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We show the potential application of Er3+-doped BaF2 nanoparticles prepared from microemulsion technology for 1.5 μm amplification in telecommunication. Nanoparticles with different sizes of about 8, 10, and 20.5 nm were prepared. The XRD patterns showed the excursion of diffraction peaks. When the particle size is smaller or the diffraction angle is larger, this kind of excursion will be more serious. The emission bands of Er3+ at 1.54 μm for the three particle sizes at were as follows: 8 nm particles – 145 nm, 10 nm particles – 124 nm, and 20.5 nm particles – 82 nm (full width at half maximum, FWHM), or 173, 153, 97 nm (Δλeff), respectively. In all the three cases, the emission spectra were flat from 1.53 to 1.56 μm.

It has been found that charge compensated CaMoO4:Eu3+ phosphors show greatly enhanced red emission under 393 and 467 nm-excitation, compared with CaMoO4:Eu3+ without charge compensation. Two approaches to charge compensation, (a) 2Ca(2+) -> EU3+ + M+, where M+ is a monovalent cation like Li+, Na+ and K+ acting as a charge compensator; (b) 3Ca(2+) -> 2EU(3+) + vacancy, are investigated. The influence of sintering temperature and Eu3+ concentration on the luminescent property of phosphor samples is also discussed.

The complex fluorides KMF3:Re (M = Mg, Zn; Re = Eu, Ce) were solvothermally synthesized at 180 °C and characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and spectrofluorometer. In the emission spectrum of KMgF3:Eu powders, there is one sharp line emission located at 360 nm, which is arisen from f→f (6P7/2→8S7/2) transition of Eu2+ in KMgF3 lattice. The excitation spectrum of KMgF3:Eu powders monitored at 360 nm emission has only one broad peak maximum at about 250 nm. In the emission spectrum of KZnF3:Eu, there is one sharp line emission located at 360 nm (6P7/2→8S7/2 transition of Eu2+) and one broad range of 370–550 nm with a maximum center located at 461 nm, which is arisen from d→f (4f65d→8S7/2) transition of Eu2+. The excitation spectrum of KZnF3:Eu monitored at 360 nm emission has one broad peak maximum at about 253 nm. The typical doublet 5d–4f emission peaks of Ce3+ in KZnF3 powders are shown.

In this study, KMgF3:Eu2+ luminescent nanocrystals (NCs) were prepared in water/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/2-octanol microemulsions. The KMgF3:Eu2+ NCs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), fluorescence spectrum, infrared spectroscopy (IR) and elementary analysis. The results showed that the size of the KMgF3:Eu2+ NCs was hardly affected by water content and surfactant (CTAB) concentration. The emission spectrum showed that the position of the 362 nm peak is due to the K+ sites substituted Eu2+. Two emission peaks located at 589 and 612 nm can be attributed to Eu3+, which exist at two different types of Eu3+ centers: one is Eu3+ at a K+ site, the other is clustering of Eu3+ ions in the interstices of KMgF3 host lattice.

The complex fluorides Li 2 BeF 4 and LiSrAlF 6 were synthesized solvothermally at 180–240 °C and characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The different influence factors such as solvents, molar ratios of initial mixtures, reaction temperature and reaction time were investigated. The experimental results indicated that Li 2 BeF 4 and LiSrAlF 6 powders could be controllably synthesized in the solvothermal process.

In our study, the Eu2+ doped Li2CaSiO4 phosphors were initially synthesized by high temperature solid state method, and their luminescent properties were also investigated. Eu2+ ions occupied 8-coordinatid distorted dodecahedral Ca sites, leading to strong crystal field splitting. The strong crystal field splitting made the broad excitation band extending from UV to visible region. In addition, the high concentration of Li+ ions in the structure constrained the distortion of the emission centers, then resulted in a small stokes shift, similar to 1100 cm(-1). Under excitation, the Li2CaSiO4:Eu2+ phosphors emitted bluish green light with peak of 480 nm, FWHM of 31 nm and color coordination of (0.06, 0.44). The Eu2+ doped Li2CaSiO4 phosphor would be suitable for bluish green phosphor of white LEDs due to its excellent excitation profile and chromaticity.

Nanocrystals and powders of KMgF3 doped with Eu2+ were synthesized by the microemulsion method and the solvothermal process, respectively. The emission and excitation spectra of KMgF3:Eu2+ phosphors were measured and compared with those of the samples synthesized through a solid. state reaction, Bridgman-Stockbarger method, and mild hydrothermal technique. The KMgF3: Eu2+ samples synthesized by means of the microemulsion method and the solvothermal process show only a sharp emission peak located at 360 nm, in the emission spectra, which arises from the f -> f(P-6(1/2)-> S-8(1/2)) transition of Eu2+. The broad emission bands appear at 420 nm,,which arises from Eu2+

BaF2 nanocubes were prepared from quaternary reverse micelles of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), n-butanol, n-octane, and water. Interestingly, there are arching sheet-like dendrites growing between two neighbouring sides of these cubes. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the products were BaF2 single phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transition electron microscopy (TEM) was used to estimate the size of the final products. The results showed that the shape and size of particles were strongly dependent on the reaction conditions, such as the temperature and reaction time. When the reaction temperature was 25 °C, we obtained cuboid-like particles with 'clean' surfaces (no dendrites growing on them), and when the temperature was 35 °C, we obtained nanocubes with dendrites growing from them between the neighbouring sides. The influence of reaction time at a temperature of 35 °C is also discussed.

We reported, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the Sm3+ -doped yttriurn oxysulfide phosphors has reddish orange long-lasting phosphorescence. The phosphor show prominent luminescence in reddish orange due to the electronic transitions of (4)G(5/2) --> H-6(J) (J = 5/2, 7/2, 9/2), the afterglow color of this type of phosphors is a mixture of the three above mentioned electronic transition emissions and have a little different when the concentration of the Sm3+ dopant changes. Synthesis procedure of the Sm3+-yttrium oxysulfide reddish orange phosphor through the flux fusion method with binary flux compositions was presented. The synthesized phosphors were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to interpret the structural characterization. The XRD analysis result reveal that the Y2O2S:Sm3+ phosphor synthesized with a binary flux composition containing (S and Na2CO3 at a ratio of 1: 1 at 30 wt.% of total raw material) at 1050degreesC for 3 h was in single-phase. Luminescence properties of the Y2O2S:Sm3+ long-lasting phosphor was analyzed by measuring the excitation spectra, emission spectra and afterglow decay curve. The mechanism of the strong afterglow from Y2O2S:Sm3+ was also discussed in this paper.

Novel one-component phosphors, Cd1-xDyxSiO3, which emit white color long-lasting phosphorescence upon UV light excitation, are prepared by the conventional high-temperature solid-state method and t...

Novel pink light emitting long-lasting afterglow CdSiO3:Sm3+ phosphors are prepared by the conventional high-temperature solid-state method and their luminescent properties are investigated. XRD and photoluminescence (PL) spectra are used to characterize the synthesized phosphors. The phosphors are well crystallized by calcinations at 1050°C for 5 h. These phosphors emit pink light and show long-lasting phosphorescence after they are excited with 254 nm ultraviolet light. The phosphorescence lasts for nearly 5 h in the light perception of the dark-adapted human eye (0.32 mcd/m2). The phosphorescence mechanism is also investigated. All the results indicate that these phosphors have promising potential practical applications.

Erbium-doped BaF 2 nanoparticles were prepared from the microemulsion of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), n -butanol, n -octane and water. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were indexed to a pure BaF 2 cubic phase. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that BaF 2 products were monodispersed with 15–20 nm in size at the dopant concentration of 0.06 mol%. At higher dopant concentration, there was no significant increase in particle size, but more polydispersed. Photoluminescence (PL) properties of the final products were examined. We can observe fluorescence of Er 3+ around 1540 nm and with the increase of dopant concentration, the fluorescent intensity increases.

The complex fluoride LiBaF3 and LiBaF3:M(M = Eu, Ce) is solvothermally synthesized at 180 degreesC and characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy. In the solvothermal process, the solvents, molar ratios of initial mixtures and reaction temperature play important roles in the formation of products. The excitation and emission spectra of the LiBaF3:M(M= Eu,Ce) have been measured by fluorescence spectrophotometer. In the LiBaF3: Eu emission spectra, there is one sharp line emission located at 360 nm arising from f --> f transition of Eu2+ in the host lattice, and typical doublet 5d-4f emission of Ce3+ in LiBaF3 powder is shown.

The cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/2-octanol/water microemulsion system was used to synthesize barium fluoride nanoparticles. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the products were single phase. The results of scanning electron microscopy and calculations using the Scherrer equation from the line widths of the XRD have been used to estimate the average particle sizes of the powder products. The results showed that the nanoparticle size was affected by water content and surfactant (CTAB) concentration. As water content decreases from 14.2 to 9.47% (w/w), the particle size decreases from 75 to 40 nm. In addition, increasing the reaction times from 5 to 120 min increases the particle size from 75 to 150 nm, and increasing the amount of surfactant decreases the size of the particle. Luminescence spectra of the BaF2:Ce nanoparticles are also discussed.

Photoluminescent organic–inorganic composite films incorporating the rare-earth-containing polyoxometalate Na9[EuW10O36] (EW) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) have been prepared by the layer-by-layer self-assembly method. UV-vis spectroscopy and ellipsometry were used to follow the fabrication process of the EW/PAH composite films. The experimental results show that the deposition process is linear and highly reproducible from layer to layer. An average EW/PAH bilayer thickness of ca. 2.1 nm was determined by ellipsometry. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images of the EW/PAH composite films indicate that the film surface is relatively uniform and smooth. The photoluminescent properties of these films were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy.

Cisplatin-loaded poly(l-glutamic acid)-g-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol 5K) nanoparticles (CDDP-NPs) were characterized and exploited for the treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). In vitro metabolism experiments showed that a glutamic acid 5-mPEG ester [CH3O(CH2CH2O)nGlu] was generated when the poly(l-glutamic acid)-g-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol 5K) (PLG-g-mPEG5K) was incubated with HeLa cells. This suggests that the poly(glutamic acid) backbone of the PLG-g-mPEG5K is biodegradable. Furthermore, the size of the CDDP-NPs in an aqueous solution was affected by varying the pH (5.0-8.0) and their degradation rate was dependent on temperature. The CDDP-NPs could also bind to the model nucleotide 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate, indicating a biological activity similar to cisplatin. The CDDP-NPs showed a significantly lower peak renal platinum concentration after a single systemic administration when compared to free cisplatin. In vivo experiments with a Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model showed that the CDDP-NPs suppressed the growth of tumors. In addition, LLC tumor-bearing mice treated with the CDDP-NPs (5mg/kg cisplatin eq.) showed much longer survival rates (median survival time: 51days) as compared with mice treated with free cisplatin (median survival time: 18days), due to the acceptable antitumor efficacy and low systemic toxicity of CDDP-NPs. These results suggest that the CDDP-NPs may be successfully applied to the treatment of NSCLC.

A four-level decay model in KMgF3:Eu2+ is proposed. The decay profiles of the P-6(7/2) excited state of Eu2+ are biexponential, and the physical implication of each term in the fit equation responsible for the model is interpreted. The evidence obtained spectroscopically for supporting the model is presented. A new method to study energy transfer between Eu2+ and X3+ in KMgF3:Eu-X (X = Gd, Ce, Cr) is established on the basis of the proposed model.

Energy transfer processes between Eu2+ and Gd3+, Cr3+, Ce3+ ions in KMgF3, which are difficult to study spectroscopically, have been investigated by using the proposed four-level decay model of the P-6(7/2) excited state of the Eu2+ ion. Gd3+ and Ce3+ transfer its energy to the vibronic transition of the P-6(7/2) --> S-8(7/2) transition of Eu2+, whereas Cr3+ receive energy from Eu2+ via the d-d interaction. The energy transfer from the Eu2+ 4f(6)5d level to the Ce3+ 4f5d state is observed spectroscopically, and the energy transfer mechanism is discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The excitation and emission spectra of the BaLiF3:Ce3+ phosphors synthesized through solid state reaction have been measured. By investigating the properties of the excitation spectra we point out that the variation in the excitation spectra with the amount of CeF3 dopant results from the different patterns of charge compensation in the matrices. The vacancies of Li+ ions are the favorable charge compensation pattern at low concentration of CeF3 doped, but interstitial F- ions are the major charge compensation pattern when the concentration of CeF3 doped goes beyond a certain value. (C) 2000 Academic Press

Nanoparticles of BaLiF3:Er3+ were prepared from the quaternary microemulsions of Cetyltrim-Enthyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB), n-butanol, n-octane, and water, using the hydrothermal-microemulsion technique. The complex fluorides were characterized by means of X-ray power diffraction, Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), and fluorescence spectra. The positions and intensities of the peaks in the XRD pattern of the final products indicate the formation of BaLiF3:Er3+. No other peaks or impurities were detected. The average size of the nanoparticles, calculated with the Debye-Scherrer equation was 98.45 nm, which was in agreement with the result of ESEM. The infrared fluorescence spectra consisted of four peaks with a predominant peak located at 1540 nm.

Europium(II) and terbium(LV) drive boon observed in SrMgF4: Eu3+, Tb5+ phosphors which are synthesized in Ar stream. The valence state of europium is influenced by terbium. It is notable that the intensities of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) peaks corresponding to Eu2+ are increased when Tb3+ ion is incorporated in SrMgF4:Eu3+ phosphors, while X-ray photoelectron spectra of Tb-8d5/2 in SrMgF4:Eu3+,Tb3+ shows an additional peak at high energy to that of Tb-3d5/2 in SrMgF4: Tb3+, which is due to Tb4+. These phenomena can be explained by an electron transfer mechanism.

Europium (II) and europium (III) have been observed in MMgF4:xEu, yTb (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) phosphors using their typical photoluminescence spectra when are synthesized in Ar or an Ar/H2 stream. The valence state of Eu is influenced by terbium. It is notable that the intensities of the electron spin resonance peaks corresponding to Eu2+ change in a regular way when terbium ions are incorporated which can be explained by an electron transfer mechanism.

The phosphors MMgF(4)(M = Ca, Sr, Ba) doped with samarium ions are synthesized in different atmospheres using solid phase reaction at high temperature. Samarium has been first stabilized in the divalent state in SrMgF4 and BaMgF4 matrices. Effects of matrices on the valent state of samarium ions are briefly discussed.

Using the Bridgeman-Stockbarger method, the KMgF3:EU2+ single crystal was grown. The color centers in unirradiated KMgF3:Eu crystal were studied. By thermal annealing, we confirmed the 422-nm emission resulted from color centers and oxygen centers, and we proved the energy transfer from EU2+ to color centers. From spectra, the relative oxygen content in crystal was calculated, and the relationships of oxygen displacing fluorine were studied.

Europium (II) and europium (III) have been observed in MMgF4:xEu, yTb (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) phosphors using their typical photoluminescence spectra when are synthesized in Ar or an Ar/H2 stream. The valence state of Eu is influenced by terbium. It is notable that the intensities of the electron spin resonance peaks corresponding to Eu2+ change in a regular way when terbium ions are incorporated which can be explained by an electron transfer mechanism.

Complex fluorides KCoF3 and KNiF3 with perovskite structures were solvothermally synthesized at 120–180 °C and characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy.

The relationship between structures of complex fluorides and spectral structure of Eu(II) ion in complex fluorides (AB(m)F(n)) is investigated by means of pattern recognition methods, such as KNN, ALKNN, BAYES, LLM, SIMCA and PCA. A learning set consisting of 32 f-f transition emission host compounds and 31 d-f transition emission host compounds and a test set consisting of 27 host compounds were characterized by 12 crystal structural parameters. These parameters, i.e. features, were reduced from 12 to 6 by multiple criteria for the classification of these host compounds as f-f transition emission or d-f transition emission. A recognition rate from 79.4 to 96.8% and prediction capabilities from 85.2 to 92.6% were obtained. According to the above results, the spectral structures of Eu(II) ion in seven unknown host lattices were predicted.

We show the potential application of Er(3+)-doped BaF2 nanoparticles prepared from microemulsion technology for 1.5 microm amplification in telecommunication. Nanoparticles with different sizes of about 8, 10, and 20.5 nm were prepared. The XRD patterns showed the excursion of diffraction peaks. When the particle size is smaller or the diffraction angle is larger, this kind of excursion will be more serious. The emission bands of Er3+ at 1.54 microm for the three particle sizes at were as follows: 8 nm particles--145 nm, 10 nm particles--124 nm, and 20.5 nm particles--82 nm (full width at half maximum, FWHM), or 173, 153, 97 nm (deltalambda(eff)), respectively. In all the three cases, the emission spectra were flat from 1.53 to 1.56 microm.

Novel one-component phosphors, Cd1-xDyxSiO3, which emit white color long-lasting phosphorescence upon UV light excitation, are prepared by the conventional high-temperature solid-state method and t...

Self-assembly of BaF2 nanoparticles was described. BaF2 nanoparticles were prepared by microemulsion technology. The self-assembly of the particles is spontaneous without coating reagent on the surface or external force being applied during the procedure of sample preparation. XRD examination and ICP data showed the phase purity of the final product; FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that there was no organic species leaved in the product. By depositing one drop of colloid solution containing BaF2 particles on the TEM grid directly, we can get the ring-like self-assembly with larger particles dispersing peripherally to form a ring and smaller particles inside this ring forming circles.

The BaB4O7:Eu, Tb phosphors are first synthesized in air atmosphere. We investigate their luminescent properties, and find that europium(II) and europium(III) can coexist in the BaB4O7:Eu phosphor. We observed that the relative intensity of europium(II) is increased when terbium(III) is incorporated. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra are carried out. The intensity of ESR peaks corresponding to europium(II) is also increased when terbium(III) is increased, so the valency state of europium is influenced by terbium(III). We explain these phenomena by an electron transfer mechanism. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc.

The different ions doped KMgF(3) single crystals are prepared by the vertical Bridgman method. The near-infrared absorption spectra for different parts of all as-growth crystals indicate that there is the best transparency in middle part. The correlation between the vibronic frequencies of Eu(2+) and the site displacement of Cu(+) co-doped ions is firstly studied, which indicates that Cu(+) ions replace the site of the Mg(2+) ions. The co-doped Eu(2+) counteracts the charge misfit causing by the replacement of Mg(2+) with Cu(+). The overlapping of the emission spectra of the Eu(2+) and the excitation spectra of the Cu(+) results in the energy transfer from Eu(2+) to Cu(+).

The complex fluorides of AZnF(3) (A = Na, K), which are isostructural with perovskite phases were obtained by the method of hydrothermal synthesis at 160-220 degrees C. Compared with traditional high-temperature solid-state method, the products were pure and contained lower amount of oxygen.

An efficient green emitting phosphor, Eu2+-doped Ca3SiO4Cl2, is reported. Its excitation band is extending from 260 to 470 nm, which is coupled well with the emission of UV LED (350–410 nm) and blu...

A series of novel indigo light emitting long-lasting phosphors CdSiO3: RE3+ (RE = Y, La, Gd, Lu) was prepared by the conventional high-temperature solid-state method. The XRD, photoluminescence (PL) spectra and afterglow intensity decay were used to characterize the synthesized phosphors. These phosphors emitted indigo light and showed long-lasting phosphorescence. The phosphorescence can be seen with the naked eye in the dark clearly even after the 254-nm UV irradiation have been removed for more than 30 min.

The complex fluorides of AZnF(3) (A = Na, K), which are isostructural with perovskite phases were obtained by the method of hydrothermal synthesis at 160-220 degrees C. Compared with traditional high-temperature solid-state method, the products were pure and contained lower amount of oxygen.

In this paper, we synthesized a novel yellowish orange phosphor, Eu 2 + -doped high-temperature phase (HTP) Ca 3 SiO 4 Cl 2 at 1020°C. The primary crystal structure of HTP-Ca 3 SiO 4 Cl 2 is determined as monoclinic structure with a space group of 14 P21/c. The excitation spectrum of Eu 2 + -doped HTP-Ca 3 SiO 4 Cl 2 exhibits a broad-band between 250 and 500 nm with three peaks of around 327, 371, and 426 nm, which are coupled well with the near-UV (n-UV) or deep blue emission of GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Its emission spectrum shows a single intense broad emission band centered at 572 nm. The measured chromaticity of yellowish orange luminescence is x = 0.52, y = 0.45. Eu 2 + -doped HTP-Ca 3 SiO 4 Cl 2 would be suitable for yellowish orange phosphor of white LED because HTP-Ca 3 SiO 4 Cl 2 :Eu 2 + is excellent in the excitation spectral profile and the chromaticity.

The spectrochemistry of Eu2+-doped perovskite KMgF3 was examined and discussed. Eu2+ can replace some of the K+ in the KMgF3 crystal, and simultaneously the corresponding cation hole can be compensated with the F− or O2− in the matrix. The emission intensity of Eu2+ due to the f → f transition increased when Na+, Rb+ or F− was doped in KMgF3:Eu2+. Two mechanisms of charge compensation were proposed. No obvious valence change of Eu2+ occurred in KMgF3:Eu2+ after calcinating at high temperature, e.g. 900 °C. It was found that the valence stability of Eu2+ improved after incorporation into the matrix.

Eu2+ で活性化した AF-AIF3 (A=Na,K,Rb,Cs)蛍光体を合成し, Eu2+ の励起スペクトルと発光スペクトルを測定した。 AF-AIF3(A=K,Rb)系の結晶構造および RbF-AIF3 における Eu 原子衝の安定性についても検討を加えた。 AF-AIF3(A=Na,K,Rb,Cs)系において, Eu2+ は強い線状スペクトル 1を 現わす。この発光スペクトルは Eu2+ の 4f7 電子配置内部の 6P7/2 → 8S7/2 遷移によるものである。この遷移発光を生じるのは母体中のアルカリ金属原子の電気陰性度(Xp)が 1.0 より低く, Eu2+ の配位数が 8 より大きく,また,結晶格子にお嫡る Eu2+ 周囲の結晶場が弱いためである。EuF2 を添加した AF-AIF3 系において,若干 Eu3+ が Eu2+ と共存することが, Moissbauer スペクルの測定により判明し,少量の Eu3+ の存在が Eu2+ の f→f 遷移発光に影響をおよぼさないトことがわかった。

The fluorescence emission structure of Eu2+ ion was observed in systems ARF4(A=Na, K; R=La, Gd, Lu and Y). Emission spectra of Eu2+ consist of broad band at 396nm and sharp peak at 360nm. The data on XPS and magnetic susceptibility showed that divalence europium is stable in ARF4:Eu2+ synthesized in stream of purity argon.