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Individual learning efforts can be shown to aggregate within firms and explain the structural limits of knowledge creation, and these limits are often rooted in the heuristic shortcuts and limits of individual and group cognition and communication. Benefits from organizational learning should be apparent and measurable, and, at a minimum, these positive outcomes for the firm may come in the form of more efficient or effective human resource allocation and may generate significant innovations and the improved distribution of physical or financial resources, thereby resulting in savings or increased financial returns from applying superior knowledge, compared with rivals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of acute kidney injury due to primary renal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, which developed after initiation of tenofovir-containing antiretroviral therapy in a 28-year-old HIV-positive man. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

The COVID-19 global pandemic caused major disruptions to the delivery of human Anatomy and Physiology courses to nursing students worldwide. The aim of the current study is to evaluate nursing students' experiences and perceptions of transitioning from a blended to a purely online study mode for first year Anatomy and Physiology courses during the global pandemic. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used with a sample of undergraduate nursing students enrolled at a regional Australian university across its three campuses. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to describe the study population. Content analysis was used to evaluate the participants' use of resources, experiences, and preferences in studying anatomy and physiology. There were 101 participants recruited in the study. Results indicated that face-to-face study mode (41.86%) was the preferred method of delivery during the global pandemic and participants were having a renewed appreciation for the blended study mode (38.37%). Online study mode was the least preferred (19.77%), with the participants' opinions of this mode of study not altered by the global pandemic. Although the COVID-19 global pandemic shifted the traditional teaching of anatomy and physiology in nursing programs to an online environment, the long-term impacts of this disruption have yet to be ascertained., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

The best management strategy for HIV patients who fail to respond to first-line therapy for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is currently unclear. We identified all patients who were treated with trimetrexate and folinic acid who failed 7 or more days of cotrimoxazole, clindamycin-primaquine or dapsone-trimethoprim between 1996 and 2006. Trimetrexate was tolerated in 100% of cases with no treatment termination secondary to adverse drug reactions. Despite severe disease, 71% of patients were alive after 12 weeks.

Eighteen patients with symptomatic HIV disease were enrolled into a phase I/II study of a microsphere formulation of the HIV protease inhibitor KNI-272, with doses escalated up to a maximum dose of 60 mg/kg/day. One patient developed reversible elevation in hepatic transaminase. The plasma half-life of the drug was very short, varying between 0.25 and 1.1 h. No consistent effect on plasma HIV RNA levels or CD4(+) lymphocyte counts was seen.

HIV-1 is characterised by extensive genetic variability encompassing at least 10 different phylogenetically related clades within the major group of HIV-1 subtypes. Most commercially available HIV-1 RNA plasma viral load assays have been optimised with clade B viruses and may yield misleadingly low RNA levels for nonclade B viruses that are increasingly found in Europe. In this study we compare the most recent versions of the Roche Amplicor HIV Monitor and the Chiron Quantiplex for ability to detect viraemia in a population of patients infected with a range of HIV-1 subtypes. EDTA-treated plasma was obtained from 206 patients. The Amplicor and Quantiplex assays were carried out in accordance with manufacturers' instructions. Results from 53/206 (25.7%) samples differed by >0.4 log between Amplicor 1.5 and Quantiplex 3.0. A >0.5 log and 1.0 log difference was detected between Amplicor 1.5 and Quantiplex 3.0 in 37/206 (17.9%) and 7/206 (3.4%) of samples, respectively. Overall, Amplicor 1.5 gave a median value of 0.22 log higher than Quantiplex 3.0. Discordant results were detected in 53 out of 206 (25.7%) samples. Of these 22 out of 123 (17.9%) samples were of UK origin, 18 out of 43 (41.9%) African, 1 out of 8 (12.5%) South American, 1 out of 6 (16.7%) North American, 4 out of 9 (44.4%) North European, 3 out of 11 (23.7%) South European and 3 out of 7 (42.3%) Asian samples, respectively. Serotyping revealed that discordant viral load results between Amplicor 1.5 and Quantiplex 3.0 occurred within samples from all subtypes (A-E). Despite the improvements made to both the Roche Amplicor and the Chiron Quantiplex assays discordant results were detected between the two assays in 25.7% of cases. In a substantial minority of patients there were major discrepancies between the two assays that were not explained by HIV subtype differences., (Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

Thirteen protease inhibitor-naive patients with HIV-1 infection, and 12 patients with a median of 58 months prior treatment with saquinavir (SQV) monotherapy, were treated with SQV (400 mg twice daily) and ritonavir (RIT, 500 mg twice daily) in a study designed to assess the effect of prior treatment with SQV monotherapy on the antiretroviral activity of RIT-SQV combination therapy. Median baseline viral load and CD4+ cell counts were 155,000 and 262,000 copies/ml and 333 and 225 cells/mm3 in the naive and experienced groups, respectively. Mean viral load changes at 24 weeks were -1.63 and -0.27 log copies/ml in the naive and SQV-experienced groups, respectively (intent-to-treat analysis). Baseline genotype by point mutation assay and sequencing in the SQV-experienced group was highly predictive of virological response. Eight of 11 SQV-experienced patients had evidence of phenotypic resistance to RIT at baseline, despite previous treatment with SQV only. There was strong correlation between phenotypic resistance to RIT and the presence of the L90M mutation. We conclude that prolonged prior treatment with saquinavir monotherapy may produce cross-resistance to ritonavir and reduce the subsequent response to ritonavir-saquinavir in combination. In this study, both phenotypic resistance to ritonavir and presence of the L90M mutation predicted the viral load response to ritonavir-saquinavir.

To assess differences between Africans and expatriates, we reviewed records of 100 patients with loiasis presenting to The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London. Fifty-one were black Africans, and 49 were white expatriates. A history of Calabar swellings was more common amongst expatriates (P = 0.0001, OR 8.1), whilst eyeworm was reported more frequently in Africans (P = 0.0038, OR 4.2). Higher eosinophil levels (P < 0.0001) and filarial antibody levels, whether measured by immunofluorescence (P = 0.047) or ELISA (P < 0.0001) were present in the expatriates. Africans were more likely to have microfilaraemia (P < 0.0025, OR 7.3), and among microfilaraemic patients, Africans had denser microfilaraemia (P = 0.012). The sensitivity of microfilaremia as a screening test for loiasis was 75% in Africans and 29% in expatriates. The sensitivities of filarial antibody tests in Africans and expatriates were 81% and 100% for IFAT, and 28% and 93% for ELISA. Following treatment, 63% of patients were considered cured, 25% were lost to follow-up and 12% had a documented relapse. The differences between the two groups of patients could be caused by differences in the chronicity of loiasis, but other explanations are also discussed.

A retrospective review of all 248 liver biopsies performed in patients with HIV infection at two referral centres in London over a 12 year period revealed five cases of major bleeding following biopsy, with four deaths. The risk of major bleeding was 2.0%, and mortality was 1.6% following liver biopsy. The risk of bleeding as much higher than in published series of biopsies done in patients without HIV infection, owing in part to the high prevalence of thrombocytopaenia and clotting abnormalities in patients with HIV infection. HIV infection per se may also increase the risk of bleeding following liver biopsy.

Feigned HIV infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in which people mimic infection with or disease due to HIV, accounted for 1.7% of admissions to our specialist HIV unit in Central London over a 5 year period. Of 12 patients with feigned HIV/AIDS, 11 were HIV antibody-negative, and one refused testing. Presenting histories were sometimes grandiose, unusually tragic, or unlikely in relation to the patients' healthy appearance, and often included admissions to other specialist HIV units. Substance abuse was suspected in over half of the patients described, a higher frequency than that observed in our HIV-infected patient population. The possibility of feigned HIV/AIDS should be remembered in persons with self-reported HIV infection. Recognition of this condition is important to avoid costly and potentially dangerous investigation and therapy.

A total of 48 adults were tested in 24 separate pairs either during the morning (10:00 A.M.) or evening (10:00 P.M.). One member of each pair was instructed to record (write) impressions and descriptions of 8 different art pieces (5 min. each). At the same time the other member of the pair sat in a comfortable chair within an acoustic chamber in another room and wrote an ongoing narrative. The evaluation and activity dimensions of the words that composed the narratives were scored by the Whissell Dictionary of Affect in Language. The increased global geomagnetic activity two days before the experiments was significantly associated (rhos about 0.60) with the use of more unpleasant words for people who sat in the quiet chamber only. Implications for the hypothesis of affective concordance between emotionally bonded human beings and its role in episodes of potentially veridical telepathic experiences are discussed.

Objective: To describe the association between acute choreoathetosis/ballismus and hypoglycemia related to pentamidine therapy in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome., Design: A single case report., Measures: Clinical observation, laboratory analysis of blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and magnetic resonance imaging of brain., Results: No association was found apart from hypoglycemia. The abnormal movements and hypoglycemia did not recur following cessation of pentamidine., Conclusions: Hypoglycemia related to pentamidine therapy can cause neurologic disorders in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Large numbers of people return to the UK each year (estimated at 2 million in 1990) from tropical areas where they may have been exposed to a variety of tropical infections. Some will seek medical help because of specific symptoms, whilst others who are asymptomatic will request screening investigations to reveal latent infections which might give rise to symptoms later in life. A third group will ask for help with retrospective diagnosis of illnesses suffered whilst abroad. People from all three groups may express concern about the risk of passing on infections to close contacts or may be worried about their fitness to return to the tropics. The precise value of screening for tropical illness is hard to quantify, as the chance of finding an important treatable illness in any one individual will depend on the level of risk of infection to which that individual has been exposed. In some groups of travellers such as refugees, screening is clearly worthwhile, whilst in others whose risk of serious infection is low, the benefit is likely to be small. Nevertheless a demand for screening after tropical travel exists, and it is important to be aware of how to investigate for asymptomatic disease in returned travellers who request screening.