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Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) synthesizes enzymes that degrade lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of Pleurotus ostreatus spent substrate (POSS) on whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, lignin monomers, and in vitro digestibility, as well as the performance of lactating goats fed corn silage treated with different levels of POSS. In experiment 1, 4 levels of lignocellulolytic enzymes were tested in a complete randomized design: 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg of lignocellulosic enzymes per kilogram of fresh matter, 4 replicates per treatment (vacuum-sealed bags). The bags were opened 60 d after ensiling. In experiment 2, corn silage treated with 3 enzyme levels (0, 10, or 30 mg/kg of fresh matter) was fed to lactating goats as part of the total mixed ration. Nine lactating Saanen goats (62.68 ± 7.62 kg BW; 44 ± 8 d in milk; 2.91 ± 0.81 kg of milk/day, mean ± SD) were assigned to three 3 × 3 Latin squares. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc.), and means were compared by linear and quadratic orthogonal contrast. In experiment 1, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, and cellulose quadratically decreased in the WPCS treated with POSS. At the nadir point, POSS decreased NDF by 14.1%, ADF by 19.5%, lignin by 9.07%, and cellulose by 22.1% compared with the untreated silage. Therefore, POSS led to a quadratic increase in in vitro dry matter digestibility of WPCS (+8.88% at the vertex) compared with the untreated silage. In experiment 2, POSS quadratically increased the in vivo total-tract ADF digestibility. Also, the concentration of polyphenols in the milk of goats linearly increased with the addition of POSS, and no differences were observed among treatments for milk yield and composition. In summary, adding 10 mg of lignocellulolytic enzymes from POSS per kilogram of fresh matter of whole-plant corn at ensiling had a more evident reduction in lignin and cellulose concentration, leading to greater in vitro digestibility, as well as greater in vivo ADF digestibility; however, milk yield was not different among treatments.

This study evaluated silages made with varying proportions of viticulture by-products (VC) and starch extraction from cassava (CSE). It attempted to determine the effects of these proportions on the microbial population, fermentative losses, and chemical composition. The treatments were specified as the proportions of VC in the silage (0 g/kg, 250 g/kg, 500 g/kg, 750 g/kg, and 1000 g/kg). Silages were evaluated before (0) and after 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days of ensiling. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments, six storage times and four replications. The increased level of VC in the silage enhanced its dry matter content, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and buffering capacity, and reduced organic matter content. Fifteen days after ensiling, additional VC increased the concentration of soluble carbohydrates. The increased level of VC decreased the count of Clostridium spp. and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The incidence of yeasts and enterobacteria was low in all treatments at all time points. Over time, losses as effluent and gases increased. Use of increasing proportions from VC in silage made with CSE increased the contents of dry matter and soluble carbohydrates and reduced the fermentative losses of the silage. The increased amount of VC also favoured pH reduction and reduced the proliferation of undesirable yeasts, while increasing the population of LAB.

Honey from the western region of Paraná receives the seal of origin and in-process denomination of origin because it is mostly produced in permanent preservation areas, adherence to hygiene and sanitary standards, proper management techniques and agro-industrial management. The objective of this study was to verify the microbiological quality of honey produced by beekeepers associated with Cooperative. Sixty-seven honey samples were evaluated for microbiological quality, and the mean values observed to total aerobic mesophiles were 2.52 log CFU/g; Clostridium spp. 1.46 log CFU/g; total coliforms 0.78 log CFU/g; fecal coliforms 0.50 log CFU/g; total yeasts 0.46 log CFU/g, and 2.95 log CFU/g total molds. The evaluations showed the incidence of anaerobic mesophilic in 70% of the samples, Clostridium spp. 77%; total coliforms 60%, fecal coliforms 62%, molds 83% and 34% yeasts. Five genera of the isolated molds commonly found in honey were Fusarium spp. 0.35 log CFU/g; Aspergillus spp. 0.52 log CFU/g; Cladosporium spp. 1.2 log CFU/g, Phoma spp. 0.71 log CFU/g and 0.16 log CFU/g Penicillium spp. Multivariate analysis showed the formation of two groups and indicated the heterogeneity in the bacterial load of the samples. Although microbiological analyses were not mandatory for honey, these results demonstrated the hygienic-sanitary quality of the samples of honey produced. For the reduction of secondary-origin microorganisms, the handlers were recommended to follow the sanitary hygiene norms and handling techniques.

The objective of this study was to evaluate pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, and aerobic stability of silage of Tifton 85 grass silage with two dry matter contents at different silos opening times. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a subdivided plots scheme, in which the silages constituted the plots and aerobic exposure times the subplots, with four replications. To verify the aerobic stability of the silages, the temperature and pH were analyzed at seven hours after the silos were opened (1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours). The pH reached adequate levels for conservation only after 90 days of fermentation for the silages with and without pre-drying in the sun. Ammoniacal nitrogen remained below the recommended limits in both silages. As for the silage temperature, no loss of aerobic stability was observed. However, the observed pH revealed a break instability after 72 hours when the silos were opened at 28 days, with no changes for the remaining silage periods. It is possible to obtain suitable silages from Tifton 85 with or without pre-warming in the sun, however, a minimum fermentation period of 90 days should be adopted. The studied silages presented high aerobic stability, but when kept silage for only 28 days, they should be consumed by the animals within 48 hours after the supply.

This study aimed at quantifying the occurrence of proteolytic psychotropic microorganisms and total coliforms in refrigerated raw milk, in addition to assessing the quality through its physical-chemical composition. The samples were collected in 10 dairy farms in the municipality of Santa Helena – Western Paraná. Two collections were made, one during the spring and the other during the summer. Samples of refrigerated raw milk were carried out directly from the cooling tank, aseptically, packed in sterile bottles and transported under isothermal conditions (± 4 ºC) to the laboratory where the physical-chemical composition and microbial populations were determined. The levels of fat had great amplitude between the seasons, being higher in the summer, while there was no variation for the contents of protein, lactose, minerals, and non-fat solids. The total coliform count did not differ between seasons. The values obtained for proteolytic psychotropic counts were higher in the summer. A significant positive correlation was found between the total coliform counts, the proteolytic psychotropic counts (r=0.73), the levels of protein (r=0.45), non-fat solids (r=0.45), and minerals (r=0.46). Also, the proteolytic psychotropic counts showed a positive correlation with the cryoscopic index. The milk components met the requirements of NI76. The quality of refrigerated raw milk in the municipality of Santa Helena, Western Paraná was not satisfactory for total coliforms, due to its high incidence, indicating the need for good practices in milking management. Proteolytic psychotropic bacteria presented low proliferation, thus not affecting milk quality.

Objetivou-se caracterizar o perfil fermentativo, valor nutricional e microbiológico da silagem da raiz de mandioca in natura com e sem aditivos. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo 4x3, com cinco repetições. Nas parcelas foram alocados os materiais de estudo: Raiz de mandioca triturada in natura ou adicionado dos farelos de milho, soja ou arroz. Nas subparcelas foram alocados os tempos: material fresco: antes da ensilagem, abertura: aos 45 dias de fermentação e estabilidade após a silagem ser exposta ao ar durante sete dias. Foram realizadas as amostragens para determinação das análises bromatológicas, nutrientes digestíveis totais, digestibilidade, pH, temperatura, nitrogênio amoniacal, o perfil microbiológico por meio da determinação das populações de fungos e leveduras, Clostridium, bactérias ácido láticas e enterobactérias. A adição de farelos alterou os parâmetros avaliados. A matéria seca aumentou ao longo da fermentação e da exposição ao ar e em todos os tempos e materiais o pH foi adequado. A proteína bruta diminuiu até a abertura dos silos devido as fermentações indesejadas, apresentando-se mais elevada na silagem adicionada de farelo de soja. Os baixos conteúdos de compostos fibrosos e NDT, e a elevada digestibilidade sugerem silagens obtidas como alimentos energéticos em dietas de ruminantes e/ou monogástricos. Em conclusão, a raiz de mandioca in natura ou com inclusão de aditivos pode ser conservada na forma de silagem para uso nas dietas de ruminantes.

This study aimed to evaluate the development of culture, mass production, and the silage nutritional value of sorghum under three nutrients fonts. The experiment was conducted as a block randomized design, with three treatments and six replications. The treatments consisted of fonts fertilizations in showing: Monoammonium Phosphate, with 90.0 kg ha-1, and Rizostar with 37.5 kg ha-1 and 45.0 kg ha-1 doses. The productive parameters of the plants were evaluated at 30 days and at the time of harvesting the plants for silage, in addition to the nutritional value of the silages. The materials presented expressive productions, with averages of 43846; 43346; 44002; and 35674 kg ha-1 of green matter. The Maxisilo sorghum hybrid presented the highest levels of acid detergent fiber (ADF), with a mean of 471.42 g kg-1 dry matter (DM). Crude protein (CP) contents in each hybrid remained constant over time, presenting mean values of 74.37; 65.26; 54.44; 78.43 g kg-1. The mean total digestible nutrients values found in the Dominator sorghum hybrid were 657.34 g kg-1, being higher than the others. After long storage periods, the nutritional parameters of the materials remained stable in their CP, DM, NDF, and ADF values. The aerobic exposure nutritionally deteriorated silages. Fertilization with Rizostar 45, does not influence the final level of plants, fresh raw materials, and dry raw materials, besides significantly increasing the use of samples. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el desarrollo del cultivo, la producción masiva y el valor nutricional del ensilado de sorgo bajo tres fuentes de nutrientes. El experimento se realizó en un diseño de bloques al azar, con tres tratamientos y seis repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en fertilizaciones con fuentes, mostrando: fosfato monoamónico, con 90.0 kg ha-1, y Rizostar con dosis de 37.5 kg ha-1 y 45.0 kg ha-1. Los parámetros productivos de las plantas se evaluaron a los 30 días y al momento de la cosecha de las plantas para ensilaje, además del valor nutricional de los ensilajes. Los materiales presentaron producciones expresivas, con promedios de 43846; 43346; 44002; y 35674 kg ha-1 de materia verde. El híbrido de sorgo Maxisilo presentó los niveles más altos de fibra en detergente ácido (FDA), con un promedio de 471,42 g kg-1 de materia seca (MS). El contenido de proteína cruda (PC) en cada híbrido se mantuvo constante en el tiempo, con valores promedio de 74,37; 65,26; 54,44; 78,43 g kg-1. Los valores promedio de nutrientes digeribles totales encontrados en el híbrido de sorgo Dominator fueron de 657.34 g kg-1, siendo más altos que los demás. Después de largos períodos de almacenamiento, los parámetros nutricionales de los materiales se mantuvieron estables en los valores de PB, MS, NDF y FDA. La exposición aeróbica deterioró nutricionalmente los ensilajes. La fertilización con Rizostar 45 no influye en el nivel final de plantas, materias primas frescas y materias primas secas, además de incrementar significativamente el uso de muestras. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento da cultura, produção em massa e o valor nutricional da silagem de sorgo sob três fontes de nutrientes. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em adubações com fontes, mostrando: fosfato monoamônico, com 90,0 kg ha-1, e Rizostar com doses de 37,5 kg ha-1 e 45,0 kg ha-1. Foram avaliados os parâmetros produtivos das plantas aos 30 dias e no momento da colheita das plantas para silagem, além do valor nutricional das silagens. Os materiais apresentaram produções expressivas, com médias de 43846; 43346; 44002; e 35674 kg ha-1 de matéria verde. O híbrido Maxisilo sorgo apresentou os maiores níveis de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), com média de 471,42 g kg-1 de matéria seca (MS). O conteúdo de proteína bruta (PB) em cada híbrido permaneceu constante ao longo do tempo, apresentando valores médios de 74,37; 65,26; 54,44; 78,43 g kg-1. Os valores médios de nutrientes digestíveis totais encontrados no híbrido de sorgo Dominator foram de 657,34 g kg-1, sendo superiores aos demais. Após longos períodos de armazenamento, os parâmetros nutricionais dos materiais permaneceram estáveis nos valores de PB, MS, FDN e FDA. A exposição aeróbica deteriorou nutricionalmente as silagens. A fertilização com Rizostar 45 não influencia o nível final de plantas, matérias-primas frescas e matérias-primas secas, além de aumentar significativamente o uso de amostras.

The Southern region of Brazil is known for its floral diversity, presenting great potential for bee products such as honey, pollen, propolis and royal jelly. In this study, 67 honey samples provided by beekeepers from 14 municipalities of western Paraná were evaluated. Physicochemical parameters, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity were analyzed. The physicochemical parameters of the samples were in compliance with the specifications by national and international standards, presenting average values of 3.26, 34.54 meq.kg-1, 18.75%, 10.79 mg.kg-1, 0.14% and 340.10 µS.cm-1, for pH, acidity, moisture, hydroxymethylfurfural, ash content and electrical conductivity, respectively. The nutritive values of honey, on average, achieved 0.28% of protein from 69.09% of total sugars, 64.57% of reducing sugars and 4.28% of sucrose. Bioactive compounds showed average values of 34.83 mg GAE/100 g-1 of total phenols and 16.26 mg EQ/100 g-1 of flavonoids, enabling antioxidant activity of 2.68 µmol FE (II)/g-1 of FRAP, 1.01 µmol ET/g-1 from ABTS and 0.12 µmol ET/g-1 of DPPH. This first study evaluated the parameters through cluster analysis and observed nine groups formed, as well as the characteristics between the samples with similar reaction. We concluded that the honey samples have high similarity and confirmed the quality of the honey produced.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of five levels of condensed tannins (CT) from black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) in the diets of lactating dairy cows on intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal microbial protein synthesis, milk production, composition, oxidative profile, and blood metabolites. Five Holstein cows (88 &plusmn, 26.8 days in milk) were allocated in a 5 x 5 Latin square design for a period of 20 days (14 days of diet adaptation and six for sampling). Treatments were the inclusion levels of CT at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg of dry matter (DM) in the diet. There was no effect of CT on DM intake. The digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber changed quadratically, with the maximum values at 12.2 and 11.4 g/kg of DM, respectively. There was no effect on ruminal microbial protein synthesis and milk production, however, milk casein concentration was reduced linearly. There was no effect on the milk oxidative profile. Inclusion of CT at levels up to 20 g/kg of DM did not affect intake or microbial protein synthesis, however, added CT depressed the production of energy corrected milk and milk casein concentration.

The main physical, biological and chemical agents involved in cross-contamination are of known origin, generally harmful and toxic, who end up doing the director indirect contact with the nutrients used in the manufacture of feed for animals. The knowledge of the causes, differentiated forms of prevention and corrective actions, allow us to minimize losses in animal performance and, possible extra costs of production, by the need to prevent the spread of pests and damage to human health. Failures in monitoring of the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and of the system of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) for lack of trained personnel, or bad structural conditions in the physical context industry, are the main causes of the occurrence of cross-contamination. In this sense, diagnosing risks and controlling critical points in the production process are indispensable tools. In this way, the present review article aims to highlight the main forms of cross contamination in the animal feed industry and the care that must be taken at the factory to minimize cross-contamination.

O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar uma análise do manejo da ordenha realizada em propriedades rurais que utilizem o leite para subsistência, buscando evidenciar fatores de risco e, com isso, contribuir para a melhoria dessa prática e da qualidade do leite consumido em propriedades rurais localizadas no município de Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul. Para a condução do estudo, foram selecionadas 10 fazendas em que são criados bovinos de corte e ovinos no sistema extensivo e que tenham vacas de raças leiteiras ou mestiças destinadas a ordenha para obtenção do leite para o consumo das pessoas da estância. Após a seleção foi entregue a cada proprietário, um questionário guia semiestruturado para serem obtidas informações referentes ao manejo durante a ordenha e ao leite obtido. Ao final da entrevista, cada resposta de cada propriedade foi considerada uma variável. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados em Excel, estudados descritivamente quanto aos percentuais de ocorrência e analisados com o auxílio do IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 software. A partir das análises constatou-se que a ordenha manual é realizada na maior parte das propriedades e em local não apropriado para esta finalidade. Em relação aos cuidados com a higiene do leite e da sanidade das vacas verificou-se que estão aquém do desejado em todas as propriedades. Dessa forma, a partir desse conhecimento se torna possível a realização de ações objetivando melhorar a qualidade do leite, visando preservar a saúde das pessoas que consomem este produto, bem como seus subprodutos.

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da água e do leite provenientes de propriedades de base agroecológica e convencional no Oeste do Paraná. As coletas foram realizadas em 20 propriedades convencionais no município de Santa Helena – PR, e em 27 de base agroecológica em Diamante d’Oeste e Ramilândia – PR. Foram realizadas coletas de leite nos diferentes sistemas de produção e estações do ano. Foram analisadas a contaminação por coliformes termotolerantes (CTerm), coliformes totais (CT), enterobactérias, aeróbios mesófilos (AM), a determinação da composição química, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Não houve diferença para a composição do leite entre os sistemas de produção no verão. Em relação a CCS durante o inverno, 44,4% e 55,0% das propriedades apresentaram valores acima de 600 mil céls mL-1, nos sistemas agroecológico e convencional, respectivamente. Em ambas as estações, a maioria das propriedades agroecológicas encontram-se acima de 600 mil UFC mL-1 de CBT. Em ambos os sistemas de produção e estações, os valores de AM apresentaram valores inferiores ao permitido pela IN76, e não houve diferença para as enterobactérias no leite. A contagem de CT no leite no inverno foi semelhante entre os dois sistemas de produção. Para as amostras da água para limpeza dos equipamentos de ordenha, os valores de CT e CTerm foram superiores no sistema agroecológico. Recomenda-se a utilização de práticas de manejo visando a redução dos valores de CCS e CBT do leite produzido no Oeste do Paraná para adequarem-se aos valores exigidos pela IN76.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of selenium-enriched Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the performance, composition and quality of milk from cows fed diets containing dried malt bagasse. Eight Holstein cows were distributed in a 4 × 4 double Latin square. The treatments were in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme: with or without the inclusion of malt bagasse x with or without the addition of selenium-enriched Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Dried malt bagasse was included at 24% in the dry matter (DM) of the diet; the amount of yeast supplied was 15 g/day and was composed of strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 containing 1.0 × 109 CFU/g and 170 mg selenium/kg. Cows fed diets containing malt bagasse presented lower intakes of DM, crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and higher intakes of ethereal extract and neutral detergent fiber (P

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal level of dried brewers' grains (DBG) to replace soybean meal in diets for lactating Holstein cows. Five cows, around 88±28 days in milk, were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design and fed diets containing different levels of DBG (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). The forage:concentrate ratio of the diet was 50:50. Feed intake, dry matter, nutrient digestibility, microbial synthesis, milk production and composition, and the economic viability of the diets were evaluated. There was reduction in dry matter intake and, consequently, in crude protein and non-fiber carbohydrates with increased levels of DBG. This occurred due to physical limitation of rumen caused by increased neutral detergent fiber intake. Ether extract intake also increased with levels of DBG due to higher concentrations of this nutrient in the diet. Apparent dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, and neutral detergent fiber digestibility increased with replacement of soybean meal by DBG. Milk production showed a quadratic effect and the levels of fat, protein, and total solids reduced linearly. Each 1% of soybean meal replaced by DBG in concentrate led to a reduction of 0.04, 0.02, and 0.06 g kg-1 of milk fat, protein, and total solids, respectively. The milk production efficiency increased linearly and the microbial synthesis efficiency was not affected. The economic return increased along with the DBG levels. Thus, DBG levels replacing up to 75% of soybean meal can be used to feed lactating cows, since it provides improvements in digestibility, milk production efficiency, and economic return without affecting microbial efficiency.