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Short-term heavy precipitation is a crucial factor that triggers urban waterlogging and flash flood disasters, which impact human production and livelihood. Traditional short-term forecasting methods have time- and scale-based limitations. To achieve timely, location-specific, and quantitative precipitation forecasting, this study applies the precipitation spectral decomposition algorithm, along with variational echo tracking and autoregressive AR2 extrapolation techniques, to forecast three cases of heavy precipitation events during the rainy season in Hebei Province. The variational optical flow extrapolation forecasting based on precipitation spectral decomposition has a forecasting lead time of up to 3 h. However, noticeable discrepancies in forecast accuracy can be observed around 2 h, and the forecasting skill gradually weakens with longer lead times. For 3 h lead time forecasts, substantial variability occurs among different performance metrics, lacking clear comparability. The effective forecast lead time for variational optical flow forecasting based on precipitation spectral decomposition is up to 1.6 h for severe convective weather systems and up to 2.2 h for stratiform cloud weather systems. Overall, the forecast effect of this method is good in the three rainfalls—the highest CSI is up to 0.74, the highest POD is up to 0.87, and the forecast accuracy and success rate are high.

Hydrological models are a conceptual representation of a simplified hydrological cycle. The hydrological cycle is the water cycle that circulates water from the land surface to the atmosphere and back again to the land. With the use of Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS), an event-based model and a continous hydrological model were established in Zijinguan watershed of Daqinghe River basin. To study the loss methods provided by HEC-HMS and its appropriateness for model fitting, is the main objective of this paper. The watershed was delineated with HEC-GeoHMS in ArcGIS, and its properties were extracted from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of 30 m × 30 m. The HEC-HMS includes a soil conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) method and a soil moisture calculation (SMA) loss method, simulating the event and continuous runoff, respectively. SCS Unit hydrograph and Muskingum were used for flow routing. Specifically, eight rainfall events were selected for calibrating (6 events) and verifying (2 events) the event-based model. Similarly, for the continuous model the wet seasons of eight different years were used for calibration and verification. The calibrated parameters of the events model were used in the continuous model. The soil moisture and evapotranspiration data were decoded from the satellite data to set in the continuous model. The performance of SCS-CN and SMA models was compared. During the calibration period, the values of NSE, PEV and PEPF range from 0.605 to 0.744, 3.1 to 13.58%, and 11.104 to 27.72%, and during validation they are 0.527 to 0.634, 4.35% to 5.01%, and 13.66% to 27.88%, for SCS-CN model. For the SMA model, the values of NSE, PEV and PEPF during calibration range from 0.434 to 0.604, 2.879 to 34.326%, −4.831 to 57.48%, and during validation they are 0.094 to 0.624, −19.52% to −12.55%, and 40.213% to 50.15%. Overall, the performance of SCS-CN model is found more satisfactory than that of SMA model.

Tumor metastasis is a significant cause of malignant cancer-related death. Therefore, inhibiting tumor metastasis is an effective means of treating malignant tumors. Increasing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern tumor metastasis can reveal new anti-cancer targets. This article will discuss the breakthroughs in this area and the corresponding recent developments in anti-cancer drug discovery.

Tyrosine kinases are a subgroup of a large class of protein kinases that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to various amino acid residues. By phosphorylating the tyrosine residues, the tyrosine kinases are responsible for the activation of various proteins through signal transduction cascades, which serves as a ubiquitous mechanism of cell signaling. The frequent success of many tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in clinical success and diseasecausing mutations in protein kinases suggests that a large number of kinases may represent therapeutically relevant targets. To date, most of the clinical and preclinical TKIs are ATPcompetitive non-covalent inhibitors, which achieve their selectivity by recognizing the unique features of specific protein kinases. Of growing interest now in the scientific community is the development of irreversible inhibitors that form covalent bonds with cysteines or other nucleophilic residues in the ATP binding pocket. Irreversible TKIs have many potential advantages including prolonged pharmacodynamics, reasonable compound design suitability, high potency, and the ability to validate pharmacological specificity by mutations in reactive cysteine residues. Here, we review recent efforts to develop cysteine-targeting irreversible TKIs and to discuss their patterns of configuration that identify adenosine triphosphate binding pockets and their biological activities.

Difficulties in collecting, processing, and identifying massive data have slowed research on cutting-edge science and technology hotspots. Promoting these technologies will not be successful without an effective data-driven method to identify cutting-edge technologies. This paper proposes a data-driven model for identifying global cutting-edge science technologies based on SpaCy. In this model, we collected data released by 17 well-known American technology media websites from July 2019 to July 2020 using web crawling with Python. We combine graph-based neural network learning with active learning as the research method in this paper. Next, we introduced a ten-fold cross-check to train the model through machine learning with repeated experiments. The experimental results show that this model performed very well in entity recognition tasks with an F value of 98.11%. The model provides an information source for cutting-edge technology identification. It can promote innovations in cutting-edge technologies through its effective identification and tracking and explore more efficient scientific and technological research work modes.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can exhibit adverse effects by increasing or blocking hormonal activities as agonists or antagonists through nuclear receptors. Computational toxicology research provides a fast and automated screening tool for determining the potential effects of EDCs. Here, we collected a large dataset of known hormonal activities to develop ternary classification models of androgen receptor (AR) and thyroid hormone receptor (TR), in combination linear discriminant analysis (LDA), classification and regression trees (CART), and support vector machines (SVM). The optimum model for classifying AR and TR activities was SVM. These newly developed models constitute a rapidly systematic early-warning technical system for identifying different hormone activities.

A set of ninety-eight B-RafV600E inhibitors was used for the development of a molecular docking based QSAR model using linear and non-linear regression models. The integration of docking scores and key interaction profiles significantly improved the accuracy of the QSAR models, providing reasonable statistical parameters (Rtrain2 = 0.935, Rtest2 = 0.728 and QCV2 = 0.905). The established MD-SVR (molecular docking based SMV regression) model as well as model screening of a natural product database was carried out and two natural products (quercetin and myricetin) with good prediction activities were biologically evaluated. Both compounds exhibited promising B-RafV600E inhibitory activities (ICQuercetin50 = 7.59 μM and ICMyricetin50 = 1.56 μM), suggesting a high reliability and good applicability of the established MD-SVR model in the future development of B-RafV600E inhibitors with high efficacy.

The flood caused by a dam-break event generally contains a large amount of energy, and it can be destructive to the downstream buildings and structures. In the present study, the evolution of a dam-break flood and its impact pressure on a structure are considered by performing a numerical simulation. A laboratory experiment is first performed to validate the numerical model. Subsequently, simulations are performed to investigate the impact pressure of the dam-break flood on a solitary structure in the downstream region. The flow regime near the structure, temporal variations and distributions of the impact pressure on the structure, and effects of the initial reservoir water depth on the peak pressures are discussed. It is observed that the profiles of the water surface at the cross-section upstream and downstream of the structure are completely different. In addition, the surface velocity distributions are significantly different. The structure suffers a large instantaneous impact pressure when the flood water first contacts the structure, and the value of this pressure can reach 1.5–3.0 times that of the maximum pressure after the first impact. The instantaneous impact pressure is proportional to the initial reservoir water depth. The distribution of the peak pressure acting on the wall on the upstream side of the structure is nonlinear in both the horizontal and vertical directions.

In this in vitro study, a series of novel pyrazole derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated against five human cancer cell lines (PC3, A549, HL60, HCT116, and SW620) for their antiproliferative and p53-MDM2 binding inhibitory activities. Although biological evaluations showed that this series of compounds possessed weak p53-MDM2 inhibitory activities, most of them displayed moderate to potent antiproliferative activities against the tested cells lines. Compound 11c exhibited the best potency for MDM2 (FP-IC50 = 29.22 μm) and demonstrated antiproliferative activities in response to the five tested cell lines (IC50 = 4.09-16.82 μm). Compared with the positive control Nutlin-1, there was enhanced antiproliferative activity to p53-mutated or p53-deficient cell lines (SW620, HL60, and PC3).

Intense storm surge can lead to severe coastal floods. Flood inundation simulation is useful to identify areas that are most vulnerable to severe storm surges and to address potential flooding hazards. In this paper, both 2D and 3D hydrodynamic models are built separately to quantify the flood danger to a coastal city. A digital city model is generated by integrating building information modeling (BIM) and geographic information systems (GIS) technology based on digital aerial photogrammetry for the 3D hydrodynamic model. The results reveal that 2D hydrodynamic assumptions and approximations weaken if the vertical fluctuations are enormous, especially in urban environments. In comparison, a 3D model coupled with high-resolution topographic data can provide a more realistic and accurate result for the complex flow field. Furthermore, a comparison between using the digital city model and a standard digital elevation model (DEM) in a 3D model has been conducted. The flood inundation is simulated step-wise using the standard DEM, while the wave front propagates in a more realistic manner based on high-resolution topography data. Thus, a 3D hydrodynamic model coupled with the digital city model is recommended for urban flood simulation, which is promising to improve the ability of flood prediction and prevention.

A series of spiro-indolin-2-one derivatives were designed and synthesized as p53-MDM2 binding inhibitors. Though p53-MDM2 binding inhibitory and activities against p53 wild-type cell lines of most compounds were not that promising, some obtained structures showed moderate to strong inhibitory activities (IC50

p53 is a powerful tumor suppressor, and p53–MDM2 protein–protein interaction has been considered as an attractive cancer therapeutic target. More recently developed small molecules exert their effects by interrupting the p53–MDM2 binding and enhancing the anti-proliferative activities of p53. Small molecules such as Nutlin, MI-63, MI-219, and MI-319 that can activate p53 have shown their anti-tumor effects in different types of malignancies. Drug combinations between p53–MDM2 binding inhibitors with the other anti-proliferative small molecules may allow reduction in the amount of single component with a lower incidence of side effects or better therapeutic effects. In this current review, we present the recent achievements in combination applications between p53–MDM2 binding inhibitors with other small molecules in malignancies. In addition, we discuss how this combination holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for recent and future novel therapies in these diseases.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a heterodimeric transcription factor that mediates the adaptation of tumor cells and tissues to the hypoxic microenvironment, has attracted considerable interest as a potential therapeutic target. Recently, HIF-1α has been recognized as the critical target of cardiac glycosides for cancer therapy, but the molecular mechanism of cardiac glycosides' inhibition of HIF-1α is still poorly understood. In the present study, we observed that neither HIF-1α mRNA levels nor HIF-1α protein degradation are affected by Ouabain. However, Ouabain was found to be associated with the regulation of HIF-1α translation. Basing on in silico, in vitro and ex vivo models of translation processing, further studies revealed that eIF4E plays a critical role in the inhibitory effect of Ouabain on HIF-1α protein synthesis, rather than mTORC1, eIF2α signaling or Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibition. Mechanistically, Ouabain directly binds eIF4E, disrupts eIF4E/eIF4G association (200 μM, Inhibit rate =61 ± 3%) but not the eIF4E/mRNA complex formation (200 μM, Inhibit rate =18 ± 5%) both in vitro and in cells, thereby inhibiting the intracellular cap-dependent translation. The association between Ouabain and eIF4E not only raises the hope of using cardiac glycosides for cancer therapeutics more rational, but also offers a pharmacologic means for developing novel anti-cancer HIF-1α antagonists.

It has been a long story of the development of anticancer metallopharmaceuticals since the identification of cisplatin. Advances in metallodrugs discovery during the past 40 years have made it an ever-growing area of research in medicinal inorganic chemistry. Meanwhile, the emerging of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) chemistry has stimulated the newly burgeoning interests in the biomedical applications of metal-NHC complexes. This review will detail what have been achieved hitherto in the research of metal-NHC complexes as potential anti-tumor agents coupled with gold, silver, copper, platinum and palladium. Their mechanism of action will also be discussed. All the results obtained indicate that this promising approach is worthy of more focuses and further studies.

A series of pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2,4-dione derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic activities in vitro against five human cancer cell lines. Selected compounds were tested for their MDM2 E3 ligase inhibitory activities and p53-MDM2 binding inhibitory activities. Among tested compounds, four sulfur-containing compounds (4-7) displayed enhanced cytotoxic activities and better MDM2 E3 ligase inhibitoty activities in comparison with that of HLI98c. Three compounds (4-6) showed better p53-MDM2 binding inhibitory potency with IC50 values ranging from 1.3 μM to 9.0 μM.

Background: Biaryl seven-membered lactones (BSLs), the target compounds are a class of bioactive compounds with anti-arrhythmic activity, which also serve as a starting material or structural units for chemical synthesis. Objective: To report a simple and efficient procedure for the synthesis of biaryl seven-membered lactones. Method: Under microwave, the umpolung reaction was promoted by N-heterocyclic carbenes under oxygen, with anhydrous potassium carbonate as base and with 1,4,7,10,13,16-Hexanoxacyclooctadecane (18-crown-6) as a phase-transfer catalyst. Results: The practical protocol was found to be compatible with different structurally diverse substrates and with moderate to excellent yields. Conclusion: This synthesis method has the advantage of high efficacy and novelty, short reaction time, operation simplicity, mild condition and high yields, providing a useful and atom-economic approach to the synthesis of BSLs.

A series of novel N1-amino-acid substituted 2,4,5-triphenyl imidazoline derivatives was designed and synthesized based on our previous studies. All synthesized target compounds were screened for their p53–MDM2 binding inhibitory activities and anti-proliferative activities against five cancer cell lines. Among them, twelve compounds displayed improved binding inhibitory activities and most compounds showed higher cell growth inhibition activities with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Compound 6c exhibited marked p53–MDM2 binding inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.59 μM) which was eightfold more potent than that of Nutlin-1 (IC50 = 4.78 μM). CoMFA analysis was performed based on obtained biological data and resulted in a statistically significant CoMFA model with high predict abilities (q2 = 0.645, r2 = 0.979).

A series of new 4β-anilino-4'-O-demethyl-4-desoxypodophyllotoxin derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their cytotoxicities against four human cancer cell lines including KB, KB/VCR, A549 and 95D. Most compounds showed better growth-inhibition activities against tested cell lines than that of etoposide (VP-16). Preliminary structure-activity relationships (SARs) were concluded and it indicated that the side chains substituted at 4β position of podophyllotoxin significantly influenced the cytotoxic activity, especially for the drug resistance profile. In vivo studies of compound 26c on highly metastatic human lung cancer xenograft in nude mice showed that it can significantly inhibit tumor growth with administrating by oral route.

Etoposide (VP-16), a topoisomerase II (Topo II) inhibitor, has been widely used to treat malignancies. Its clinical application, however, has been hindered by the rise of acquired multidrug resistance (MDR). Here, we report that 4β-{[4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)phenyl]amino}-4'-O-Demethyl-4-Epipodophyllotoxin (5k), a novel β-O-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin analogue, possesses higher antitumor activity than its parent compound (VP-16) in a panel of various human tumor cell lines. More importantly, it was also effective against MDR cells both in vitro and in vivo. Using a KB/VCR MDR tumor xenograft model that overexpresses P-gp, 5k (2.5 mg/kg) exhibited a 2.4-fold higher growth inhibition rate versus VP-16 (5 mg/kg). In contrast, 5k and VP-16 displayed similar antitumor activities in a KB tumor xenograft model. Molecular and cellular mechanism studies revealed that 5k targeted Topo II by trapping DNA-Topo II cleavage complexes that could directly cause DNA damage. There were two distinct cellular responses to DNA damage elicited by the treatment with 5k: at low concentrations (20-80 nM), mitotic entry was arrested through the suppression of the activity of Cyclin B1/Cdc 2 complexes via the ATM/ATR signaling pathway; at high concentrations (1.25-5.00 μM), 5k-induced apoptotic signaling was mediated by the mitochondrial death pathways. Collectively, these data demonstrate the potential value of 5k as an antitumor drug candidate that should be further developed.

A new series of indanone and aurone derivatives have been synthesized and tested for in vitro AChE inhibitory activity by modified Ellman method. Most of them exhibit AChE inhibitory activities superior to rivastigmine. Further, the most potent compound 1g was selected to evaluate the effect on the acquisition and memory impairment by mice step-down passive avoidance test.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection ultimately leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), remains a significant problem. CCR5 is a member of the chemokine receptor family that is utilized in the early stage of the replication cycle by the most commonly transmitted M-tropic strains of HIV-1. In this study, we developed 3D-QSAR models using CoMFA and CoMSIA methods on a series of 71 imidazolidinylpiperidinylbenzoic acid CCR5 antagonists, in order to better understand the substituent requirements and get more potent antagonists of CCR5. Methods: The research of 3D-QSAR modeling of imidazolidinylpiperidinylbenzoic acids as chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonists was conducted using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA). Results: For this study, a dataset containing 71 imidazolidinyl-piperidinyl-benzoic acids was divided into a training set of 22 compounds and a test set of 49 compounds. The results obtained from the CoMFA/CoMSIA model exhibited a statistical significance r 2 of 0.996 (0.984) with an estimated standard error of 0.109 (0.209). Conclusion: Both CoMFA and CoMSIA models provided valuable insight into the structural requirements for improving the activity of then CCR5 antagonists.

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of spiro[4H-pyran-oxindole] derivatives by means of threecomponent reactions between isatins, malononitrile or ethyl cyano-acetate, and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of catalytic amount of magnesium perchlorate in 50% aqueous ethanol medium has been described.

A series of 3,4,5-trisubstituted aminothiophenes were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their p53-MDM2 binding inhibitory potency and anti-proliferation activities against A549 and PC3 tumor cell lines. Fourteen compounds had appreciably improved MDM2 binding affinities than lead compound MCL0527 (3) and a few compounds showed comparable activities to that of Nutlin-3. Meanwhile, most of the 3,4,5-trisubstituted aminothiophenes displayed better or equivalent anti-proliferation activities against wild-type p53 cell line A549 compared to that of Nutlin-3. Over ten compounds exhibited desirable selective profiles of p53 status. Particularly, compounds 9, 16 and 18 displayed 22-, 6- and 22-fold selectivity of p53 status, respectively, much better than that of Nutlin-3 (fourfold).

Five series of novel 3,4,5-trisubstituted aminothiophene derivatives and analogs were designed and synthesized based on our previous studies. All target compounds were evaluated for their p53–MDM2 binding inhibitory activities and anti-proliferation activities against A549 and PC3 tumor cell lines. Twelve compounds displayed comparable p53–MDM2 binding inhibitory activities to that of Nutlin-3. Among them, compound 7a exhibited marked binding affinity (IC50 = 0.086 μM). In addition, most target compounds showed potent anti-proliferation activities with IC50 values at low micromolar level. A good selective profile for wild-type p53 expression cell line was also observed. Molecular docking analysis was performed as well to predict possible binding modes of target compounds with MDM2.

The title podophyllotoxin analogues are evaluated for their cytotoxicities against four human cancer cell lines including KB, KB/VCR, A549, and 95D.

Three series of novel imidazoline derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their p53–MDM2 binding inhibitory activities, and anti-proliferation activities against PC3, A549, KB, and HCT116 cancer cell lines. Five of the tested compounds showed enhanced p53–MDM2 binding inhibitory potency and anti-proliferation activities in comparison with that of Nutlin-1. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that compound 7c, one of the most potent p53–MDM2 binding inhibitors with a Ki value of 0.6 μM, showed its ability to arrest cell cycle progression.

A new series of 4 beta-anilino-podophyllotoxin analogs have been designed, synthesized and evaluated their bioactivities as novel DNA-topoisomerase II poisons as well as P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-dependent multidrug resistance (MDR) inhibitors. The new compounds show improved potency and efficacy with respect to the parent molecule etoposide (VP-16), one of the semisynthetic derivatives of podophyllotoxin. The treatment of 5k-n in KB/VCR cells caused G(2)/M phase arrest and finally induced apoptosis. Furthermore, molecular docking is applied to testify that 5k-n could not be the substrates of P-gp, which is consistent with the result of MDR1 and P-glycoprotein express tests. The most potent compound 5n is chosen for in vivo studies, the administration of 5n was effective in treatment of cancer with a lower dose than VP-16 in drug-sensitive xenograft model and drug-resistant xenograft model. Compound 5n is a potential drug candidate for anticancer chemotherapy.

The tumor suppressor p53 plays a key role in the regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair, and senescence. It acts as a transcriptional factor, and is able to activate various genes to exert specific functions. MDM2, the main regulator of p53, inhibits the function of p53 through direct interaction. On the basis of this finding, inhibiting the MDM2-p53 interaction can be a potentially important target for cancer therapy. We showed here that L2, an analog of small-molecule MDM2 antagonist nutlins, stabilized p53 and selectively activated the p53 pathway in p53 wild-type A549 cells, resulting in a pronounced antiproliferation effect through inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Meanwhile, we confirmed by immunoprecipitation analysis that L2 could also inhibit MDM2-p53 interaction, similar to nutlin-1. Real-time PCR results revealed that L2 had no effect on the p53 gene transcriptional level, but it could induce the upregulation of p21 at the transcriptional level, which was the downstream of p53. Therefore, we concluded that the accumulation of p53 caused by L2 was mainly because of the decrease of the protein degradation rather than the elevation of p53 gene expression. Furthermore, no phosphor-p53 formed after L2 treatments, indicating that a genetoxic mechanism was unlikely to contribute to the activation of p53 by L2. In conclusion, the data acquired from A549 cells indicated that L2 exhibited high antiproliferation activity by disrupting MDM2-p53 interaction, and that the mechanism was derived from the activation of p53 and the p53 pathway. It was also surprising that L2 showed high antiproliferation effect against p53 null HL60 cells, which was quite different from nutlin-1. G2/M phase arrest might have contributed to the high antiproliferation activity of L2 on HL60 cells. The changes of p53 and MDM2 protein levels in L2-treated HL60 cells indicated that the mechanisms involved in the cell cycle arrest in A549 and HL60 cells were probably different, to which our future research would be devoted.