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Aim: This study aimed to assess the rates of peer bullying and stress-coping strategies in adolescents with SAD and to investigate the relationship between SAD and different types of peer bullying. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included ninety-two adolescents aged 14 to 17 years with SAD and one hundred-five typically developing adolescents. A semi-structured psychiatric interview, the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A), the Peer Bullying Scale-Adolescent Form (PBS-AF), and the Coping Scale for Adolescents (CSA) were applied to all participants. Peer bullying was classified into six types (physical, verbal, exclusion, spreading rumors, attacks against property, and sexual) and two roles (bullying and victimization). Results: On every subscale of the PBS-AF victimization dimension, the SAD group's mean scores were significantly higher than those of the controls. Regarding the PBSAF bullying dimension, the Physical Bullying and Sexual Bullying scores of the SAD group were significantly lower than the control group, but the Isolation/Exclusion scores were significantly higher than the control group. Compared to the control group, the mean scores of Active Coping of CSA were significantly lower, while the mean scores of Negative Coping and Avoidant Coping were significantly higher in the SAD group. The SAS-A's total score had a significant positive correlation with all subscales of the PBS-AF victimization dimension. Age, gender, academic performance, and psychiatric comorbidity had a predictive effect on some of the victimization dimension variables of peer bullying. Conclusion: This study has revealed that SAD is an important risk factor for peer victimization. The routine psychiatric examination of adolescents with SAD should also include a screening for peer bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Criminal behavior in children emerges as a result of a complex process. If the criminal behavior is repetitive and preventive interventions are not applied, it can also lead to the emergence of criminal behavior in adulthood. In our study, we aimed to compare the parental temperament characteristics of juvenile delinquents with those of non-offending children of similar age and gender. The study group included parents of 69 juvenile delinquents aged between 12 and 15, while the control group consisted of parents of 73 non-offending children of the same age range. Data was collected using a demographic information form prepared by researchers and the TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, San Diego Autoquestionnaire) Temperament Scale. The study group included 37 fathers and 32 mothers, while the control group included 40 fathers and 33 mothers. Parents in the study group had less education than those in the control group, and psychopathology was more common. The study group's parents experienced more legal issues on average. In comparison to the control group, fathers in the study group scored higher for cyclothymic temperament, hyperthymic temperament, and irritable temperament. Compared to the control group, mothers in the study group scored higher on all temperamental variables. The fathers' assessments of their depressive and anxious temperaments did not differ significantly. Fathers in the study group scored higher on the cyclothymic, hyperthymic, and irritable temperament scales. There was a considerable difference in the prevailing temperament type between the groups. Moms in the research group had significantly higher temperament scores than those in the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enuresis is a common pediatric condition and there are different treatment options. This study aimed to evaluate treatment options for enuresis in a sample of the child and adolescent psychiatry clinic. The data and treatment results of 98 patients (mean age: 10.38±2.15 years, range=6-16 years) diagnosed with enuresis between 1 May 2015 and 1 October 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. We found that 57 of the patients had previously applied to the hospital for enuresis, and 14 of them have applied to child and adolescent psychiatry, 10 of them to pediatric surgery, 20 of them to other branches of pediatrics, and 13 of them to the urology clinic. In previous hospital applications, behavioral treatment only had been applied to 40.4% of the patients, and pharmacotherapy had been applied in 59.6% of the patients. On the other hand, in the child and ado-lescent psychiatry clinic, 26.5% of the patients received behavioral treatment only, and 73.5% used drugs along with behavioral treatment, and the most frequently preferred drugs were imipramine (oftenest) and desmopressin. Also, the rates of psychiatric comorbidity in those who received medical treatment were significantly higher than those who treated behavioral treatment only. In conclusion, this study revealed that different clinical branches apply different treatment approaches to enuresis. In child and adolescent psychiatry, imipramine was the most commonly used agent in medical treatment, and this has been attributed to the high rate of psychiatric comorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Infant dyschezia is one of the as yet little known infant functional gastrointestinal disorders and data on dyschezia is extremely limited. In this study, thus, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the psychological and psychosocial states of mothers of 1-6 month-old infants with dyschezia, and the dyschezia of their infants. Methods: The sample consisted of 127 mothers of 1-6 months old infants with dyschezia and 127 mothers of 1-6 months old infants without dyschezia. The psychological symptoms of mothers were evaluated using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). The data within the specially prepared personal information sheet were obtained by face-to-face interviews. Results: We found that the mothers of infants with dyschezia had more social and economic difficulties such as lower education and income levels, lower employment rate, having more children, and less support from their partners in infant care. Compared to the mothers in the control group, the scores of the mothers, whose infants had dyschezia, were significantly higher in both the total, and all of 9 subscales in the BSI. Conclusions: In conclusion, the mothers of infants with dyschezia have more psychological problems and socioeconomic difficulties. It is possible to say that there may be a relationship between the mother's psychological symptoms and her infant's dyschezia problem. We believe that this report would be beneficial to pediatricians, child psychiatrists, pediatric surgeons, and physicians and nurses working in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: A growing number of findings suggest that there is an important relationship between upper airway obstruction (UAO) and specific learning disorder (SLD). However, existing evidence is limited to very few studies. We, thus, aimed to explore chronic UAO conditions in children with specific learning disabilities. Materials and Methods: This study involved seventy-seven children aged 7 to 10 years with SLD and eighty-six healthy children matching in age and gender. Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed through the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DMS-5) Criteria. Porteus Maze Test and Kent-EGY test were used to assess the intelligence of the participants. The diagnoses of UAO were made by a physical examination, a detailed otorhinolaryngologic examination, the anamnesis and clinical history, anterior rhinoscopy, and flexible endoscopic nasopharyngoscopy according to the type of UAO. Results: The rates of having at least one pathology causing UAO and secondary sleep difficulties due to UAO were significantly higher in children with SLD compared to controls. The severity of SLD was significantly associated with the severity of UAO and the presence of secondary sleep difficulties, but not the presence of UAO. The verbal and total IQ scores were significantly affected by the presence and severity of UAO, while the presence of secondary sleep difficulties significantly impacted all IQ scores. Conclusion: Parents, teachers, otorhinolaryngologists, child psychiatrists, and pediatricians should be aware that the association between learning disorders and UAO. It also would be advisable to screen children with learning disorders in terms of UAO, and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tardive dystonia (TDt) is one of the extrapyramidal syndromes caused primarily by long-term use of dopamine receptor antagonists such as antipsychotics. Although the risperidone-induced TDt cases have been reported in adults, there are few case reports and clinical anecdotes in children. The first step in treatment is the controlled withdrawal of the drug causing the TDt and, if necessary, a transition to a newer "atypical" antipsychotic class. In this article, we present a case of risperidoneinduced tardive dystonia and the efficacy of aripiprazole in a 10-years-old boy with moderate mental retardation and conduct disorder referred to us due to restlessness, aggression, self-mutilation, and leg and hip spasms. The child's dystonic symptoms and challenging behaviors almost fully recovered 3 months of after the aripiprazole administration. Given that the long-term use of antipsychotics in children is increasingly widespread, TDt should be evaluated and monitored periodically. Furthermore, aripiprazole may be a suitable substitute in the TDt treatment in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Infant dyschezia is one of the as yet little known infant functional gastrointestinal disorders and data on dyschezia is extremely limited. In this study, thus, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the psychological and psychosocial states of mothers of 1-6 month-old infants with dyschezia, and the dyschezia of their infants. Methods: The sample consisted of 127 mothers of 1-6 months old infants with dyschezia and 127 mothers of 1-6 months old infants without dyschezia. The psychological symptoms of mothers were evaluated using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). The data within the specially prepared personal information sheet were obtained by face-to-face interviews. Results: We found that the mothers of infants with dyschezia had more social and economic difficulties such as lower education and income levels, lower employment rate, having more children, and less support from their partners in infant care. Compared to the mothers in the control group, the scores of the mothers, whose infants had dyschezia, were significantly higher in both the total, and all of 9 subscales in the BSI. Conclusions: In conclusion, the mothers of infants with dyschezia have more psychological problems and socioeconomic difficulties. It is possible to say that there may be a relationship between the mother's psychological symptoms and her infant's dyschezia problem. We believe that this report would be beneficial to pediatricians, child psychiatrists, pediatric surgeons, and physicians and nurses working in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Only a few studies have investigated the comorbid headache in children with tic disorders (TD). In this study, thus, we aimed to examine the frequency and clinical correlates of comorbid headache in TD. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 98 children and adolescents aged 6–16 years with a diagnosis of any tic disorder and 108 healthy children and adolescents matched for age, gender and sociocultural characteristics. All participants underwent a semi-structured psychiatric interview to establish a psychiatric diagnosis. The diagnosis of headache was made according to the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria. Also, a specially prepared personal information sheet and Yale Global Tic Severity Scale were applied. Results: Children and adolescents with TD had a significantly higher frequency of headache compared to those in the control group (44.9% vs. 22.2%, p=0.001). The most common type of headache in both groups was migraine. We determined that the rate of diagnosis of chronic tic disorders, percentage of the presence of vocal tics, severity of tics, the proportion of patients taking pharmacotherapy for tics, and the rate of psychiatric comorbidity were significantly higher in patients with a headache than those without headache. Conclusion: The results of our study confirm studies showing suggesting a possible relationship between TD and headache, and supports the proposition that headache is a comorbidity of TD. However, further studies exploring the mechanisms of this relationship are required. It also would be advisable to screen children with TD in terms of headaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Adenoid hypertrophy and nocturnal enuresis, comorbidities that are quite prevalent among children, are both associated with sleep problems. However, limited research has specifically focused on sleep domains and their parameters. In the present study we thus aimed to investigate the impact of adenoid hypertrophy and nocturnal enuresis on sleep, both when the two disorders coexist and when they do not coexist. Methods: We investigated 178 children (mean age: 7.24±1.02 years, range=6-9 years), 50 (28.1%) of whom had only adenoid hypertrophy, 39 (21.9%) of whom had only nocturnal enuresis, 35 (19.7%) of whom had coexistence of adenoid hypertrophy and nocturnal enuresis, and 54 (30.3%) of whom were healthy-control children. Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed by a semi-structured diagnosis interview and the diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy was confirmed by flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy. Sleep habits and disturbances were assessed via the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire and Modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Results: Our results showed that the comorbid condition was the most severe form in terms of both adenoid hypertrophy and enuresis. Regarding sleep difficulties, the “Sleep-Disordered Breathing”, “Night Wakings”, “Sleep Onset Delay” and “Sleep Duration” parameters were closely associated with adenoid hypertrophy and its severity, while “Bedtime Resistance”, “Parasomnias” and “Sleep Anxiety” domains of sleep were strongly related to nocturnal enuresis. Conclusion: Otorhinolaryngologists, child psychiatrists and pediatricians should be aware of the relationship between enuresis and adenoid hypertrophy, that both diseases are associated with impaired sleep patterns, and that children affected by the comorbidity of the two disorders experience more sleep disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some researchers have suggested that olfactory deficits might be a sensitive marker for depression in adults. However, olfactory function has not been well studied in relation to depression among children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of depression on olfactory function of adolescents. The olfactory threshold, odor identification, and discrimination abilities of adolescents aged 12 to 17 (43 adolescents with major depressive disorder and 43 healthy controls) alongside their sum were evaluated using the Sniffin' Sticks extended test. Olfactory scores were similar between the groups. However, depressed adolescents perceived their own olfactory function scores significantly lower than the measured values. No correlation was found between olfactory scores and age, sex, severity of depression, and duration of depression. This study conducted with a small sample size revealed that olfactory function of the adolescents with depression was similar to olfactory function of the healthy adolescents. It is required to conduct further adequately powered, longitudinal studies in order to verify these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stuttering is a communication disorder characterized by a disruption in normal fluency and time patterning of speech. None of the pharmacological agents for stuttering could be recommended for general use; specific drug treatment that is simultaneously effective for both stuttering and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently unknown. In this article, we present a case affected by severe developmental stuttering and ADHD that was exacerbated by atomoxetine but favorably responded to treatment with methylphenidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]