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Osteosarcoma is one of the rare but fatal malignancies. The high metastatic rate, late diagnosis, emergence of drug resistance against drugs such as doxorubicin, and the lack of therapeutic targets obstructs the treatment of osteosarcoma. This study was undertaken to investigate the role and therapeutic potential of miR-187 in human osteosarcoma cells.The WST-1 proliferation assay was used for investigation of cell viability. Transfections were carried out by Lipofectamine 2000 reagent. The qRT-PCR was used for expression analysis. DAPI, acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EB) and Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay were used for apoptosis. Western blot analysis was used for the determination of protein expression.The expression of miR-187 was significantly downregulated in human osteosarcoma cells. Out of all osteosarcoma cell lines the SAOS-2 showed the lowest expression of miR-187 and therefore this cell line was selected for further studies. Overexpression of miR-187 caused significant inhibition in the proliferation of SAOS-2 osteosarcoma cells. The miR-187-triggered growth inhibition was found to be mainly due to induction of G2/M phase cell cycle arrest of the SAOS-2 cells. The G2/M cell cycle arrest was also accompanied by depletion of Cyclin-B1 expression. Additionally, miR-187 enhanced the chemosensitivity of the osteosarcoma cells to doxorubicin. The wound healing and transwell assay showed that miR-187 overexpression resulted in the suppression of migration and invasion of the SAOS-2 osteosarcoma cells. In silico analysis showed that miR-187 exerts its effects by inhibiting mitogen activated protein kinase 7 (MAPK7). The expression of MAPK7 was found to be significantly upregulated in osteosarcoma cells and overexpression of MAPK7 could nullify the effects of miR-187 on the proliferation of the osteosarcoma cells.

Protein S-nitrosylation is a reversible protein modification implicated in both physiological and pathophysiological regulation of protein function. However, the relationship between dysregulated S-nitrosylation homeostasis and diabetic vascular complications remains incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a key regulatory link between S-nitrosylation homeostasis and inflammation, and alleviated endothelial dysfunction and angiogenic defects in diabetes. Subjecting human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia significantly decreased endogenous S-nitrosylated proteins, including S-nitrosylation of inhibitor kappa B kinase β (IKKβC179) and transcription factor p65 (p65C38), which was alleviated by bFGF co-treatment. Pretreatment with carboxy-PTIO (c-PTIO), a nitric oxide scavenger, abolished bFGF-mediated S-nitrosylation increase and endothelial protection. Meanwhile, nitrosylation-resistant IKKβC179S and p65C38S mutants exacerbated endothelial dysfunction in db/db mice, and in cultured HUVECs subjected to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Mechanistically, bFGF-mediated increase of S-nitrosylated IKKβ and p65 was attributed to synergistic effects of increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and thioredoxin (Trx) activity. Taken together, the endothelial protective effect of bFGF under hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia can be partially attributed to its role in suppressing inflammation via the S-nitrosylation pathway.

Morel-Lavallee lesions are rare, closed degloving soft tissue injuries in which the skin and subcutaneous tissues are traumatic separated from the underlying fascia. There is lack of consensus regarding optimal management of these lesions. After failure of conservative management, operative intervention is imperative. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe a minimally invasive endoscopic method for treatment of Morel-Lavallee Lesions, which achieves the goal of an open surgical debridement.

Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are heterogeneous effector T cells with diverse T-cell receptor specificities with non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytolytic activities against tumor cells and are considered a promising therapeutic approach against hematologic malignancy. Recently, it has been reported that IL-15-activated CIK cells are superior to cells generated according to the standard protocol; however, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that in IL-15-stimulated CIK cells, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression was upregulated. Upon knockdown of TLR4, the cytolytic activity was considerably compromised. Re-expression of TLR4 in CIK cells restored their function, confirming the essential role of TLR4 in CIK cell cytotoxicity. Collectively, our study demonstrated that TLR4 was essential for the cytotoxicity of CIK cells against tumor cells, which might provide a novel approach to promote the therapeutic efficacy of CIK cells against hematologic malignancy.

In developing countries, Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) can be a valuable source of information, as often no detailed geo-data is available. Furthermore, it enables to aggregate local knowledge that can only be provided by local stakeholders. However, due to the complexity of tools and workflows of VGI applications, the participation within VGI projects is typically limited to technically skilled persons. We propose to focus on task-specific interfaces to integrate inexperienced user groups in the data collection process. For the example of micro-mapping we show how What-You-See-Is-What-You-Map (WYSIWYM) interfaces can lower the technological barriers compared to generic user interfaces and allow the contribution of precise geometric geographic data even for technologically uneducated persons. We report on two user studies in two different settings: the first study compares the general quantitative and qualitative aspects of user-generated data of three different geographic data collection tools, and the second study investigates the robustness of these results with a focus on the technological barrier with technologically untrained farmers in rural Laos. We are able to show that WYSIWYM interfaces foster the contribution of data of promising quality and at the same time significantly lower the barrier of usage. Thus, WYSIWYM is well suited to integrate contributors with limited technological knowledge into VGI processes and enables crowdsourcing geographic information at a local level.

Monitoring and evaluating progress and impact of development projects is a critical aspect. In this paper, we show how we can use a smartphone based system to intuitively retrieve the exact geometry of smaller objects, making it suitable to assess agricultural entities like fields or ponds with their exact extent and location. The system's simple and intuitive workflow can be used by laymen and thus allows for crowdsourcing geo-data on a local level.

Geographic information is increasingly contributed by volunteers via crowdsourcing platforms. However, most tools and methods require a high technical affinity of its users and a good understanding of geographic classification systems. These technological and educational barriers prevent casual users to contribute spatial data. In this chapter we present mapIT, a method to acquire and contribute complex geographic data. We further introduce the concept of micro-mapping, the acquisition of geometrically correct geometric data of small geographic entities. mapIT is a method for micro-mapping with smartphones with high geometric precision. We show that mapIT is highly accurate and able to reconstruct the geometry of mapped entities correctly.Please check and confirm the author names and initials are correct.

To obtain the anatomical data of the insertions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), popliteus tendon (PT), and popliteofibular ligament (PFL) for the posterolateral corner of the knee (PLC) reconstruction.Thirty human cadaveric knees were chosen to observe the structure of PLC, including 14 males and 16 females with an average age of 55 years (range, 45-71 years ). The insertions of LCL, PT, and PFL were identified, then the distances from the centers of the insertions to specific bony landmarks were measured, which were lateral epicondyle, the most proximal point on the styloid process and the most anterior point on the anterior surface of the fibular head. Normalization processing of the actual numerical values from each knee was performed.The center of the LCL insertion was at the site of (1.27 +/- 3.10) mm proximal and (2.99 +/- 1.29) mm posterior to the lateral epicondyle of the femur respectively, and the center of the PT insertion was at the site of (8.85 +/- 3.38) mm distal and (3.83 +/- 1.95) mm posterior to the lateral epicondyle of the femur respectively. The center of the LCL insertion was at the site of (10.56 +/- 2.17) mm distal and (7.51 +/- 1.81) mm anterior to the nearest point of the fibular styloid respectively, and the center of the PFL insertion was at the sites of (1.31 +/- 0.55) mm distal and (0.49 +/- 1.36) mm anterior to the nearest point of the fibular styloid respectively. The cross-sectional area of the insertions of femur was (44.96 +/- 13.29) mm2 for the LCL and (52.52 +/- 11.93) mm2 for the PT, respectively; the cross-sectional area of the insertions of fibula was (35.93 +/- 11.21) mm2 for the LCL and (14.71 +/- 6.91) mm2 for the PFL, respectively.The LCL, PT, and PFL have a consistent pattern of insertion.

The general situation on geospatial information is one of fragmented data sets and sources, gaps in availability, lack of harmonization between data sets at different geographical scales, and duplication of information collections. Addressing these issues, providers of geospatial information in Europe have to deliver their contents relating to specifications emerging in for the context of INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe). Schema mapping plays a critical role in this process. We suggest an approach that supports the data translation procedure using Web Service technology. Efficient and sufficiently loosely coupled components for rule management and translation execution were designed and implemented. We present them in this paper. Our solution guarantees extensibility in mapping rule structure and of translation operators. We allow users to customize geospatial information and thus enable flexible information exchange. We suggest and compare two options of using the developed software.

To investigate the anatomic feature of the posterior hip joint capsule and its distributional difference of collagen fibers and to probe the optimization of the capsulotomy which can reserve the best strength part.Ten adult cadaver pelvises (6 males and 4 females, aged 28-64 years) fixed with formalin were used. Ten right hips were used for anatomical experiment of hip joint capsule. The posterior hip joint capsules were divided into 3 sectors (I-III sectors) and 9 parts (I(A-C), II(D-F), III(G-I). The average thickness of each part was measured and the ischiofemorale ligaments were observed. Five capsules selected from ten left hips were used for histological experiment. The content of collagen fibers in sector I and sector II was analyzed by Masson's staining. Two fresh frozen specimens which were voluntary contributions were contrasted with the fixed specimens. The optimal incision line of the posterior capsule was designed and used.The thickness in the posterior hip joint capsule [I(A) (2.30 +/- 0.40), I(B) (4.68 +/- 0.81), I(C) (2.83 +/- 0.69), II(D) (2.80 +/- 0.79), II(E) (4.22 +/- 1.33), II(F) (2.50 +/- 0.54), III(G) (1.57 +/- 0.40), III(H) (2.60 +/- 0.63), III(I) (1.31 +/- 0.28) mm] had no uniformity (P0.01). The III(G) part and the III(I) part were thinner than the I(B) part and the II(E) part (P0.01). Two weaker parts located at obturator externus sector (sector III), the ischiofemorale ligament trunk went through two thicker parts (I(B) and II(E)). The distribution of the collagen fibers in sector I and sector II(I(A) 20.34% +/- 5.14%, I(B) 48.79% +/- 12.67%, I(C) 19.87% +/- 5.21%, II(D) 17.57% +/- 3.56%, II(E) 46.76% +/- 11.47%, II(F) 28.65% +/- 15.79%) had no uniformity (P0.01). The content of collagen fibers in I(B) part and II(E) part were more than that of other parts (P0.01). There were no statistically significant difference in the distribution feature of the thickness and the ischiofemorale ligaments between the fresh frozen specimens and the fixed specimens. The optimal incision line C-A-B-D-E of the posterior capsule was designed and put into clinical application. The remaining capsular flap comprise the most of the ischiofemorale ligament trunk and the part of gluteus minimus.Although enhanced posterior soft tissue repair in total hip arthroplasty was investigated deeply and obtained great development, but the postoperative dislocation rate was not eliminated. It is significant for optimizing the capsulotomy to reserve the best strength part of the posterior capsule and to bring into full play the function of the ischiofemorale ligaments.