages, which are mainly divided into the continental shelf, the slope and the deep-sea basin. In addition, sediment properties, namely redox values, organic matter and mud content, best match species dispersion on the shelf. Sediment properties affect echinoid distribution depending on species food range and feeding strategy. As it might be expected, sediment properties more strongly influence specialist feeders (Schizasteridae and Cidaridae) than generalists (Echinidae)., SI

Ocean acidification (OA) and the accompanying changes to carbonate concentrations are predicted to have especially negative impacts in the Southern Ocean where, as a result of colder temperatures, there will be shallowing of both the aragonite (ASH) and calcite saturation horizons (CSH). Echinoids are a dominant group of the Antarctic macrofauna which, because of their high-Mg calcite skeleton, are particularly susceptible to changes in the ASH. Using published information on the bathymetric distributions of Antarctic echinoids, we show that the majority of heavily calcified echinoids have their lower bathymetric limit above a depth of ca. 3000 m, approximately the current depth of the CSH. Echinoids whose depth range extends below 3000 m generally have thin, weakly calcified tests and include species from the Order Holasteroida, and the Families Cidaridae and Schizasteridae. Examination of the reproductive mode of Antarctic echinoids shows that brooding, where calcification of the young occurs in the same CaCO 3 environment as the mother, is primarily found at a depth above 3000 m. The predicted shallowing of the ASH and CSH under OA conditions is likely to negatively impact growth and reproduction of heavily calcified brooders in the Family Cidaridae, which may result in changes to bathymetric ranges, local population extinction, and associated losses in macrofaunal biodiversity. As with other calcified deep sea invertebrates, echinoids may be particularly vulnerable to the impacts of increased CO 2 and OA in the Southern Ocean.

Published literature on the echinoderms of Montenegro (the south Adriatic Sea) is still very scarce. As a baseline for future studies that will enhance the knowledge of this fauna, we have compiled a checklist combining the existing published data with original data from a recent research. The checklist of the echinoderm fauna of the Montenegrin part of the south Adriatic Sea includes 57 species, grouped into 39 genera and 30 families, of which one crinoid (Crinoidea), 18 asteroids (Asteroidea), 9 ophiuroids (Ophiuroidea), 15 echinoids (Echinoidea), and 14 holothurians (Holothuroidea), which makes 56.4% of the species recorded so far in the Adriatic Sea, and 37.0% of the current total number of Mediterranean echinoderms. Ten recorded species are Mediterranean endemics, and two are Mediterranean subendemics. Six species are new for the fauna of Montenegro.

1 pages; International audience; Information regarding the echinoids in this dataset is based on the Agassiz Trawl (AGT) and epibenthic sledge (EBS) samples collected during the British Antarctic Survey cruise JR275 on the RRS James Clark Ross in the austral summer 2012. A total of 56 (1 at the South Orkneys and 55 in the Eastern Weddell Sea) Agassiz Trawl and 18 (2 at the South Orkneys and 16 in the Eastern Weddell Sea) epibenthic sledge deployments were performed at depths ranging from ~280 to ~2060 m. This presents a unique collection for the Antarctic benthic biodiversity assessment of an important group of benthic invertebrates. In total 487 specimens belonging to six families, 15 genera, and 22 morphospecies were collected. The species richness per station varied between one and six. Total species richness represents 27% of the 82 echinoid species ever recorded in the Southern Ocean (David et al. 2005b, Pierrat et al. 2012, Saucède et al. 2014). The Cidaridae (sub-family Ctenocidarinae) and Schizasteridae are the two most speciose families in the dataset. They comprise seven and nine species respectively. This is illustrative of the overall pattern of echinoid diversity in the Southern Ocean where 65% of Antarctic species belong to the families Schizasteridae and Cidaridae (Pierrat et al. 2012).

Regular sea urchins of the families Cidaridae and Echinidae are widespread and sympatrically occurring epibenthic species in Antarctic waters. Food preference and water depth distribution of the five most abundant species (Ctenocidaris gigantea, C. spinosa, Notocidaris mortenseni, Sterechinus antarcticus, S. neumayeri) were analysed based on trawl and photograph samples. Both diet and water depth contribute to niche separation among these species. All sea urchins consume bryozoans and sediment, but echinids feed predominantly on diatoms in the fluff, when available. Cidarids do not consume diatoms, most likely owing to morphological constraints; their typical food consists of sponges and hydroids. C. spinosa and S. neumayeri prefer shallow water depths, whereas N. mortenseni and S. antarcticus prefer deeper regions. C. gigantea is the most variable species regarding food composition and living depth.

This paper presents a checklist of echinoderm species in the Adriatic Sea. The checklist is based on the review of the available literature data, with temporal coverage from the end of the 18th century to the present day, including the most recent investigations of benthic communities. A total of 108 species have been recorded: 2 species from class Crinoidea, 23 species from class Asteroidea, 22 species from class Ophiuroidea, 22 species from class Echinoidea and 39 species from class Holothuroidea. Non-indigenous echinoderm species have not been observed.

The sea-urchins (class Echinoidea) of South Africa have received little taxonomic attention since the last comprehensive regional monographic guide, which was published in 1976 and is thus now severely outdated. That account was also poorly illustrated, making it difficult to use. Recent work by the authors has also added some 19 additional species to the known fauna, which now stands at 70 species. The aims of this study are thus to revise and update the South African echinoid fauna list, and to present a new, easy to use and fully-illustrated guide to all known regional species. The analysis is based mainly on examination of samples from the Iziko South African Museum collections, although additional records from other museum collections, the published literature, photographic images submitted to the EchinoMap Virtual Museum Database and any other reliable records are also included. A short account of each species is given, including relevant synonymy and literature, and brief notes on identification, size, and global distribution. Photographs that best represent the diagnostic features of each species and a map showing its known records within the region accompany each species account. A binary key to species is also provided.

The family Cidaridae of the order Cidaroida from Japanese waters includes four common echinoid species belonging to four different genera: Stereocidaris japonica, Eucidaris metularia, Prionocidaris baculosa, and Phyllacanthus dubius. Phylogenetic relationship among the four species were investigated by allozyme analysis. From the allozyme variation in 18 genetic loci, Nei's genetic distances between species were calculated. The genetic distances were higher than those observed between confamilial genera in many other echinoids, but comparable to those between different families. The result suggests that the four cidarids diverged in earlier time from one another and generally have older evolutionary origin than members of families of the orders Echinoida and Diadematoida. A molecular phylogenetic tree for the four cidarids indicated the following: (1) S. japonica and Pr. baculosa are the most closely related to each other and diverged later. (2) E. metularia is more closely related to the cluster...

Fam: Cidaridae Cidaris cidaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Material: 10 specimens; stations: T 6, S 6, S 8, t 5; depth: 7-120 m; substrates: rock cliffs, mud. Distribution: Atlantic–Mediterranean. Literature records for central and/or north Adriatic: Kolosváry (1937), Zavodnik (1964, 1997), Tortonese (1965), Despalatović (2005). Literature records for south Adriatic (Croatia): Zavodnik (2003). Literature records for Montenegro: Milojević (1982), Gamulin-Brida (1983). Remarks: A single specimen collected from the mud bottom and all others from rock cliffs.

Fam: Cidaridae Cidaris cidaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Material: 10 specimens; stations: T 6, S 6, S 8, t 5; depth: 7-120 m; substrates: rock cliffs, mud. Distribution: Atlantic���Mediterranean. Literature records for central and/or north Adriatic: Kolosv��ry (1937), Zavodnik (1964, 1997), Tortonese (1965), Despalatović (2005). Literature records for south Adriatic (Croatia): Zavodnik (2003). Literature records for Montenegro: Milojević (1982), Gamulin-Brida (1983). Remarks: A single specimen collected from the mud bottom and all others from rock cliffs., Published as part of Ka����elan, Slavica, Mandi��, Sreten, Radovi��, Ivica & Krpo-��etkovi��, Jasmina, 2009, An annotated checklist of Echinodermata of Montenegro (the south Adriatic Sea), pp. 21-40 in Zootaxa 2275 on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191048, {"references":["Kolosvary, G. v. (1937) Die Echinodermen des Adriatischen Meeres. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstage von Professor Dr. Embrik Strand, 2, 433 - 473.","Zavodnik, D. (1964) Kratak osvrt na poznavanje faune echinodermata sjevernog Jadrana. [A short review of the echinoderm fauna of the north Adriatic.] Acta Adriatica, 11, 285 - 288. (in Croatian)","Zavodnik, D. (1997) Echinodermata of the marine National Park \" Kornati \" (Adriatic Sea). Periodicum Biologorum, 99, 367 - 380.","Tortonese, E. (1965) Echinodermata, Fauna d' Italia. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Despalatovic, M. (2005) Raznolikost i rasprostranjenost bodljikasa (Echinodermata) kontinentske podine sjevernog i srednjeg Jadrana. [Diversity and distribution of echinoderms (Echinodermata) of the continental shelf of the north and central Adriatic.] PhD thesis, Sveuciliste u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 282 pp. (in Croatian)","Zavodnik, D. (2003) Marine fauna of Mljet National Park (Adriatic Sea, Croatia) 2. Echinodermata. Acta Adriatica, 44, 105 - 160.","Milojevic, S. (1982) Fauna Echinodermata u litoralnom podrucju ispred usca rijeke Bojane. [Echinoderm fauna in the littoral area around the Bojana River mouth.] Biosistematika, 8, 141 - 158. (in Serbian)","Gamulin-Brida, H. (1983) Crnogorsko primorje - specificni dio Jadrana s gledista bentoskih biocenoza i njihove zastite. [The Montenegrin Coast - a specific part of the Adriatic from the aspect of benthic communities and their protection.] Studia Marina, 13 - 14, 205 - 214. (in Croatian)"]}

The Scotia Arc, linking the Magellan region with the Antarctic Peninsula, comprises young and old islands both near continents and isolated, and is the only semi-continuous link between cool temperate and Antarctic environments. It is an ideal region for studies on how marine biodiversity changes across an extended transition zone. Echinoids (sea urchins) and their associated epibionts were found across depths from 91–1045 m, with 19 species from shelf and four from slope depths. The 23 species from 38 trawls represent 31% of all echinoid species known from the Southern Ocean and 38% of the shelf/upper slope echinoids. The specimens collected comprise representatives of the five families Cidaridae, Echinidae, Temnopleuridae, Schizasteridae and Pourtalesiidae. Echinoids are probably a good model for how well we know Antarctic shelf and slope megabenthos; none of the species we report are new to science but we found nine (39%) of our study species present at new localities, some thousands of kilometres from previous findings. New biogeographic ranges are illustrated forCtenocidaris gigantea,C. nutrix,C. spinosa,Abatus curvidens,A. ingens,A. shackletoni,Amphineustes rostratus,Tripylaster philippiandPourtalesia aurorae. Southern Ocean echinoids show eurybathy as the mean depth range of our study species was 1241 m and only one was at less than 500 m. The current view of echinoid dominance of super-abundance in the shallows seems to be not transferable to shelf and slope depths as only one of 38 trawls was dominated by echinoids. Current knowledge on maximum sizes in Antarctic echinoids seems to be good as our morphometric measurements were mainly within known size ranges. Regular echinoids increased predictably in mass with increasing test length, apart fromCtenocidaris spinosa. Tissue mass of cidaroid species was ~17%, but across irregular species varied from 17.7–8.9%. No epibionts were found on irregular echinoids or Echinidae but 70 cidaroids examined carried 51 species representing ten classes. Many of these species are reported as cidaroid epibionts for the first time. Cidaroids and their epibionts constituted > 38% of the total macrofaunal richness in the trawls they were present in. Echinoids and their epibionts clearly contribute significantly to Southern Ocean biodiversity but are minor components of biomass except in the shallows.

Pacaud, Jean-Michel (2007): Nouveautés nomenclaturales et taxinomiques introduites par Alcide d'Orbigny dans le Prodrome (1850, 1852) pour les espèces du Paléocène et de l'Éocène. Geodiversitas 29 (1): 17-85, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5374882, {"references": ["ALLOITEAU J. 1957. - Contribution a la systematique des madreporaires fossiles. CNRS, Paris, 462 p.", "ANTON H. E. 1838. - Verseichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann Eduard Anton befinden. Herausgegeben von dem Besitzer. Eduard Anton, Halle, 110 p.", "ARCHIAC A. D' 1846. - Description des fossiles recueillis par M. Thorent dans les couches a nummulines des environs de Bayonne. Memoire de la Societe geologique de France 2 (2): 189-217.", "ARCHIAC A. D' 1850a. - Description des fossiles du groupe nummulitique recueillis par M. S. P. Pratt et M. J. Delbos aux environs de Bayonne et de Dax. Memoire de la Societe geologique de France 2 (3): 397-456.", "ARCHIAC A. 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Lissocidaris xanthe sp. nov. Coppard & van Noordenburg, 2007 occurs at depths of between 150 m and 250 m near Mactan Island in the Philippines. It is distinctive in having aboral interambulacral spines that measure more than twice the test’s horizontal diameter at the ambitus. The neck of each spine is typically white and unconstricted. Oral primary interambulacral spines have serrated edges. Large globiferous pedicellariae have moderately narrow valves, each valve with a narrow longitudinally oval opening beneath a large terminal tooth. It is similar to the type species of Lissocidaris (L. fusca) in having smooth, aboral interambulacral spines, the smooth surface formed by dense, anastomosing cortical hairs that coalesce to form a continuous crust between longitudinal ridges. Smooth spines are also found in two other cidaroid genera: Calocidaris and Compsocidaris. However, in these genera, the glossy surface results from the cortex being devoid of hairs; this provides a marked example of convergent evolution.

Lissocidaris Mortensen, 1939 The John Murray Expedition (to the Indian Ocean), 1933 ��� 34: scientific reports. Report on the Echinoidea of the Murray Expedition vol. 6 (1), p. 11���14, pls. 3, 5 & 6. British Museum (Natural History). Type species: Lissocidaris fusca Mortensen, 1939 by monotypy. Assigned species: only the type species, Published as part of Coppard, Simon E. & Noordenburg, Henk Van, 2007, A new species of Lissocidaris (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Cidaridae) from the Philippines: convergent evolution among smooth-spined cidaroids, pp. 53-65 in Zootaxa 1493 on page 54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176981, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1939) The John Murray Expedition (to the Indian Ocean), 1933 - 34: scientific reports. Report on the Echinoidea of the Murray Expedition vol. 6 (1), 11 - 14, pls. 3, 5 & 6, published by the British Museum (Natural History)."]}

Lissocidaris xanthe sp. nov. (gender: feminine) Figs 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6. Diagnosis: This new species has aboral primary interambulacral spines that are typically cream in colour (occasionally with faint, pink banding) and slightly curved, measuring more than twice the test’s horizontal diameter (h.d.) at the ambitus. The spines have a relatively smooth surface formed by dense anastomosing cortical hairs that coalesce to form a continuous crust between low, longitudinal ridges. These ridges typically number twenty-two and are more apparent when the spine is viewed in transverse section. The collar of the spine is short and dark brown, while the neck is typically white and unconstricted. Oral primary interambulacral spines have serrated edges, while scrobicular tubercles are slightly adpressed forming a loose mail around primary tubercles. The large globiferous pedicellariae have moderately narrow valves, each valve with a narrow longitudinally oval opening beneath a large terminal tooth. Small globiferous pedicellariae have proximal regions with rounded edges and a longitudinally oval opening beneath the terminal tooth. Crenulations are well defined on the adapical side of tubercles above the ambitus. The colour of the primary ambulacral spines, secondary spines, miliary spines and the test epithelium is yellow-orange/light-brown. Holotype: NHM 2007.4 Natural History Museum, London. Paratype: NHM 2007.5 Natural History Museum, London. Etymology: Named after the light, fair colour (yellow-orange/light-brown) of the test epithelium, primary ambulacral spines, secondary spines and miliary spines. Description: The test is relatively thick, subpentagonal in outline and inflated, with flattened adapical and oral surfaces (Figs 2 C & D). The denuded test (Figs (2 A–E) is whitish-cream (the epithelium is yelloworange/light-brown in life) with a h.d. of 47 mm and a vertical diameter (v.d.) of 34 mm (paratype). The apical disc is monocyclic, with all ocular plates narrowly insert (Fig. 2 A), measuring 40 % of the test’s h.d. (19 mm in the paratype). The genital plates are all of equal size, widening towards the periproct. The genital and ocular plates are whitish-cream, with a brown, raised, central region. This fades into pink beneath the gonopores. The madreporite is dark brown, convex, covering most of genital plate 2. All apical plates are densely covered with granules, which increase in size towards their outer edge. The genital pores are proportionally small, slightly elevated and occur near to the outer third of the genital plates. The periproctal plates are brownishpink, the five at the corners of the pentamerous periproct, elegantly pointing between the genital plates, being contiguous with the ocular plates. The ambulacra are slightly sinuate (Fig. 2 D), 25 % the width of the interambulacra (5.5 mm in the paratype) at the ambitus. The interporiferous zones are approximately twice the width of a pore-zone, with each adradial plate to the marginal tubercle having a large outer secondary tubercle, with two smaller secondary tubercles placed one above the other. These form regular vertical series, with each plate also having miliary granules. No naked or sunken median line is present. The pore-zones are slightly sunken, pores nonconjugate, approximately equal in size, with each pore separated by a broad wall (Fig. 2 H). The interambulacra (Fig. 2 C) are formed of two series of eight or nine primary tubercle bearing plates. Tubercles have areoles of moderate size and depth (Fig. 2 I), which are separated by at least two rows of scrobicular tubercles aborally, the last two sometimes being confluent adorally. Areoles on the oral surface are distinctly transverse-oval, while adapical areoles are circular. Primary tubercles are of moderate size, perforate, with distinct traces of crenulation on the adapical sides of the tubercles above the ambitus. Scrobicular tubercles are of moderate size. Outside the scrobicular ring the plates are densely covered with secondary tubercles which decrease gradually in size, becoming granular towards the slightly sunken median line. Horizontal lines are distinct, particularly adapically, but neither the median line nor the horizontal lines are naked. The peristome measures 38 % of the test’s h.d. (Fig. 2 B) (18 mm in the paratype) with twelve ambulacral imbricate plates in each column and pores-pairs uniserially arranged. Six to seven non-ambulacral plates form a regular interradial series reaching the mouth. FIGURE 6. Pedicellariae from A, holotype of L. xanthe sp. nov., B, holotype of L. fusca, C, holotype of Calocidaris micans and D, Compsocidaris pyrsacantha (S.E. Coppard private collection); i & ii, large form of globiferous pedicellaria; iii (oral) & iv (aboral), small form of globiferous pedicellaria; v, tridentate pedicellariae; vi (side view) & vii (internal view) individual valves of large globiferous pedicellariae; viii (side view) & ix (internal view) individual valves of the small form of globiferous pedicellaria; x (side view) & ix (internal view) individual valves of tridentate pedicellariae; Axi, individual valves of triphylous pedicellariae from L. xanthe sp. nov.; Cxii individual valve of the large form of tridentate pedicellaria of Calocidaris micans. The Aristotle’s lantern (Figs 2 F & G) and perignathic girdle are typical of the cidaroid form, with small epiphyses that do not project and relatively high apophyses (Fig. 2 E). Aboral primary interambulacral spines (Figs 4 Avii & Aviii) are long, slender and tapering distally, typically cream in colour (occasionally with faint, pink banding), and slightly curved (see Fig. 4 Avii). The longest measures 85 mm on the holotype (Figs 1 A–C) (x 2.4 the test’s h.d.) with a diameter of 3 mm. These are cylindrical in transverse section adapically (Figs 5 Ai & Aii), becoming slightly flattened beneath the ambitus. The spines are relatively smooth and typically have a glossy sheen (Fig. 4 Ai) (particularly on smaller specimens, the glossy sheen being absent on the aboral primary spines of some larger specimens) with approximately twenty-two longitudinal ridges faintly visible on primary spines at the ambitus (Fig. 4 Avii). This is due to the presence of dense, anastomosing cortical hairs that coalesce to form a continuous crust between longitudinal ridges (Fig. 5 Aii). These ridges are more noticeable beneath the ambitus due to the reduced depth of the cortical hairs. In smaller specimens the ridges appear to be completely absent but are visible when the spine is viewed in transverse section. The collar of the spine (Fig. 4 Aiii) is short (typically 2 mm), dark brown and increases in thickness towards the milled ring. The neck of the spine (Fig. 4 Aiii) is long, straight and completely smooth with no cortical hairs, or ridges in the cortex (Fig. 5 Ai). The ridges begin above the neck of the spine and continue to the spine’s tip. When viewed in transverse section (Fig. 5 Ai & 5 Aii) the medulla is seen to be formed of reticulated stereom which is slightly darker in colour than the surrounding stereom. The tips of the primary spines gently taper and flatten dorso-ventrally to a blunt tip (Fig. 4 Aii), or in small specimens to a small crown; in both cases the longitudinal ridges are more apparent due to the absence of cortical hairs. Oral primary interambulacral spines are white (Figs 1 B & 4 Axii), distinctly flattened, slightly curved and moderately broad, with serrated edges, these being more apparent in smaller specimens. These have slightly rounded blunt tips, with those that are near the mouth tapering distally. They have an orange-brown collar, a smooth white neck, and longitudinal ridges on both the upper and lower surfaces. The third and fourth oral primaries (Fig. 1 B) are transitional to the aboral primaries. Primary ambulacral spines are undifferentiated orally and aborally (Fig. 4 Av). These typically measure 3– 4 mm in length, are slender, slightly flattened and curved, with longitudinal ridges. These spines taper distally and have slightly rounded tips. Scrobicular spines are slightly adpressed and ridged (Figs 4 Aviii & Aix), widening above the base up one quarter of their length, where they taper to a blunt tip. They typically measure 5 mm in length and do not form a very close mail around the base of the primaries (Fig. 1 A). Secondary spines on the ambulacra and interambulacra are slender (Fig. 4 Av), 2–3 mm in length, slightly flattened and curved, with longitudinal ridges. These spines also taper distally and have slightly rounded tips. Miliary spines (Fig. 4 Aiv) are shorter (1.5 mm in length) but proportionally broader than the secondary spines, and are distinctly flattened with longitudinal ridges. They are broadest at their base, tapering to a rounded tip. Oral peristomal spines densely cover the peristomal plates. These are highly curved and distinctly club-shaped, with serrated longitudinal ridges (Fig. 4 Axi). Large globiferous pedicellariae are abundant aborally, particularly down the interambulacra, with all pedicellariae examined having three valves. They have short necks and stalks (Figs 6 Ai & Aii), with large valves that gradually narrow above the adductor muscle insertion points towards a large and sharply pointed terminal tooth (Figs 6 Avi & Avii). The opening beneath the terminal tooth (Fig. 6 Avii) is longitudinally oval in shape distally, becoming U-shaped above the lip. The oval region is surrounded by narrow, pointed, peripheral accessory teeth. These decrease in size around the U-shaped region. The distal region beneath the opening is narrow, increasing in width towards the adductor muscle insertion regions. These muscle insertion regions are longer than wide, and measure just over half the length of the valves. The small form of globiferous pedicellaria is very abundant both orally (Fig. 6 Aiii) and aborally (Fig. 6 Aiv), particularly down the ambulacra. Pedicellariae of this form have relatively long stalks, particularly on the oral surface, with short necks. Each valve has a proportionally large terminal tooth (Figs 6 Aviii & Aix) typical of the Cidarina. Peripheral teeth are present along the edges of the valves, being larger around the longitudinally oval opening, which measure 22 % of the length of the valve. The lip beneath the opening is denticulate. The distal region of the valve beneath the lip and the proximal adductor insertion regions are broad, while the edges of the valves are curved. Tridentate pedicellariae occur only as one form (Figs 6 Ax & Axi), typical of the genus. They have relatively long stalks with a short neck. The valves are slender, have a terminal tooth, and increase in width proximally, flaring above the proximal region. These flaring regions are visible as crests when viewed from the side (Fig. 6 Ax). The valves slightly constrict beneath these crests, directly above the adductor muscle insertion regions. The proximal regions are slightly longer than they are wide with a relatively small keel. A single pedicellaria representing a third class was found on the paratype, but not on the holotype or any of the other nine specimens examined. This has a long stalk with a short neck and very short conical shaped valves (Fig. 6 Axii). The adductor muscle insertion regions are fairly open, indicating a very limited grasping pressure. This single pedicellaria is clearly not representative of this species and appears to be an anomaly. Spicules in the tube feet occur as smooth rods. These are typically straight but occasionally bifurcate at one end.

A well-preserved cidarid echinoid is recorded from Interval 5 or 6 of the Vijlen Member (Gulpen Formation, Maastrichtian), as exposed in and along the banks of the River Maas at Eijsden. In contrast to occurrences in the Zeven Wegen (Gulpen Formation, Campanian) and Nekum and Meerssen members (Maastricht Formation, Maastrichtian) in the area, the Vijlen Member has so far yielded but limited cidarid material. In addition, when specimens are found preservation is generally poor, the material consisting of isolated primary spines and test plates and/or portions of test at best. The present specimen, which is here questionably referred to Temnocidaris (Stereocidaris) arnaudi (LAMBERT, 1909), is of note in being complete, albeit slightly deformed, and in retaining the lantern, some primary, secondary and scrobicular spines and a few peristomial plates.

Southeastern Pacific sponges (Phylum Porifera) range among the world’s least known faunas, with only 13 species reported to date from the entire Peruvian coast. This state of affairs motivated the onset of two large, cooperative, exploratory initiatives, with the aim of mapping sponge richness and distribution in the area: Proyectos ESPER and EsponjAS. Over 800 specimens have been collected in Peru since 2007, with identifications still in progress. Among these, a sponge species originally thought to be an exclusive epibiont on Eucidaris thouarsii sea urchins, relatively conspicuous on Peru’s Punta Sal region. This sponge, latter found to occur on additional substrates too, is described as a new species of Clathria (Microciona). Cidarid density ranged between 1.5 and 12/m 2 , and largest diameter of the tests between 3.2 and 5.6 cm. Total number of spines on each sea urchin varied between 68 and 96, and percent sponge coverage of these, between 18.2 and 75.7. There appears to be only a slight tendency for increased sponge coverage on larger sea urchins, so there may be factors, other than sea urchin age, shaping this association. Clathria (Microciona) aculeofila sp. nov. can be markedly dominant as an epibiont on E. thouarsii, albeit the great sponge richness in the area. This is in contrast to the allegedly opportunistic, diverse epibiosis by sponges reported previously for Antarctic cidaroids.

Population dynamics of the epizoic bivalve Lissarca notorcadensis living on spines of cidaroid sea urchins in the Weddell Sea were investigated. Total production (somatic & gonad) of the suspension feeding bivalve ranged between 16.5 and 487.4 mg AFDM y−1 per sea urchin. Annual sedimentation rates are not sufficient to maintain the production of the Lissarca sub-populations carried by the sea urchins, and resuspension of organic matter is most likely to be an important food source. The ratio of the number of freshly settled juveniles to the number of embryos brooded is between 0.054 and 0.207 and seems negatively related to the biomass already present, indicating intraspecific competition for space. Interspecific competition for space is caused by the strong preference of L. notorcadensis as well as other epizoa (colonial anthozoans and bryozoans) for the spines located on the aboral hemispere of the sea urchins.