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In the process of vocal music learning, incorrect vocalization methods and excessive use of voice have brought many problems to the voice and accumulated a lot of inflammation, so that the level of vocal music learning stagnated or even declined. How to find a way to improve yourself without damaging your voice has become a problem that we have been pursuing. Therefore, it is of great practical significance for vocal music teaching in normal universities to conduct in-depth research and discussion on “pharyngeal singing.” Based on audio extraction, this paper studies the vocal music teaching pharyngeal training method. Different methods of vocal music teaching pharyngeal training have different times. When the recognition amount is 3, the average recognition time of vocal music teaching pharyngeal training based on data mining is 0.010 seconds, the average recognition time of vocal music teaching pharyngeal training based on Internet of Things is 0.011 seconds, and the average recognition time of vocal music teaching pharyngeal training based on audio extraction is 0.006 seconds. The recognition time of the audio extraction method is much shorter than that of the other two traditional methods, because the audio extraction method can perform segmented training according to the changing trend of physical characteristics of notes, effectively extract the characteristics of vocal music teaching pharyngeal training, and shorten the recognition time. The learning of “pharyngeal singing” in vocal music teaching based on audio extraction is different from general vocal music training. It has its unique theory, concept, law, and sound image. In order to “liberate your voice,” it adopts large-capacity and large-scale training methods.

Most phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils is found in the surface layers and topsoil foraging is often considered to be important for P recovery. The aim of this work was to examine how the amount and distribution of roots in the surface soil layer affects growth and response to P fertiliser in wheat and barley. Between 10 and 20 varieties of wheat and barley were grown at 0 kg P/ha and 30 kg P/ha at P responsive sites over two years. The amount of roots in the surface 10 cm of soil between and within sowing rows and their ratio were assessed using the concentration of root DNA in the soil at Zadok’s growth stage (ZGS) 30–31. Shoot biomass and P concentration were measured at the time of root sampling and plots were harvested for yield. Adding P increased root DNA density with the greater response observed in the seeding row. Significant differences in root DNA density were measured among varieties and these showed some consistency over sites. The degree of lateral spread of roots did not differ between barley and wheat, but within-row root growth of barley showed a greater response to P than that of wheat. Biomass production, yield and yield response to P were not related consistently to root DNA density nor to the ratio of root DNA between and within rows. Genetic differences in root growth in the top 10 cm can be identified but the root DNA density in the soil and the distribution of roots within and between rows were not consistently associated with P uptake, yield or yield response to P.

With the rapid development of modern society, people pay more and more attention to education and the cultivation of innovative talents in college music teaching is very important. We need innovative talents to achieve better results, improve relevant work and promote personnel development for the development of the music industry, we should constantly innovate and make various arrangements so as to achieve better results.

Objectives. Identifying recent infections is necessary to monitor HIV/AIDS epidemic; however, it needs to be further developed. Methods and Results. Participants were defined as having recent infection or older infection according to the estimated duration of HIV-1 infection and further assigned into training set and validation set according to their entering time points. Western blot (WB) confirmatory test and BED-CEIA were performed. The performance of the two methods on recent HIV-1 diagnosis was evaluated and compared. 81 subjects were enrolled in the training set and 72 in the validation set. Relative grey ratios of p24, p39, p31, p66, gp41, and gp160 were significantly higher in older infected patients of the training set. The present status of p55 was more frequently missing in recently infected patients in both sets. The logistic stepwise regression analysis of WB method shows sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 93.02%, 92.11%, and 92.59%. For BED-CEIA, they were 76.74%, 86.84%, and 81.48%. In the validation set, overall agreement rate, sensitivity, and specificity were 88.46%, 84.78%, and 86.11% in the WB-based method and 50.00%, 84.78%, and 72.22% in the BED-CEIA method. Conclusions. WB-based method is a promising approach to predict recent HIV-1 infection, especially in resource-limited regions.

The authors wish to thank Ursula Langridge, Hui Zhou, Bryce Shi and Petrus Tang for providing assistance. The authors also thank Dr Julie Hayes for her careful and critical reading of the manuscript, Phosphorus (P) is essential for plant growth. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in phosphate homeostasis. However, little is known about P effect on miRNA expression in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In this study, we used Illumina's next-generation sequencing technology to sequence small RNAs (sRNAs) in barley grown under P-deficient and P-sufficient conditions. We identified 221 conserved miRNAs and 12 novel miRNAs, of which 55 were only present in P-deficient treatment while 32 only existed in P-sufficient treatment. Total 47 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between the two P treatments (|log2| > 1). We also identified many other classes of sRNAs, including sense and antisense sRNAs, repeat-associated sRNAs, transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived sRNAs and chloroplast-derived sRNAs, and some of which were also significantly differentially expressed between the two P treatments. Of all the sRNAs identified, antisense sRNAs were the most abundant sRNA class in both P treatments. Surprisingly, about one-fourth of sRNAs were derived from the chloroplast genome, and a chloroplast-encoded tRNA-derived sRNA was the most abundant sRNA of all the sRNAs sequenced. Our data provide valuable clues for understanding the properties of sRNAs and new insights into the potential roles of miRNAs and other classes of sRNAs in the control of phosphate homeostasis.

Aims: Root branching is a fundamental phenotypic property of a root system. In this paper we present a system for the fully automated detection and classification of root tips in root images obtained either by 2D flat bed scanning or by 3D digital camera imaging.With our system we aim to provide a robust, efficient and accurate means of phenotyping of roots. Methods: Structural information derived from image features such as root ends and root branches is utilised for the detection and classification processes. A statistical analysis based on training data sets of root tips and non-root tips is used to assign image features to one of three different classes: non-root tips, primary root tips and lateral root tips. The automated procedure is optimised to ensure as high true detection rate and low false detection rate as possible. Results: We apply the method to images of barley,rice, and corn roots taken either by 2D scanning of washed and cut roots or digital camera images of plant roots growing in a transparent medium. The results of our detection and classification procedure are validated by a comparison with manually labelled images for all three species. Our results are also compared to two established platforms, EZ-Rhizo and WinRHIZO. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of the statistical learning approach by quantifying root phenotypic properties of barley double haploid lines. Conclusions: The method of statistical learning of characteristic features is an accurate means of not only counting root numbers, but also discriminating between primary and lateral roots. The fully automated procedure presented in this paper can be used reliably in high throughput situations to characterise quantitative phenotypic variation. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Much of the recent gains in global crop production have been underpinned by greater use of fertilizer, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, and continued improvements in plant nutrition will be needed to meet the increasing demands for food and fiber from a growing world population. Climate change presents many challenges to improvements in nutrient use efficiency by its direct effects on the growth and yield of plants, and hence on nutrient demand, and by its influence on soil nutrient cycling, nutrient availability, and uptake. However, the consequences of climate change on plant nutrition are difficult to predict because of the complexity of the soil–plant–atmosphere system. Empirical data suggests that enhanced as well as reduced nutrient availability and uptake may occur as a result of climate change, depending on the nutrient in question and the component of the climate that changes. Notwithstanding the uncertainty of the effects of climate change on soil nutrient availability and plant nutrient uptake, improvements in nutrient use efficiency will be required to sustain productivity into the future.

The expression of two barley genes, Ids1 and Ids2, that were induced specifically by iron (Fe) deficiency stress in solution culture, was examined in two barley genotypes differing in manganese (Mn) efficiency. Plants were grown in a calcareous soil supplied with two levels of Mn (15 and 100 mg/kg soil). Ids1 was expressed at equal levels in the roots of both genotypes, and this expression was not affected by Mn supply. These results suggest that the expression of Ids1 probably does not contribute to Mn efficiency. A contrasting result was obtained for Ids2, which was expressed at a higher level in the roots of the Mn‐inefficient genotype than in the Mn‐efficient genotype. However, the expression levels also were not affected by Mn supply. The differential expression of Ids2 may indicate that this gene plays a role both in the Fe deficiency response and in the Mn efficiency mechanism. An interesting observation made on the time course of expression of the two genes. Initially, both genes had low ...

Mn efficiency is defined here as an ability of a genotype to grow and yield well in a soil which is limiting in available Mn for a standard genotype (Graham, 1984). Screening for Mn efficiency in soil-based pot testing had been producing inconsistent results, and thus improvement of pot screening became an objective. One possible factor, pot size was examined as the cause, using two sizes of pot. In large pots, the expectation of higher dry matter and shoot Mn concentration in a Mn-efficient genotype compared to a Mn-inefficient genotype was realised over a wide range of Mn supply, whereas in small pots, the genotypic differences were expressed at only one, low rate of Mn supply (10 mg kg soil-1). Plants in the small pots strongly responded to root restriction by decreasing yields and increasing root/shoot ratios and Mn concentrations of shoots. The critical value of Mn concentration for shoot growth was not affected by the small pots, but the Mn mobilization by plants might be affected in the small pots. The practical outcome of these results is that using an adequate size of pot and measuring the Mn concentration of shoots, soil-based pot screening for Mn efficiency can be improved.

Background MicroRNAs are important components of the regulatory network of biological systems and thousands have been discovered in both animals and plants. Systematic investigations performed in species with sequenced genomes such as Arabidopsis, rice, poplar and Brachypodium have provided insights into the evolutionary relationships of this class of small RNAs among plants. However, miRNAs from barley, one of the most important cereal crops, remain unknown. Results We performed a large scale study of barley miRNAs through deep sequencing of small RNAs extracted from leaves of two barley cultivars. By using the presence of miRNA precursor sequences in related genomes as one of a number of supporting criteria, we identified up to 100 miRNAs in barley. Of these only 56 have orthologs in wheat, rice or Brachypodium that are known to be expressed, while up to 44 appear to be specifically expressed in barley. Conclusions Our study, the first large scale investigation of small RNAs in barley, has identified up to 100 miRNAs. We demonstrate that reliable identification of miRNAs via deep sequencing in a species whose genome has not been sequenced requires a more careful analysis of sequencing errors than is commonly performed. We devised a read filtering procedure for dealing with errors. In addition, we found that the use of a large dataset of almost 35 million reads permits the use of read abundance distributions along putative precursor sequences as a practical tool for isolating miRNAs in a large background of reads originating from other non-coding and coding RNAs. This study therefore provides a generic approach for discovering novel miRNAs where no genome sequence is available.

The effects of toxic boron (B) concentrations on the growth of wheat genotypes at organ level and cellular level were investigated using excised root culture techniques. At the organ level, wheat genotypes differed for root elongation and lateral root development in response to toxic B concentrations. Genotypes classified as resistant from field studies had longer root axes and more lateral roots than sensitive or moderately sensitive genotypes, but there was no difference in axis elongation between sensitive and moderately sensitive genotypes. At the cellular level, callus production of root explants among genotypes still different at toxic B concentrations: resistant genotypes could produce more callus than sensitive or moderately sensitive genotypes. These results suggest that differences among genotypes in resistance to toxic B concentrations may be related to cell membrane permeability to B since they were also expressed in undifferentiated callus cells. The distinct and consistent differences among genotypes in response to B toxicity both at the organ level and at the cellular level could serve as a basis for selection in a breeding program. The methods were precise and efficient.

Mn-efficient barley genotypes can absorb more Mn from soil than Mn-inefficient genotypes. To examine whether this capability is induced only under Mn deficiency, two barley genotypes differing in Mn efficiency were grown in a calcareous soil supplied with Mn from 0 to 1000 mg kg soil-1. Results showed that the efficient Mn uptake system in the Mn-efficient genotype functioned over the full range of Mn supply, and thus it is concluded that the efficient Mn uptake is a constitutive system.

A new chelate-buffering technique was used to investigate the effect of pH (6.00, 6.85 and 7.70) on manganese (Mn) absorption from nutrient solution by three genotypes of barley plants differing in Mn efficiency. The nutrient composition was adjusted such that the calculated activities of Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ were similar in each pH, thus eliminating any effect of the pH treatment on Mn2+ supply. Increasing pH from 6.00 to 7.70 increased the rate of Mn absorption and decreased the external Mn requirement for optimal growth rate. With increasing pH, Mn concentrations in roots rose markedly, and were higher than those in shoots at pH 7.70. Genotypic differences in Mn concentration of roots appeared only at higher pH. We suggest that higher Mn concentration in roots of inefficient plants may be related to Mn immobilisation in roots, and this may be a factor in the mechanism of Mn efficiency.

A new LCD Charge-Discharge identified Time Extension (CDiTEX) driving method with a high charged voltage is proposed. This driving method originates from the discrepant charge and discharge time existing in the dynamic behavior of TFT. The charge time can be expanded effectively by shrinking the discharge time. It is compatible with common electrode DC signal and is capable of dot, row and frame inversion. The CDiTEX has been approved in the commercial dual-sided embedded gate circuits.