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In order to clarify the content and structural changes of different pectin fractions in grape cell walls under ultrasonic treatment, the grapes were treated with different ultrasonic time and ultrasonic power in this study, and the content of pectin fractions, composition of monosaccharides and structural changes of grape cell walls were analyzed by means of carbazole sulfuric acid method, PMP pre-column derivatization, high-performance liquid gel chromatography , scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and circular dichroism. Results showed that the highest and the lowest contents in fresh grape cell walls were alkali-soluble pectin (NSP) and chelate pectin (CSP), respectively, and they were 27.41 mg/g AIR and 8.25 mg/g AIR. The total pectin decreased after ultrasonic treatments, in which the water-soluble pectin (WSP) increased and the CSP and NSP decreased. A total of six monosaccharides were detected in three pectins, and the monosaccharides of different pectin were not the same. The galactose and arabinose were high in WSP, the glucuronic acid was the most abundant of CSP and the rhamnose were the highest in NSP. After ultrasonic treatment, the contents of monosaccharides decreased, while the composition did not change, and the main chain structure of pectin was no change, but the linear structure and the degree of branch chain were changed. With the increase of ultrasonic times and powers, the molecular weight of different pectins declined gradually. And in the microstructure showed a more loose morphology. In addition, ultrasonic treatment had an effect on the structure and chain conformation of CSP and NSP, which made their maximum response values shift, and the effect of ultrasonic power was more significant. In conclusion, ultrasonic treatment could reduce the pectin and monosaccharide contents in grape cell walls, and affect the molecular linear structure and molecular chain conformation of pectin. These results can provide theoretical basis for the quality change of grape products under ultrasonic treatment.

The present work reports the creep behavior and microstructural evolution of the sand-cast Mg–14Gd–0.4Zr alloy (wt.%) prepared by the differential pressure casting machine. Their compressive creep tests at 250 °C were performed under various applied stresses (i.e., 60, 80 and 100 MPa). Among them, the sand-cast Mg–14Gd–0.4Zr samples examined under 250 °C/80 MPa for 39 and 95 h, respectively, were chosen to systemically analyze their creep mechanisms using high-angle annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). The obtained results showed that the enhancement of creep resistance can be mainly attributed to the coherent β' and β'F phases with an alternate distribution, effectively impeding the basal dislocations movement. However, with the creep time increasing, the fine β'+β'F precipitate chains coarsened and transformed to semi-coherent β1 phase and even to large incoherent β phase (surrounded by precipitate-free areas) in grain interiors. The precipitate-free zones (PFZs) at grain boundaries (GBs) were formed, and they could expand during creep deformation. Apart from the main cross-slip of basal and prismatic dislocations, type dislocations were activated and tended to distribute near the GBs. The aforementioned phenomena induced the stress concentrations, consequently leading to the increment of the creep strain.

The poor corrosion resistance of magnesium and magnesium alloys limited their industry applications, especially attributed to the loose and porous corrosion product film. Moreover, it is of great importance to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy by economic and environmental protection methods. In this study, the Mg–Y–Ca alloys prepared by the addition of trace Ca and Y elements showed good corrosion resistance. In addition, the effects of minor Ca on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of Mg–1Y alloy were systematically studied. With the increase of Ca content, the corrosion resistance of Mg–1Y-xCa alloys (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 wt%) was found to improve and then decrease. Among prepared Mg–1Y-xCa alloys, Mg–1Y-0.05Ca exhibited the lowest corrosion rate of 0.757 mm y−1. The high corrosion resistance of Mg–1Y-0.05Ca can be attributed to the fine grain size, and the formation of a protective corrosion passivation film rich in Y2O3, CaCO3 and (MgCa)CO3. However, the excessive addition of Ca element led to the decline of corrosion resistance, resulting from the mass generated Mg2Ca phase causing serious micro-galvanic corrosion, which destroyed the stability of the corrosion product film and damaged the corrosion protection.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial disease that cannot be cured, and treatment options for IPF are very limited. Early diagnosis, close monitoring of disease progression, and timely treatment are therefore the best options for patients due to the irreversibility of IPF. Effective markers help doctors judge the development and prognosis of disease. Recent research on traditional biomarkers (KL-6, SP-D, MMP-7, TIMPs, CCL18) has provided novel ideas for predicting disease progression and prognosis. Some emerging biomarkers (HE4, GDF15, PRDX4, inflammatory cells, G-CSF) also provide more possibilities for disease prediction. In addition to markers in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), some improvements related to the GAP model and chest HRCT also show good predictive ability for disease prognosis.

Abstract Background The epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), featured by abatement of cell–cell contact, is related to exacerbating non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by inducing metastasis. MAL and relevant proteins for vesicle trafficking and membrane link domain 3 (MARVELD3) is a novel tight junction protein participated in the EMT. There is limited information available about the mechanism of MARVELD3 in NSCLC. In this trial, the inhibition effect of MARVELD3 on human NSCLC cells will be discussed. Methods MARVELD3 expression was measured in NSCLC tissues and para‐carcinoma tissues. The expression of MARVELD3 and EMT‐related genes were examined in transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1‐induced NSCLC cells. NSCLC cells with MARVELD3‐knockdown and overexpressed were established to analyze the relationship between MARVELD3 and EMT and cell migration. The Wnt/β‐catenin pathway expression was also analyzed in NSCLC cell models and clinic species. Results Lower protein levels of MARVELD3 were observed in NSCLC samples than para‐carcinoma specimens, and the decreased expression of MARVELD3 in NSCLC specimens was associated with tumor metastasis. E‐Cadherin and MARVELD3 expression was reduced in TGF‐β1 treated NSCLC cells, whereas increased Vimentin expression was detected. MARVELD3 changed the EMT‐related genes and induced cell migration. In addition, Wnt/β‐catenin pathway and target genes, MYC and CCND1, expressions were inhibited in MARVELD3 overexpressed NSCLC cells. Conclusions TGF‐β1 induced EMT in human NSCLC cells can be suppressed by MARVELD3 through Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. These results indicate that MARVELD3 might be a potential therapeutic modality useful in the treatment of NSCLC.

Fabricating gradient structure (GS) is increasingly adopted in structural engineering materials due to the unique combinations of mechanical properties. In the present work, a gradient ultrafine-grained structure with a change in the grain size up to three orders of magnitude from nano to micrometer is prepared on Mg-2Gd-0.4Zr (wt.%) alloy sheet with coarse grains (CG) by sliding friction treatment (SFT). Compared with homogeneous CG structure, the yield strength of GS + CG + GS is improved from 126 MPa to 243 MPa, acquiring an increase of 93%, and maintains an excellent ductility of 25%, showing an extraordinary strength-plasticity combination among the reported GS-containing Mg alloys. Two-beam condition TEM and EBSD analyses reveal that the refined grain structure and grain orientation modification can promote the activation of multiple dislocation slip systems such as and slipping in the GS area, which improves the coordinate ability of plastic deformation. In addition, GS + CG + GS owns higher strength, ductility and better strain hardening ability than that of the GS + CG sample. This is because the symmetrical sandwich structure can alleviate the strain localization so exhibits a better work hardening effect and resistance for failure. This work sheds light on the deformation behavior of heterostructured material and provides a new strategy to improve the mechanical properties of wrought Mg alloys.

Plasma-activated water (PAW) treatment is an effective technique for the quality retention of fresh vegetables with cold atmospheric plasma using controllable parameters. This study investigated the effect of PAW on the postharvest quality of shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris). The results displayed that PAW treatment with an activation time of 5, 10, 15, and 20 min reduced the yellowing rate and weight loss of the shepherd’s purse during 9 days of storage. Compared with untreated samples, PAW treatment at different times reduced the number of total bacteria, coliform, yeast, and mold by 0.18–0.94, 0.59–0.97, 0.90–1.18, and 1.03–1.17 Log CFU/g after 9 days of storage, respectively. Additionally, the treatments with PAW-5 and PAW-10 better preserved ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, total phenol, and total flavonoid contents. They also maintained the higher antioxidant and CAT activity and inhibited the formation of terpenes, alcohols, and nitrogen oxide compounds of the shepherd’s purse at the end of storage. The microstructural result illustrated that the cells of the shepherd’s purse treated with PAW-5 and PAW-10 were relatively intact, with a small intercellular space after storage. This study demonstrated that PAW treatment effectively improved the postharvest quality of shepherd’s purse.

Abstract Background With the development of imaging, the etiology of ocular lesions caused by lung cancer was not found only intraocular. Neuro‐ophthalmological imaging has been found to be useful for the diagnosis of meningeal carcinomatosis, although few studies have previously been published. Our study used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine if there was a the relationship between ocular symptoms and lung cancer metastasis. Methods We carried out a retrospective analysis which included patients with ocular lesions and lung cancer on which orbit MRI was performed together with ocular examination during January 2014 to January 2022. Here, we describe the characteristics of intraocular metastasis and optic nerve sheath lesions. Results A total of 21 lung cancer patients had ocular lesions, of which eight cases had choroidal metastasis; a further eight patients had optic nerve sheath lesions. There was one case (12.5%) of choroidal metastasis with brain or meningeal metastasis, and eight cases (100%) with optic nerve sheath lesions with brain or meningeal metastasis. A total of 75.0% patients with choroidal metastasis did not have any history of known lung cancer, and 25.0% of optic nerve sheath lesions in patients were found before a meningeal metastasis diagnosis. The features of optic nerve sheath lesions included thickening and strengthening of the long segment of the orbital optic nerve sheath with a clear boundary. Conclusions The pathway of choroidal and optic nerve sheath lesions was different. Optic nerve sheath lesions were associated with brain and meningeal metastasis. When lung cancer‐induced meningeal metastasis is suspected, orbital MRI is recommended to assist in the diagnosis.

Abstract Latent intracranial meningeal metastases (IMM) of lung cancer is difficult to determine, yet it is critical to do so given that it impacts the treatment agent. Studies on this disease are rare, thus necessitating further investigation. As a case study, we will explore the application of optic neuroimaging in IMM. A 62‐year‐old female patient was diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma, which had progressed to osseous metastasis. During the course of chemotherapy, the patient had bilateral vision loss and paralysis of extraocular muscles. Ophthalmologists ruled out disease of the retina and suspected intracranial metastasis; however, brain‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography and magnetic resonance venography were normal. Given the patient's severe osteoarthropathy and poor physical condition, she refused to undergo a lumbar puncture examination. Optic neuro‐ophthalmology imaging was ultimately used. Utilizing optical coherence tomography, we found that the basement membrane layer in the papilledema was protruding up towards the vitreous cavity. To assist in visualization, the optic nerve sheath was enhanced with optic magnetic resonance imaging. With these methods, the dural metastasis was identified, the treatment agent was changed for the patient, and she had a successful recovery. Thus, optic neuro‐ophthalmology imaging should be recommended for patients who are in the latent course of dural metastasis, and it could also be used to evaluate therapeutic efficacy.

Abstract Edible fungi are rich in nutrition, but they are susceptible to spoilage, and often prolonged by drying. RF and microwave energy drying have the advantages of short drying time, high energy efficiency and good process control. However, to develop an effective dielectric drying method, it is important to understand dielectric properties, the major factor characterizing the interaction between the electromagnetic energy and the food. At present, there is a lack of research on dielectric properties of edible fungi. In this study, a vector network analyzer and an open-ended coaxial-line probe were employed to measure the dielectric parameters. The dielectric parameters were observed at different temperatures (25–85 °C) for edible fungi powder with moisture content ranging from 5 to 30% wet basis over a frequency range of 1–3000 MHz. The relationship between the dielectric properties and frequency, temperature, and moisture content were obtained via regression analysis. Further, the dielectric penetration depth was calculated, and the effects of frequency, moisture content, and temperature on the penetration depth were also analyzed. The results showed that the dielectric properties of edible fungi powder increased with an increase in moisture content and temperature, while they decreased with increasing frequency. At high moisture content and temperature, the increase in dielectric properties was slightly larger than that at low moisture content and temperature. The dielectric properties changed more evidently at lower radio frequencies than at higher radio frequencies. The penetration depth decreased with an increase in temperature, moisture content, and frequency. It can be concluded that a large penetration depth at radio frequencies below 100 MHz could be used to dry edible fungi on a large scale, whereas microwave energy could be employed for drying edible fungi on a small scale.

Abstract Background Lung cancer is a common tumor and a leading cause of death worldwide. DEAD/H box RNA helicases (DDX) include several family members which regulate mRNA translation in cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrated that DEAD/H box RNA helicase 10 (DDX10) was significantly upregulated in lung cancer tissues compared with adjacent nontumor tissues. Methods DDX10 expression was knocked down with shRNA in order to investigate the impact on A549 lung cancer cell growth and related molecular mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. DDX10 expression in lung cancer was assessed using online databases and patient samples. Results DDX10 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the bioinformatic tool indicated the putative downstream protein U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein 4 (IMP4). Our data showed a positive correlation between IMP4 and DDX10. We found that IMP4 overexpression could reverse the effect of DDX10 knockdown on the proliferation and apoptosis of A549 cells. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that DDX10/IMP4 might be a novel target for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment.

The microstructural evolution, texture and mechanical properties of nine Mg-4Zn-xCa-yMn alloys (x = 0.3, 0.6, 1.0; y = 0.2, 0.3, 0.7 wt.%) were investigated systematically. Alloying with Ca and Mn refined the grains of the extruded sheets and increased the unDRX fraction. Mn could be the heterogeneous nucleation site of Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase because of a good atom matching at the orientation relationship of (2¯1¯1¯)Mn//(12¯11)Ca2Mg6Zn3,〈2¯51¯〉Mn//〈1103〉Ca2Mg6Zn3. The traditional texture weakening effect of Ca was strongly decreased for the simultaneously addition of Mn. With increasing Ca and Mn concentration, the strength increased and ductility decreased. Mg-4Zn-0.6Ca-0.7Mn exhibited a good combination of ultimate tensile strength (320 MPa), yield strength (286 MPa) and elongation (16%). A model of strengthening indicated that grain boundary strengthening and precipitate strengthening made a large contribution to the strength of Mg-4Zn-0.6Ca-0.7Mn. In addition, the dynamic recrystallization, texture modification and the strengthening effect from different parts also have been analyzed in detail.

Background and objective Preoperative diagnosis and differential diagnosis of small solid pulmonary nodules are very difficult. Computed tomography (CT), as a common method for lung cancer screening, is widely used in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical data of patients with malignant pulmonary nodules and intrapulmonary lymph nodes in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of

Abstract 1H NMR spectroscopy was adopted to determine compositional changes (mainly sugars, organic acids and amino acids) involved in cold-stored immature soybean grains after exogenous spermine treatment. Significant changes of sugars, including sucrose, galactose, myo-inositol, glucose and fructose were detected in soybean after spermine treatment. As for the organic acids related to tricarboxylic acid cycle, the levels of malic and fumaric acids decreased but the level of citric acid increased. However, no significant changes were observed for amino acids in spermine-treated soybeans. By using metabolic profile analysis, a difference was observed between the aging of soybean grains as such and those treated with spermine. This study provides an insight into the accumulation of metabolites in postharvest immature soybeans after exogenous spermine-treatment. Graphical abstract

While cavernous hemangioma are frequently observed in various tissues and locations in the body, mediastinal cavernous hemangiomas (CHMs) are rare, particularly in the middle mediastinum. Here, we report a case of a middle CHM which was diagnosed and treated in our hospital. A male patient age 57 years was admitted with a mediastinal circular low‐density lesion. Preoperative examination was performed with a subsequent diagnosis of a mediastinal lesion. The lesion was resected and post‐operative histopathology suggested that it was a cavernous hemangioma. Post‐operative recovery was uneventful, and a follow‐up examination nearly one year later showed that the patient had no recurrence.

Dielectric properties of sliced Agaricus bisporus samples, with 0.16–0.89 [g/g, wet basis (w.b.)] moisture content, were determined using a network analyser and an open-ended coaxial-line probe, over a frequency range of 915 MHz to 2450 MHz and a temperature range of 25°C to 60°C. The results showed that the permittivity of A. bisporus was a function of frequency, moisture content, and temperature. The dielectric constant and loss factor were directly proportional to moisture content and temperature, respectively, and both decreased with increasing frequency. However, the influence of temperature on the dielectric constant showed a different trend, as this was affected by the moisture content of the sample. The dielectric loss factor initially increased and then decreased with the decrease in moisture content. Both inflection points appeared at the moisture content value of 0.69 (g/g, w.b.), which represents the “semi-bound water transfer” point. Third-degree polynomial models could be used to describe dielectric constant and loss factor values as functions of moisture content and temperature. The penetration depth decreased with increasing frequency and temperature; however, this first decreased with decreasing moisture content and then increased. Notably, the penetration depth was at a low ebb when the moisture content ranged from 0.69 to 0.52 (g/g, w.b.), indicating easier uneven drying. Low frequency (915 MHz) with large penetration depth represents a highly effective method for large-scale industrial dielectric microwave drying of A. bisporus slices from the angle of uniformity.

The mechanism behind the sterilization effects of ozone in combination with sodium metasilicate (SM) is still unknown. Therefore, the effects of treatments of fresh-cut cabbage with aqueous ozone combined with SM on microbial growth, and produce quality were evaluated in detail during storage. The results indicated that treating the cabbage with 2 ppm aqueous ozone combined with 0.4% SM for 2 min achieved acceptable microbial quality, and reduced E. coli O157:H7 counts by 3.33 logs compared with the control samples after 12 d of storage. This combination treatment had no negative effects on sensory characteristics (appearance and off-odor), color, and the contents of vitamin C, total phenols and carotenoids. The combined ozone-SM treatment was more effective than individual treatments in controlling the pathogens and native microorganisms on fresh produce and could extend the storage up to 12 d. This hurdle treatment may be used as a processing intervention to control microorganism.

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) can enhance the physicochemical properties of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from fruit and vegetable residues including hydration properties, emulsibility, and rheological properties, while the pretreatment methods such as solid-water suspension status are ignored all along. Here, three groups of lotus root residue (LRR) for HHP treatment (400 MPa, 15 min) were prepared: the fresh lotus root residue (FLRR), FLRR mixed with water (FLRR + W), and dried FLRR suspended in water at the same solid/water level with FLRR + W (DLRR + W). As a control, non-HHP-treated FLRR was tested. Results showed that FLRR + W obtained the highest SDF yield and presented a honeycomb structure which was not observed in other LRR samples. In addition, properties of SDF extract from FLRR + W changed most significantly, including not only the enhancement of SDF yield, the improvement of hydration properties, and the reduction of molecular weight but also the increase of thermal and rheological stability. Principal component analysis (PCA) profile illustrated that the difference of LRR-water system contributed 27.6% to the SDF physicochemical changes, and SDF from DLRR + W distinguished it from the other samples with mannose, ribose, and glucuronic acid, indicating that the drying procedure also played a role in the HHP treatment focusing on the sugar constitution. Therefore, the solid-water suspension status is a noteworthy issue before HHP treatment aiming at SDF modification.

Lymphangiomatosis is a rare, benign, hyperproliferative hamartoma composed of dilated lymphatic vessels. Cystic lymphangioma (CL) in the chest wall in an adult patient is rare, but we focus on this type of patient in our present case study. A 54‐year‐old female patient with a painless mass in her chest wall went without treatment for two years following diagnosis. After consenting to treatment, Doppler color flow imaging (DCFI), chest CT, and MRI revealed a cystic lesion with multiple thin septula in the left chest. Surgical resection was performed, and histopathological examination identified a cystic lymphangioma. The patient did not experience recurrence during the follow‐up period.

Background and objective There is no consensus on one or two chest drains closed chest drainage in superior lobectomy of lung cancer and mediastinal lymph node dissection. This study investigated the postoperative complications about drainage and evaluated the effectiveness. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of patients with single closed chest drainage in superior lobectomy of lung cancer and mediastinal lymph node dissection of Beijing Friendship Hospital between April 2012 and May 2017, and evaluated the effectiveness. Results From the available data of 301 patients, the complication rate after superior lobectomy was 9.3%, and the complication rate of drainage after superior lobectomy was 5.64%. Conclusion The effectiveness of drainage of single closed chest drainage in superior lobectomy of lung cancer and mediastinal lymph node dissection is no less than double drainage.

A preoperative chest computed tomography examination of the right breast in a 52‐year‐old woman with breast cancer revealed multiple nodules in both lungs. The nodule in the apical segment of the upper lobe of the right lung was larger, at a diameter of approximately 2.1 cm. The patient underwent resection of the right breast, followed by thoracoscopic wedge resection of four pulmonary nodules. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry showed that the nodules in the apical and anterior segments of the upper lobe and the paravertebral nodule in the lower lobe of the right lung were primary adenocarcinoma, and the subpleural nodule in the lower lobe of the right lung was infiltrated with inflammatory cells. Exon sequencing was conducted in the resected tissue samples and blood specimens. According to the characteristics of the somatic mutations, the nodule in the apical segment of the upper lobe of the right lung was primary lung adenocarcinoma, the nodule in the anterior segment of the upper lobe and the paravertebral nodule in the lower lobe of the right lung were intrapulmonary metastatic cancer, and the subpleural nodule in the lower lobe of the right lung indicated early stage tumor progression. This case provides new evidence that conducting gene detection in multiple tissue samples from patients who have undergone resection may assist to determine the relationship among multiple nodules in the lung to exclude lung metastasis of breast cancer.

Approximately 50% of patients with primary lung cancer have distant metastasis at the time of their first visit, but gastric metastasis is a rare occurrence. Herein, we report a case of progressive dysphagia as the first symptom and the final diagnosis of primary lung squamous cell carcinoma metastasis. A 61‐year‐old man was diagnosed with a solitary left lower lobe tumor and a solitary carcinoma of gastric cardia suspected to be metastatic or malignant stromal tumors. After surgical resection, the final diagnoses were primary differentiated squamous cell lung cancer, metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach, and secondary lymph node metastasis. Gastrointestinal metastasis should be suspected in lung cancer patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Gastric cancer metastasis from lung cancer is most likely the result of the aspiration of cancer cells containing sputum into the stomach.

In the past 20 years, with the popularization of low-dose computed tomography (CT) screening, detection rate of lung nodules increased significantly. However, there are still many difficulties in making qualitative diagnosis for pulmonary nodules. The Lung nodule is a clinical common lung disease. The early onset for malignant nodules is quite hidden. Without early intervention, the course of disease can develop rapidly. For malignant nodules, the exacerbation can be very severe. Besides, the therapeutic effect can be unsatisfactory. If the lesion resection can be performed in early stage, lung cancer patients’ prognosis can be improved significantly. At present, the guidelines of lung nodules’ treatment are diverse, but these guidelines still can’t reach a consensus until now. This article reviews the literature in National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nodules, Fleischner society lung cancer treatment strategy guide, and clinical practice consensus guidelines for Asia, which are pertaining to lung nodules diagnosis and treatment strategy and try to explain the similarities and differences between them.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Dense phase carbon dioxide (DPCD) offers advantages of enhanced physical and nutritional qualities during the processing of juices. Here, freshly squeezed orange juice was treated with DPCD, and changes of physical properties and volatile components were investigated and compared with the original untreated and thermally treated samples. The correlations among physiochemical properties were also examined based on Pearson correlation, cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis (PCA). Significant correlations were found among the particle size, color parameters, and volatile compounds in the DPCD-treated samples. The 12 parameters were clustered into three groups using CA and PCA, and the eight volatile compounds were separated within the three groups. Nonanal and citronellol were clustered in group I, and they increased for a longer duration of more than 40 min with higher levels than the control. Parameters in group II included D (4,3), L∗, a∗, ethyl butyrate, and trans-2-hexenol, and they linearly decreased after 10–60 min DPCD treatment. The parameters of b∗ and monoterpenes were clustered in group III, and they decreased within 40 min of DPCD treatment and then increased to an intermediate level. In addition, PCA clearly showed that the orange juice samples under DPCD for 10–60 min formed a “U” shape on the two-dimensional plot and that the samples treated by DPCD for 10 min and 20 min were closer to freshly squeezed orange juice than the heat-treated orange juice. This indicated that the nonthermal DPCD process offers the potential to be used more extensively in juice products.

While competition has become increasingly fierce in organizations and in the broader market, the research on competition at an individual level is limited. Most existing research focuses on trait competitiveness. We argue that employee competitiveness can be state-like and can be demonstrated as an attitude toward and behavior representative of competition. We therefore propose a dynamic model with two separate components: competitive attitude and competitive behavior. Drawing upon self-determination theory and the person–environment interaction perspective, we examine how employee competitive attitude and competitive behavior can be influenced by both personal characteristics and team climate, which in turn leads to different work outcomes, as demonstrated in two studies. Study 1 developed measures for competitive attitude and competitive behavior. Study 2 collected data from salespeople in a large insurance company in three waves. The results showed that employee competitive attitude and behavior could be predicted by personality. Moreover, employee competitive attitude and behavior were related to sales performance in differential ways via job crafting, and these mediated relationships could be moderated by team climate. These findings support the two-component dynamic model combining competitive attitude and behavior, which helps promote understanding of the dynamics of competition and its consequences at the individual level. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

In the context of obtaining an excellent elongation and tensile-strength combination in the third generation of advanced high strength steel, we emphasized the practical significance of adjusting the retained austenite fraction and stability in medium-Mn steel to obtain better mechanical properties. A novel cyclic quenching and austenite reverse transformation (CQ-ART) was used to obtain a large retained austenite content in Fe-0.25C-3.98Mn-1.22Al-0.20Si-0.19Mo-0.03Nb (wt.%) Nb−Mo micro-alloyed medium-Mn steel. The results show that after twice cyclic quenching and ART, the alloy exhibited optimum comprehensive properties, characterized by an ultimate tensile strength of 838 MPa, a total elongation of 90.8%, a product of strength and elongation of 76.1 GPa%, and the volume fraction of austenite of approximately 62 vol.%. The stability of retained austenite was significantly improved with the increasing of the number of cyclic quenching. Moreover, the effects of CQ-ART on the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, C/Mn partitioning behavior, and austenite stability were investigated. Further, the strengthening effect of microalloying elements Nb−Mo was also discussed.

We evaluated the effect of three different cooking methods on antioxidant content and radical scavenging activity of sweet corn. Both fresh and frozen sweet corn kernels were boiled, microwaved, and stir-fried for 1, 3, and 5 min, respectively, then total phenolic (TP) and total carotenoid (TC) contents were determined by spectrophotometric methods. The free radical scavenging activity of the samples was determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results showed that there was a significant increase in TP (1.2-1.9 times) and TC (1.1 to 1.8 times) content of fresh sweet corn after each cooking session for 1, 3, and 5 min, the same treatment of frozen corn resulted in 47-80% losses of TP and 10 to 39% losses of TC content. The free radical scavenging activity (RSA) exhibited by cooked fresh and frozen sweet corns was found to be different, neither of them was very high, in the range of 70.2-78.6%, and the fresh cooked ones had higher values of RSA.

This study investigated the microstructure–tensile properties relationship and the retained austenite room temperature stability of a Nb and Mo micro-alloyed medium manganese transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel. A number of findings were obtained. Most importantly, the steel after being processed by quenching and tempering (Q & T) exhibited excellent tensile properties, i.e., the strength of 878–1373 MPa, the ductility of 18–40% Mo, and Nb microalloying served to control the fraction of retained austenite and to improve tensile strength by fine grain strengthening. Excellent tensile properties were attributable to the large amount of retained austenite which produced a discontinuous TRIP effect. This effect led to the production a large amount of martensite which relieved the stress concentration, contributing to the coordinated deformation between the phases and thus improving the deformability of the steel. Additionally, the differences in Mn and C contents led to varying degrees of austenite stability and the length of the Lüders band decreased as the intercritical annealing temperature increased. The micro-alloyed medium manganese steel experimented on our study showed considerable improvement in tensile properties in comparison with the 5Mn-0.1C medium manganese steel in previous studies.