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Coal is a fuel that is often used in industry by converting the kinetic energy of combustion steam. However,this continuous combustion creates one of the problems, namely the resulting combustion residue in the form of fly ash and bottom ash which is still contaminated with its radionuclide. Based on the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia no. 22 of 2021 about the implementation and management of environment and concerning to hazardous waste, that any toxic and hazardous waste is prohibited from being used as a substitute for raw materials, as a substitute for energy sources, as raw materials having a radioactivity value exceeding 1 Bq/g (one Becquerel per gram) for each radionuclide in the uranium and thorium series or 10 Bq/g (ten Becquerel per gram) for potassium. Radioactivity measurements have been carried out on four undisclosed samples of fly ash from several industries in Bandung using a Gamma Spectrometer (HPGe) and four undisclosed samples of fly ash using Alpha-Beta Counting System. The purpose of this measurement is as a preliminary study of the level of radioactivity in fly ash produced from coal burning industry activities in the Bandung area. Based on the results of gamma spectrometry measurements, the radionuclides found were Pb-214, Bi-214, Ra-226, Pb-212, and K-40 with the radioactivity concentration of sample ranged from 19.209 Bq/kg to 292.184 Bq/kg. All of the sample has the activity concentrations below the limit value by the Government Regulation of Republic Indonesia no. 22 of 2021. Result of the measurement of gross alpha is ranging from 0.0101 Bq/g to 0.0344 Bq/g and gross beta is ranging from 0.0506 Bq/g to 0.2398 Bq/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radioactive effluents are released to the environment in the form of liquid or gaseous. The estimation of radioactivity discharge limits from liquid radioactive effluent of the Bandung nuclear area to the Cikapundung river has been conducted with the aim of controlling radioactive released to the river. Radioactivity discharged control is also performed in order to protect the public and also the environment. Estimation of radioactivity discharged limit is done by using PC-CREAM software. The parameters that affect the estimation of radioactivity discharge limit are, for example, the type of radionuclide (source term) and the concentration of radioactivity, the pathway of radionuclides in the environment, dose constraints for site-specific, the river parameters, and several assumptions taking into account. The results of this calculation is the values of discharge limit from liquid radioactive effluent into the Cikapundung river are 3.23E+10 Bq/y of Co-60, 4.29E+11 Bq/y of Eu-152, 5.72E+10 Bq/y of I-131, 1.25E+11 Bq/y of Sb-124, 1.89E+11 Bq/y of Sb-125, 3.14E+10 Bq/y of Sc-46, 4.32E+10 Bq/y of Sc-47, 7.19E+09 Bq/y of Se-75, 2.78E+10 Bq/y of Sn-113, 1.84E+10 Bq/y of Tb-160, 2.26E+10 Bq/y of Yb-169. These radionuclides discharge limit give 9.99E+01 µSv received dose for a year for adults (the critical group), after 1 year of effluent discharge. The dose received by the adult critical group is approach the site-specific dose constraint of 0.10 mSv per year. This estimation could be a basis for consideration for the determination of liquid radioactive effluent discharge limit of Bandung nuclear area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]