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Polygonatum sibiricum is a traditional Chinese medicinal and food homologous substance, usually used after processing with yellow wine. However, its main active ingredient, polysaccharide, has been less studied after wine processing. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Polygonatum polysaccharides after wine processing on the function of immunosuppressed mice and its related mechanisms. The yellow wine processed Polygonatum (YWPP) polysaccharides were extracted by the water extraction alcohol precipitation method. BALB/c mice were used to establish the immunosuppressive animal model with cyclophosphamide (CTX). The immunomodulatory effect of the YWPP polysaccharides Interleukin 2, interferon γ, immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin M, T lymphocyte subsets, and other indexes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and other technologies. To study the mechanism of immunomodulation of polysaccharides, 16s rDNA sequencing and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) were used to analyze the changes of intestinal microbiota composition, diversity, and the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The Spearman method was used to analyze the correlation between gut microbiota and various immune indexes and SCFAs. The results showed that the YWPP polysaccharides could significantly restore the body weight of immunosuppressed mice, improve the spleen and thymus, and regulate peripheral blood cell values. The YWPP polysaccharides can also effectively promote Interleukin 2, interferon γ, immunoglobulin A, and immunoglobulin M in immunosuppressed mice and regulate the expression of immune-related indexes. The YWPP polysaccharides promoted the production of SCFAs, significantly regulated the relative abundance of norank_f__norank_o__RF39, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, norank_f__ UCG-010, and norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_UCG-014; reversed CTX-induced metabolic abnormalities of mouse gut microbiota; and normalized them. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the relative abundance of gut microbiota was significantly correlated with various immune indices and SCFAs. In conclusion, the YWPP polysaccharides can improve the immune function of CTX-induced immunocompromised mice, promote cytokine upregulation and the relative abundance of immune-related beneficial bacteria in mice, and regulate the gut microbiota, thereby regulating host immunity. The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for the practical application of the YWPP polysaccharides, health product development, and diversified product development.

This study analyzed the main chemical components of Zhuru Decoction via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS), and then predicted the mechanism of Zhuru Decoction in clearing heat, resolving phlegm, detoxifying, and treating vomiting and alcohol-related vomiting caused by heat in stomach based on network pharmacology. The gradient elution was conducted in Agilent ZORBAX extend-C_(18) column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm) with the mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution(A)-acetonitrile(B) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min~(-1) and the column temperature of 35 ℃. The MS adopted the positive and negative ion mode of electrospray ionization(ESI), and the data were collected in the scanning range of m/z 100-1 500. A total of 98 compounds in Zhuru Decoction were identified via BATMAN, SYMMAP, TCMSP, and relevant literature, including 36 flavonoids, 7 triterpenoids, 8 gingerols, 20 organic acids, 5 amino acids, and 22 other compounds. On the basis of the available studies, 9 components were selected as index components, and the protein-protein interaction(PPI) network of the common targets was established with STRING 11.0. Finally, 10 core targets associated with the pharmacodynamic effect were screened out. This study established the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS method for identifying the chemical components in the classic prescription Zhuru Decoction, and employed network pharmacology to explore the core targets of its efficacy, which provided a refe-rence for the quality control and the research of the pharmacodynamic substances of Zhuru Decoction.

The processing of Chinese medicine is a unique and dialectical treatment of traditional Chinese medicine in clinic.The processing theory ofquot;leading vinegar-processing Chinese medicine into liverquot; is one of the traditional processing theories of Chinese medicine.The vinegar-processing Chinese medicine under the guidance of the processing theory typically reflects the characteristics ofquot;reducing toxicity and enhancing efficacyquot; of the processing of Chinese medicine.This paper traced the origin and discussed the connotation of the traditional theory ofquot;leading vinegar-processing Chinese medicine into liverquot;.Combined with the research status ofquot;lea-ding vinegar-processing Chinese medicine into liverquot;, this paper explored the mechanism ofquot;leading vinegar-processing Chinese medicine into liverquot; from the aspects of material basis, medicine effect, and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) meridian, and analyzed the existing problems in the current research.This paper reviewed the modern study on reducing toxicity and enhancing efficacy of vinegar-processing Chinese medicine, and deeply explored the scientific connotation of the traditional processing theory ofquot;leading vinegar-processing Chinese medicine into liverquot;.At the same time, the research trend and idea of the effect mechanism ofquot;leading vinegar-processing Chinese medicine into liverquot; based on the Quality markers(Q-Marker) of TCM, biological targets, and clinical prescriptions were put forward, providing references for the further study onquot;leading vinegar-processing Chinese medicine into liverquot;.This paper also provided a scientific basis for the rational selection of processed products in TCM clinical practice.

Since the current identification method for Paeoniae Radix Alba is complex in operation and long time-consuming with high requirements for technicians, the present study employed Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose(E-nose) technology to identify raw and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction pieces in order to establish a rapid identification method for sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba. The odors of raw Paeoniae Radix Alba and its sulfur-fumigated products were analyzed by Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase E-nose to obtain the odor chromatographic information. The chemometric model was established, and the data were processed by principal component analysis(PCA), discriminant function analysis(DFA), soft independent modeling of class analogy(SIMCA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA). The differential compounds of raw and sulfur-fumigated samples were qualitatively analyzed based on the Kovats retention index and Arochembase. As revealed by the comparison of gas chromatograms of raw and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba, the heights of several peaks in the chromatograms before and after sulfur fumigation changed significantly. The peak(No.8) produced by ethylbenzene disappeared completely due to sulfonation reaction in the process of sulfur fumigation, indicating that ethylbenzene may be the key component in the identification of Paeoniae Radix Alba and its sulfur-fumigated products. In PCA, DFA, SIMCA, and PLS-DA models, the two types of samples were separated into two different regions, indicating that the established models can clearly distinguish between raw and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba. The results showed that Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase E-nose technology could realize the rapid identification of raw and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba, which provides a new method and idea for the rapid identification of sulfur-fumigated Chinese medicine.

Coronary heart disease(CHD) is a common cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Curcumae Rhizoma(CR), an important herbal medicine for breaking blood stasis and resolving mass, is often used for the treatment of CHD caused by blood stasis syndrome. However, the anti-CHD components, targets, and mechanism are still unclear. Therefore, in this study, the chemical components of CR were separated and identified by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Based on the identified components, network pharmacology analysis, including target prediction and functional enrichment, was applied to screen out the main active components against CHD, and the potential mechanism was discussed. Finally, molecular docking was performed to verify the binding between the active components and the targets. The results showed that among the 52 chemical components identified in CR, 28 were related to CHD, involving 75 core targets. The core components included(4S)-4-hydroxy-gweicurculactone, curcumadione, and curcumenone, and the core targets included phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha(PIK3 CA), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1(MAPK1), and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3(MAPK3). In summary, through the active components, such as(4S)-4-hydroxy-gweicurculactone, curcumadione, and curcumenone, CR regulates the nerve repair, vasoconstriction, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory response, thereby exerts therapeutic effect on CHD.

Based on UPLC characteristic chromatogram and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS), the content of seven types of ginsenosides in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma was simultaneously determined, and the quality of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma was evaluated by the principal component analysis(PCA). The chromatographic separation was performed on the Acquity UPLC BEH C_(18) column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-water for gradient elution at the flow rate of 0.3 mL·min~(-1), the column temperature of 30 ℃, the detection wavelength of 203 nm, and the injection volume of 2 μL. The UPLC chromatogram was established with 19 batches of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma samples from three producing areas by Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine(version 2012). Thirteen characteristic peaks were determined and seven components were identified. SPSS 26.0 was used to conduct PCA on the characteristic peak areas. With the peak of ginsenoside Rb_1 as reference peak S, ginsenoside Rb_1 showed good durability of relative correction factor as compared with other ginsenosides. The QAMS method for the determination of seven ginsenosides in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma was established. There was no significant difference in results between the QAMS method and the external standard method. As revealed by the results of PCA and the determination of the total content of seven ginsenosides, the four batches of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma numbered S19, S18, S1, and S2 were of superior quality. The characteristic chromatogram and QAMS method for the determination of seven ginsenosides in this study were convenient and accurate, which greatly shortened the analysis time and improved the analysis efficiency. The findings of this study are expected to provide a basis for the overall quality evaluation of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma.

In this study, UPLC was used to establish the characteristic chromatograms of Curcumae Radix from different origins(LSYJ, WYJ, HSYJ, and GYJ) and the content determination method of 11 chemical components. The evaluation of characteristic chromatogram similarity, cluster analysis(CA), principal component analysis(PCA), and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were combined to evaluate the quality of Curcumae Radix from four origins. LSYJ, WYJ, HSYJ, and GYJ showed 15, 17, 15, and 10 characteristic peaks, respectively, and 8 of the peaks were identified. The characteristic chromatograms of Curcumae Radix samples(except for GYJ07) from the same origin showed the similarity greater than 0.854. The 11 chemical components had different content among the samples from four origins. Curcumenol, furanodienone, and isocurcumenol were rich in LSYJ; hydroxyisogermafurenolide, curdione, and furanodiene had high content in WYJ; gemacrone, β-elemene, bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and curcumin were rich in HSYJ; all the components had low content in GYJ. The chemometric analysis showed that CA, PCA, and OPLS-DA could accurately classify the four origins of Curcumae Radix into four categories, and five different quality markers, namely furanodienone, curcumenol, curdione, hydroxyisogermafurenolide, and furanodiene, were screened out by OPLS-DA. UPLC in combination with multicomponent content determination is simple, rapid, reproducible, and specific, which can provide reference for the quality control and identification of Curcumae Radix from four origins.

The methods for determining the characteristic chromatogram and index components content of Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction were established to provide a scientific basis for the quality evaluation of substance benchmarks and preparations. Eighteen batches of Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction were prepared with the decoction pieces of different batches and of the same batch were prepared respectively, and the HPLC characteristic chromatograms of these samples were established. The similarities of the chromatographic fingerprints were analyzed. With liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, 6-gingerol, ginsenoside Rg_1, and ginsenoside Re as index components, the high performance liquid chromatography was established for content determination with no more than 70%-130% of the mass average as the limit. The results showed that there were 19 characteristic peaks corresponding to the characteristic chromatograms of 18 batches of Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction, including 8 peaks representing liquiritin, 1,5-O-dicaffeoylqunic acid, ginsenoside Rg_1, ginsenoside Re, 1-O-acetyl britannilactone, ginsenoside Rb_1, glycyrrhizic acid, and 6-gingerol, and the fingerprint similarity was greater than 0.97. The contents of liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, 6-gingerol, and ginsenosides Rg_1 + Re in the prepared Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction samples were 0.53%-0.86%, 0.61%-1.2%, 0.023%-0.068%, and 0.33%-0.66%, respectively. Except for several batches, most batches of Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction showed stable contents of index components, with no discrete values. The characteristic chromatograms and index components content characterized the information of Inulae Flos, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens in Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction. This study provides a scientific basis for the further research on the key chemical properties of substance benchmark and preparations of Xuanfu Daizhe Decoction.

This study aims to study the effective substance and mechanism of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen extract in the treatment of insomnia based on serum metabolomics and network pharmacology. The rat insomnia model induced by p-chlorophenylalanine(PCPA) was established. After oral administration of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen extract, the general morphological observation, pentobarbital sodium-induced sleep test, and histopathological evaluation were carried out. The potential biomarkers of the extract in the treatment of insomnia were screened by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS) combined with multivariate analysis, and the related metabolic pathways were further analyzed. Thequot;component-target-pathwayquot; network was constructed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Exactive mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS) combined with network pharmacology to explore the effective substances and mechanism of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen in the treatment of insomnia. The results of pentobarbital sodium-induced sleep test and histopathological evaluation(hematoxylin and eosin staining) showed that Ziziphi Spinosae Semen extract had good theraputic effect on insomnia. A total of 21 endogenous biomarkers of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen extract in the treatment of insomnia were screened out by serum metabolomics, and the metabolic pathways of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism were obtained. A total of 34 chemical constituents were identified by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS, including 24 flavonoids, 2 triterpenoid saponins, 4 alkaloids, 2 triterpenoid acids, and 2 fatty acids. The network pharmacological analysis showed that Ziziphi Spinosae Semen mainly acted on target proteins such as dopamine D2 receptor(DRD2), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1 A(HTR1 A), and alpha-2 A adrenergic receptor(ADRA2 A) in the treatment of insomnia. It was closely related to neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, serotonergic synapse, and calcium signaling pathway. Magnoflorine, N-nornuciferine, caaverine, oleic acid, palmitic acid, coclaurine, betulinic acid, and ceanothic acid in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen may be potential effective compounds in the treatment of insomnia. This study revealed that Ziziphi Spinosae Semen extract treated insomnia through multiple metabolic pathways and the overall correction of metabolic disorder profile in a multi-component, multi-target, and multi-channel manner. Briefly, this study lays a foundation for further research on the mechanism of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen in treating insomnia and provides support for the development of innovative Chinese drugs for the treatment of insomnia.

A total of 18 batches of Zhuru Decoction samples were prepared. Chromatographic fingerprints were established for Zhuru Decoction and single decoction pieces, the content of which was then determined. The extraction rate ranges, content, and transfer rate ranges of puerarin, liquiritin, and glycyrrhizic acid, together with the common peaks and the similarity range of the fingerprints, were determined to clarify key quality attributes of Zhuru Decoction. The 18 batches of Zhuru Decoction samples had 25 common peaks and the fingerprint similarity higher than 0.95. Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens had 21, 3, and 1 characteristic peaks, respectively. The 18 batches of samples showed the extraction rates within the range of 18.45%-25.29%. Puerarin had the content of 2.20%-3.07% and the transfer rate of 38.5%-45.9%; liquiritin had the content of 0.24%-0.85% and the transfer rate of 15.9%-37.5%; glycyrrhizic acid had the content of 0.39%-1.87% and the transfer rate of 16.2%-32.8%. In this paper, the quality value transmitting of substance benchmarks of Zhuru Decoction was analyzed based on chromatographic fingerprints, extraction rate, and the content of index components. A scientific and stable method was preliminarily established, which provided a scientific basis for the quality control and formulation development of Zhuru Decoction.

Following the preparation of substance benchmarks in Huanglian Decoction from 18 batches, the method for detecting their characteristic spectra was established to identify the similarity range and peak attribution. The content and transfer rate ranges of the index components coptisine, palmatine, berberine, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, 6-gingerol, and cinnamaldehyde and the extraction amount were combined for analyzing the quality value transfer from the Chinese medicinal pieces to substance benchmarks and clarifying the key quality attributes of substance benchmarks in Huanglian Decoction. The results showed that the substance benchmarks in Huang-lian Decoction of 18 batches exhibited good similarity in characteristic spectra(all greater than 0.98). There were 17 characteristic peaks identified in the substance benchmarks of Huanglian Decoction, including 10 from Coptidis Rhizoma, 3 from Glycyrrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle(processed with water), 1 from Zingiberis Rhizoma, and 3 from Cinnamomi Ramulus. The contents and average transfer rates of the index components were listed as follows: coptisine 2.20-6.46 mg·g~(-1) and 18.50%±2.93%; palmatine 3.03-8.13 mg·g~(-1) and 26.56%±4.69%; berberine 7.71-22.29 mg·g~(-1) and 17.34%±3.00%; liquiritin 0.88-2.18 mg·g~(-1) and 9.88%±4.88%; glycyrrhizic acid 1.83-4.44 mg·g~(-1) and 8.50%±3.72%; 6-gingerol 0.56-1.43 mg·g~(-1) and 11.36%±2.37%; cinnamaldehyde 1.55-3.48 mg·g~(-1) and 19.02%±4.36%. The extraction amount of the substance benchmarks from the 18 batches was controlled at 10.65%-13.88%. In this paper, the quality value transfer of substance benchmarks in Huanglian Decoction was analyzed based on the characteristic spectra, the index component contents and the extraction amount, which has provided a basis for the subsequent development of Huanglian Decoction and the quality control of its related preparations.

To clarify the key quality attributes of substance benchmarks in Danggui Buxue Decoction(DBD), this study prepared 21 batches of DBD substance benchmarks, and established two methods for detecting their fingerprints, followed by the identification of peak attribution and similarity range as well as the determination of extract and transfer rate ranges and contents of index components ferulic acid, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, and astragaloside Ⅳ. The mass fractions and transfer rates of DBD substance benchmarks from different batches were calculated as follows: ferulic acid(index component in Angelicae Sinensis Radix): 0.037%-0.084% and 31.41%-98.88%; astragaloside Ⅳ(index component in Astragali Radix): 0.021%-0.059% and 32.18%-118.57%; calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside: 0.002%-0.023% and 11.51%-45.65%, with the extract rate being 18.4%-36.1%. The similarity of fingerprints among 21 batches of DBD substance benchmarks was all higher than 0.9. The quality control method for DBD substance benchmarks was preliminarily established based on the HPLC fingerprint analysis and index component determination, which has provided a basis for the subsequent development of DBD and the quality control of novel related preparations.

Corni Fructus (CF), used for thousands of years in Asia as food and medicine, has different therapeutic effects before and after processing. In the past work, the quality assessment of Corni Fructus focused on the limited chemical compounds and rarely correlated external properties, such as color. The traditional sensory assessment relies partly on human eyes, which is quick but lacks objectivity. On a Shimadzu LC-20AD liquid chromatograph system equipped with a diode-array detector (DAD), we determined six major compounds (gallic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, morroniside, loganin, sweroside, and cornuside I). The extract was analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) after the solid-phase extraction (SPE) step. Totally 58 compounds in raw and processed Corni Fructus were identified in negative and positive ion modes according to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragments. Iridoids, carboxylic acids, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenes, fatty acids, saccharides, phospholipids, polysaccharide, amino acid, amide, furan, catechol, aldehyde, fatty alcohol and vitamin were included. A multivariate statistical analysis based on UHPLC-QTOF-MS filtered 17 differential compounds between raw and processed products. The CM-5 colorimeter was applied for digitizing surface and powder color. The contents of gallic acid, morroniside, loganin, cornuside I, and sweroside significantly correlated with color parameters in raw Corni Fructus, particularly a

Processing of Chinese medicinals with vinegar is one of the characteristic processing techniques. Vinegar is vital for the quality of vinegar-processed decoction pieces. However, there have been no specified standards for adjuvants. Through consulting relevant literature and monographs, we comprehensively reviewed the historical evolution of processing with vinegar in records, selection and application of vinegar, and summarized the relevant standards and current status of vinegar as an adjuvant in China. According to the records in literature, vinegar is effective in activating blood, moving qi, dispersing blood stasis, removing toxin, promoting appetite, and nourishing the liver. Traditionally, rice vinegar is chosen in processing. Nowadays, the vinegar made from rice under solid-state fermentation should be chosen. At present, only food standards can be taken for reference for vinegar in the processing. Integrative and specific inspection indicators are lacking, so the standards for adjuvants need to be improved urgently. In addition, the inadequacy in quality control and management is also a major problem to be solved. Through literature research, we reviewed the historical evolution and research advance in vinegar to provide a reference for the standardization and further research of vinegar used in the Chinese medicinal processing.

L~*, a~* and b~* values of prepared slices of Curcumae Rhizoma were measured by spectrophotometer. SPSS 21.0 was used for discriminant analysis to establish the color range and mathematical prediction model of prepared slices of Curcumae Rhizoma. The values of L~*, a~* and b~* of kwangsiensis ranged from 58.09-62.40, 4.53-5.66 and 23.61-24.29, while the values of L~*, a~* and b~* of phaeocaulis were between 64.02-70.71,-0.89-4.13 and 44.59-54.52, respectively. The values of L~*, a~* and b~* of wenyujin were 68.55-70.99,-0.11-1.47 and 28.26-32.19, respectively. The mathematical prediction model was proved to be able to realize 100% identification of Curcumae Rhizome of different origins through original and cross validation and external samples validation. A dual wavelength HPLC was established; the contents of 9 sesquiterpenoids and 3 Curcumae Rhizomes were determined simultaneously; and the contents of Curcumae Rhizome of different origins were determined. The results showed that kwangsiensis had higher contents of neocurdione, β-elemene and isocurcumaenol, phaeocaulis curcumin, furadienone, demethoxycurcumin and curcumin; and wenyujin mainly contained curdione, furadienes and guimarone. Pearson correlation analysis on L~*, a~*, b~* value and content of 12 components showed that curcumin, furadienone, demethoxycurcumin and curcumin had a significant positive correlation with b~* value(Plt;0.01). There was a significant negative correlation between neocurdione, β-elemene and isocurcumaenol and L~* value(Plt;0.01). Curdione, furadienes and guimarone were significantly correlated with L~* value(Plt;0.01),indicating that the appearance co-lor of Curcumae Rhizoma could reflect the change of the content of the internal components. This study provided reference for the rapid recognition of Curcumae Rhizoma and the establishment of quality evaluation system.

Based on fingerprint and network pharmacology,the whole process quality control of Zhuru Decoction was conducted and efficacy-related substances were predicted.The fingerprints of raw materials,decoction pieces and Zhuru Decoction were established,and 25 common peaks were identified,including 9 common chromatographic peaks of 3'-hydroxy puerarin,puerarin,3'-methoxy puerarin,puerarin,aperioside,daidzin,daidzein,liquiritin,glycyrrhizic acid and 6-gingerol, with similarity all greater than 0.95.The main groups of pharmacodynamic substances can be transferred from raw materials,decoction pieces to Zhuru Decoction step by step,with a clear affiliation relationship.Based on the testability and traceability,the active ingredients were screened,and the network relationship ofquot;component-target-pathwayquot; was constructed and analyzed for the nine chemical components screened by network pharmacology.The enriched pathways included energy metabolism,alcoholism,and smooth muscle contraction and relaxation-related pathways.The nine active components of Zhuru Decoction may achieve the effects of clearing heat, alleviating a hangover, harmonizing stomach and stopping vomiting through these signaling pathways.Based on transitive and traceable properties of the above 9 components as well as their close relationship to the efficacy of Zhuru Decoction,these 9 components can be identified as potential efficacy-related substances and provide basis for the overall quality control of Zhuru Decoction.

To optimize the technology of Gardeniae Fructus processed with ginger juice,establish fingerprints and simultaneously determine seven compounds( geniposidic acid,chlorogenic acid,genipin-1-β-D-gentiobioside,geniposide,rutin,crocin Ⅰ,and crocin Ⅱ) by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography( UPLC). Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18( 2. 1 mm×50 mm,1. 7μm) column was used with acetonitrile and 0. 1% formic acid solution as mobile phase for gradient elution at the flow rate of 0. 4 m L·min-1. The data was comprehensively processed and analyzed with similarity evaluation,principal component analysis( PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis( PLS-DA) methods. Twenty common peaks were identified in this study,and the similarity of samples was over 0. 97. The results of PCA and PLS-DA showed that there were differences in chemical compositions and contents between the raw Gardeniae Fructus and those processed with ginger juice,with 9 potential differentiated chromatographic peaks. After being processed with ginger juice,the contents of chlorogenic acid,crocin Ⅰ and crocin Ⅱ were less than before and the contents of other four compositions were higher than before. The optimized preparation for Gardeniae Fructus processed with ginger juice was stable and feasible. The methods of UPLC fingerprints and simultaneous determination of seven components can be effectively carried out to distinguish Gardeniae Fructus and Gardeniae Fructus processed with ginger juice.

Background: Curcuma wenyujin rhizome (CWR) is a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine for treating blood stasis in China for 1000 of years. However, the underlying mechanism of CWR remains unclear. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study is to clarify the bioactive mechanism of CWR in treating blood stasis. Materials and Methods: In this study, pharmacological indexes, including hemorheology and four blood coagulation indexes were tested. Bile and urine metabolomics were engaged by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS. Multivariate statistical analysis were used to screen out differential endogenous metabolites. Results: The results indicated that CWR significantly ameliorated the hemorheology and coagulation functions of acute blood stasis (ABS) model rats. Moreover, 27 endogenous metabolites between the CWR group and the ABS group were screened, and the levels were all improved to certain degrees by CWR preadministration. Metabonomics results indicated that ABS was mainly related to linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, pentose and glucuronate intercereasonversions, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and primary bile acid biosynthesis. Conclusion: In a word, the metabolomics method is consistent with the holistic view of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that can be a powerful means to illustrate the biological activity mechanism of CWR in treating blood stasis and to offer research demonstration for further study on the effector mechanism of TCM.

Totally 21 batches of Gastrodiae Rhizoma pieces from various habitats with different appearance characteristics were analyzed. Five active components( gastrodin,4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol,parishin B,parishin C,and parishin A) were determined by UPLC. Polysaccharide content was determined by phenol sulfuric acid method. And the content of alcohol extracts was determined. The correlation between appearance characteristics and active components,polysaccharide content and amount of alcohol extracts of Gastrodiae Rhizoma pieces was statistically analyzed by SPSS 19. 0 software. And the five active components in the 21 Gastrodiae Rhizoma pieces were clustered by using the Ward' s method in SPSS 19. 0 software. The study found that inconspicuous keratinous Gastrodiae Rhizoma had a low content of each component,and the degree of keratin was positively correlated with the content of each component and the extract,with no significant correlation with the polysaccharide content. In the cluster analysis,the 21 batches were divided into three groups,except the second group whose gastrodin content was significantly higher than the special conditions of other groups. According to the content of the five active components,19 batches of Gastrodiae Rhizoma pieces were classified into two groups with obvious keratin and no obvious keratin. In terms of color,with the deepening of brown color,the content of each component showed a downward trend. The grading of decoction pieces of Gastrodiae Rhizoma shall give full consideration to the color and texture. And the combination of chemical composition and appearance characteristics is an indicator to evaluate the product specification standards.

In order to determine the quality evaluation method for standard decoction of Coptidis Rhizoma,15 batches of standard decoction of Coptidis Rhizoma were prepared by using standardized process. Parameters such as traits,p H value,indicative component content,fingerprint similarity,composition transfer rate and dry extract rate were selected as the indexes for quality evaluation. Similarity evaluation and cluster analysis were performed for HPLC fingerprint of standard decoction,and mathematical model was used to study the correlation between dry extract rate,berberine content,berberine transfer rate in standard decoction and berberine content in decoction pieces. The results showed that the similarity of fingerprints was greater than 0. 99 for these 15 batches of standard decoctions of Coptidis Rhizoma. In cluster analysis,the standard decoctions of Coptidis Rhizoma from 4 producing areas were classified into 3 categories,consistent with the content determination results,indicating that there were quality differences among different producing areas.R2 in three linear regression mathematical models established was all greater than 0. 9,with significant difference. The validation of three batches of data showed that the models had good accuracy. Therefore,this model can be used to predict the quality of standard decoction prepared from different Coptidis Rhizoma pieces. In the standard decoction process established in this study,the integrity of the traditional process was greatly preserved,and the established quality evaluation method could be used to comprehensively examine the quality of the standard decoction,which can provide a demonstration for the related research of water extraction preparation containing Coptidis Rhizoma pieces.

As an outstanding representative of traditional Chinese medicine( TCM),ancient classical prescriptions carry the profound accumulation of the splendid civilization of Chinese medicine for thousands of years. It is the best part of the great treasure-house of Chinese medicine after thousands of years' training of TCM theory. It condenses the wisdom of all generations of doctors,and as the summary of clinical experience,it is the most brilliant pearl in the treasure house of TCM. The in-depth research and development of ancient classic prescriptions is a golden key to excavate the treasure house of TCM,which not only conforms to the development trend of TCM industry,but also brings unprecedented opportunities and challenges for the inheritance and innovation of contemporary Chinese herbal compound preparations. However,as a " new member" in the national drug research and development system,classic prescriptions have no specific implementation rules although the guidance is given by macro policies,and there is no successful case of research and development according to the registration requirements. Therefore,unified consensus and standards have not yet been formed for some key issues in the process of the development of the classic prescriptions,and much work is still in the exploration stage,so it is necessary to conduct in-depth research and discussion on these issues. In this paper,the problems in the research process of classical prescriptions were summarized,such as the resources of medicinal materials,the processing of decoction pieces,the prescription dosage,the molding technology and the quality evaluation,and the research strategy was put forward after analysis,hoping to provide a reference for the research and development of classical prescriptions.

An analysis method was established by UPLC fingerprint and then applied to simultaneous determination of multiple compounds in Gardeniae Fructus from different areas in China. Samples were separated on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C

Ten batches of Angelica sinensis from three producing areas( Tuoxiang,Minxian and Weiyuan of Gansu province) were selected as the research objects,and processed into raw A. sinensis,A. sinensis with alcohol,and A. sinensis with soil respectively through the standard processing methods. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography( UPLC) was used to establish fingerprint for three processed products of A. sinensis,and determine the contents of 9 phenolic acids and phthalide compounds. The similarity was analyzed with Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine,which showed that the chromatographic peaks of the same processed samples of A. sinensis were basically similar,with all similarities greater than 0. 950. The difference between different processed products and their control spectra was not obvious,with all similarities also higher than 0. 950.On the basis of using principal component analysis( PCA) and OPLS-DA to seek the difference components between groups,the improved distance coefficient method can be used to effectively distinguish the three processed products of A. sinensis by fingerprint similarity. At the same time,the determination method of nine phenolic acids and phthalide in A. sinensis was established by UPLC,and the comparison between different processed products was carried out. The results showed that the content of various components was changed as compared with the raw A. sinensis. The contents of coniferyl ferulate and ligustilide in the A. sinensis with alcohol were increased significantly,and the content of coniferyl ferulate was obviously increased in A. sinensis with soil. The method established in this paper can effectively distinguish different processed products of A. sinensis and determine the content of the main components in them.

To establish ultra performance liquid chromatography( UPLC) fingerprint of Puerariae Lobatae Radix from different habitats and simultaneously determine the contents of six isoflavonoids. The UPLC fingerprint analysis and content determination were performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C_(18)( 2. 1 mm×50 mm,1. 7 μm) chromatographic column,with acetonitrile-0. 05% formic acid as mobile phase for gradient elution. The detection wavelength was set at 250 nm; the flow rate was 0. 2 mL·min~(-1); the column temperature was 30 ℃ and the injection volume was 2 μL. Similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) was adopted; principal component analysis( PCA) and discriminant analysis by partial least square method( PLS-DA) in Simca-P software were used to identify the differential components in samples from three habitats. The similarity was over 0. 90 in 29 batches of samples,indicating good consistency of the samples. The samples were clustered into 3 categories by PCA and PLS-DA,and six differential components such as puerarin apioside,daidzin,and isoflavoues aglycone were found. The determination results of 6 isoflavones,including 3'-hydroxy puerarin,puerarin,3'-methoxy puerarin,puerarin apioside,daidzin,and isoflavoues aglycone,showed that the content of the same component and the fluctuation range between different components were all different among different habitats. The total content of 6 isoflavones from different regions was Anhui 11. 21%Henan 10. 97%Shannxi 9. 38%. The establishment of UPLC fingerprint combined with simultaneous determination of 6 active components provides a more comprehensive reference for quality control and quality evaluation of Puerariae Lobatae Radix.

UHPLC-QTOF/MS technique was used to study the differences of lignans and their metabolites derived from Schisandra chinensis and vinegar Schisandra chinensis in rat plasma, bile, urine and faeces by the data processing techniques such as the dynamic background subtract(DBS), mass defect filtering(MDF) and enhance peak list (EPL) in analysis. In order to enhance accuracy for Schisandra chinensis hepatoprotective effect, we established rat acute alcoholic liver injury model in this experiment, and studied the prototype components and metabolisms of Schisandra lignans in vivo under pathological condition. The main ingredients of alcohol extract are lignans, including deoxyschizandrin, schisandrin B, schizandrin C, schizandrol, schizandrol B,schisantherin, schisantherin B, schisanhenol, gomisin G, gomisin J. The metabolic transformation of lignans in rats was mainly induced by methylation, hydroxyl, oxidation, and so on. Finally, we identified 6 kinds of prototype components and their 20 potential metabolites in Schisandra chinensis group and vinegar Schisandra chinensis group.

Aim We aimed to evaluate the preventive effect of the ligustrazine nanoparticles nano spray (LNNS) for postoperative peritoneal adhesions in female rat models. Material and Methods Fifty Wistar female rats weighting 250–300 g were randomly assigned to seven equal groups. All animals in the seven groups underwent midline laparotomy and ceca were abraded with sterile rasp. Group 1 underwent sham operations without treatment. In group 2, a postoperative peritoneal adhesion model was created, but no medication was given. In group 3, a postoperative peritoneal adhesion model was treated with LNNS, 2.5 mg/kg. In group 4, a postoperative peritoneal adhesion model was treated with LNNS, 5 mg/kg. In group 5, a postoperative peritoneal adhesion model was treated with LNNS, 10 mg/kg. In group 6, a postoperative peritoneal adhesion model was treated with polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticle. In group 7, a postoperative peritoneal adhesion model was treated with ligustrazine, 2.5 mg/kg. Ten days after surgery, macroscopic and pathologic assessments were performed, and peritoneal fluid samples were collected in each group. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in peritoneal fluid were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The adhesion score and extent of groups 4 and 5 was lower than that of group 2 in macroscopic assessment (P < 0.05). A comparison of tumor necrosis factor-α and tissue plasminogen activator level in the peritoneal fluid also demonstrated significant differences among groups 2, 4 and 5 (P < 0.05). The levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in peritoneal fluid in the LNNS groups were decreased compared to group 1. Conclusion We suggest that LNNS could reduce peritoneal adhesion formation and it could be applied as a novel intervention for postoperative peritoneal adhesion.

To analyse the quality of three processed products of Rhizome of Curcuma wenyujin by establishing an ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method for simultaneously determining five sesquiterpene components in three processed products of rhizome of C. wenyujin and establishing UPLC fingerprints. Component determination was achieved on Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈ column（2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm), with acetonitrile-water as mobile phase for gradient elution. The flow rate was 0.3 mL·min⁻¹; column temperature was 30 °C; the detection wavelength was set at 214 nm and injection volume was 1 μL. The similarity was analyzed with "Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Chinese Materia Medica (2012.130723)", and hydrophobic cluster analysis (HCA), principal components analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were conducted by using simca-p14.1 software to investigate the differences in components among these three kinds of processed products. The curzerene, curdione, curcumol, germacrone, furanodiene and β-elemene showed good linearity relationship with chromatographic peak area within the ranges of 10.8-320（

To compare the effects of Curcumae Rhizoma/vinegar-processed Curcumae Rhizomaon immune hepatic fibrosis, proliferation of HSC-T6, and expressions of α-SMA and Procollagen I. The immunological liver fibrosis model was prepared through intraperitoneal injection with porcine serum 0.5 mL in each rat, twice a week, for 14 weeks. Expressions of serum ALT, AST, PC-Ⅲ, IV-C, LN, HA and HYP, MDA in liver tissues were observed after administration of Curcumae Rhizoma/vinegar-processed Curcumae Rhizoma (0.95, 1.90 g•kg⁻¹). The pathological changes in liver tissues were observed by HE staining. Masson staining and Sirius red staining were used to observe the expression of collagen in rat liver. HSC-T6 was cultured, and the proliferation of HSC-T6 was determined by MTT assay at different concentrations in 12, 24, 36, 48 h. The expressions of α-SMA and Procollagen I were detected by Real-time PCR. The results showed that expressions of serum ALT, AST, PC-Ⅲ, IV-C, LN and HA in Curcumae Rhizoma/vinegar-processed Curcumae Rhizoma groups (0.95, 1.90 g•kg⁻¹) were significantly lower than model group; in terms of effect, vinegar-processed Curcumae Rhizoma group was superior to Curcumae Rhizoma group. Curcumae Rhizoma/vinegar-processed Curcumae Rhizoma containing serum could inhibit the proliferation of HSC-T6 in a dose-effect and time-effect manner. Expressions of α-SMA and Procollagen I in HSC-T6 were decreased after 24 h, especially in 20% vinegar-processed Curcumae Rhizoma containing serum group (P0.01). Both Curcumae Rhizoma/vinegar-processed Curcumae Rhizoma could reduce immune hepatic fibrosis to varying extent. Their anti-hepatic fibrosis mechanism may be correlated with inhibition of the proliferation of HSC-T6, and reduction of the formation of extracellular matrix and promotion of its degradation.

Background: Dachaihu Granule, commonly used for treating cholecystitis, is derived from a famous traditional Chinese formula named Dachaihu Decoction. No analytical method has been reported for simultaneous determination of 10 bioactive compounds for quality control in Dachaihu Granule so far. Objective: To develop a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with diode array detector (DAD) for simultaneous determination of 10 bioactive compounds (paeoniflorin, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, and baicalin) in traditional Chinese medicine Dachaihu Granule. Materials and Methods : The samples were separated on a Kromasil C 18 (250 × 4.6 mm,i.d. with 5.0 μm particle size)column with multi-wavelength detection method by a gradient elution using acetonitrile (A) and 0.2% acetic acid (B) as the mobile phase. The column temperature was maintained at 30°C and the detection wavelength was set at 230 nm for paeoniflorin, 254 nm for aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion, 280 nm for naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, and baicalin. Results: The developed method provided satisfactory precision and the accuracy of this method was in the range from 94.0% to 103.1%, all of the 10 compounds showed good linearity (r > 0.999) in a detected concentration range. Conclusion: The validated method was successfully applied to the simultaneously of these active components in Dachaihu Granule from different production batches.

Drugs are exogenous compounds for human bodies, and will be metabolized by many enzymes after administration. CYP450 enzyme, as a major metabolic enzyme, is an important phase I drug metabolizing enzyme. In human bodies, about 75% of drug metabolism is conducted by CYP450 enzymes, and CYP450 enzymes is the key factor for drug interactions between traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) -TCM, TCM-medicine and other drug combination. In order to make clear the interaction between metabolic enzymes and TCM metabolism, we generally chose the enzymatic activity as an evaluation index. That is to say, the enhancement or reduction of CYP450 enzyme activity was used to infer the inducing or inhibitory effect of active ingredients and extracts of traditional Chinese medicine on enzymes. At present, the common method for measuring metabolic enzyme activity is Cocktail probe drugs, and it is the key to select the suitable probe substrates. This is of great significance for study drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) process in organisms. The study focuses on the interaction between TCMs, active ingredients, herbal extracts, cocktail probe substrates as well as CYP450 enzymes, in order to guide future studies.

10 optimize the preparation of cutting-processed Arecae Pericarpium by the orthogonal method.With four alkaloids such as arecoline, arecaidine, guvacoline, guvacine and yield of water-soluble decoction as indexes, a L9 (3(4)) orthogonal test was adopted to compare the effect of different factors on cutting-processed Arecae Pericarpium.According to the finalized optimal process, Arecae Pericarpium was washed quickly, moisturized, chopped lengthwise in 1 cm segment and then dried for 2.5 h at 50 °C.The optimal process method is reasonable and reliable, it can provide basis for the preparation of cutting-processed Arecae Pericarnium.

This study is to establish an HPLC-DAD-ELSD method for simultaneous determination of 5 flavones and saponins in Rhizoma Anemarrhenae including neo-mangiferin, mangiferin, timosaponin B II, timosaponin B III and timosaponin A III. Samples were analyzed on a Merck Purospher STAR column(4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile( A) and 0. 1% formic acid (B) with gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL · min(-1). The column temperature was set at 40 °C. The DAD detector wavelength was set at 254 nm. The ELSD conditions were as follows: the nebulizing gas flow rate was 2.0 L · min(-1) and temperature of drift tube was 105 °C. The volume was 10 μL. The five compounds were well separated with good linear correlations. The mean recoveries were between 102.0%-104.0%. This method was quick and reliable which provides a foundation for quality control of R. Anemarrhenae.

Sulfur fumigation, which is traditional method for preservation, pest control, insecticide and sterilization, has long been widely used in processing and storage and played a positive role of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). As some businesses sided pursuit of profit, abused and repeated use of sulfur fumigation, have resulted in a large number of harmful residues, such as sulf dioxide (SO2) and harmful heavy metals, which brings a significant impact and danger on human health. This article summarizes the sulfur species and the sulfur fumigation methods and analyzes the harmful substances in TCM after sulfur fumigation, to provide a reference of the choice of species for the sulfur, the optimization of sulfur fumigation process and the standardized processing of TCM after sulfur fumigation.

To compare the differences of the active ingredient contents and the sulfur dioxide residue in Astragali Radix before and after sulfur fumigation and provide a basis for establishing an alternative processing method. Astragali Radix, harvested at the same time in Longxi Gansu, were processed with different methods. high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the contents of the active ingredients in Astragali Radix and the revised method of the pharmacopoeia of China in 2011 was applied to determine the sulfur dioxide residue. The results show that the three-fold sulfur-fumigation group has the highest level of astragaloside IV and the dried sulfur-fumigation group with 10% water has the lowest level; the content of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside is the highest in naturally dried group and the lowest in the group of sulfur fumigating for 3 times; the sulfur dioxide residue of all sulfur-fumigation groups exceeds certain limit significantly and the group of sulfur fumigating for 3 times reaches the highest level.

The contents of adenosine, gastrodin, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, parishin and sulfur dioxide residue were compared in differently-processed Gastrodiae Rhizoma to provide the basis for a reasonable processing method of Gastrodiae Rhizoma. The analysis was performed on a Merck Purospher STAR column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and water (containing 0.1% formic acid) under gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The eluates were detected at 270 nm, and the column temperature was 35°C. The content of adenosin, gastrodin, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde and parishin in processing of boiling or sulfur-fumigated were lower than that of in processing of steaming. Furthermore, the sulfur dioxide residue of sulphur-fumigated groups exceed 400 mg x kg(-1). This stable and reliable method will contribute to the quality control of different processed Gastrodiae Rhizoma.

Sulfur fumigation (SF) is a universal phenomenon in primary processing of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in modern times. In the process, fumigation, sulfur or both of them act on the TCMs. Some active components of TCMs change quantitatively or qualitatively during the processing. At the same time, the sulfur dioxide and heavy metal would remain and cause a serious influence on quality and future development of TCM. This article reviews the chemical compositions change after SF to study the change law and their influence on quality. This article provide references for SF in TCMs' processing for a better and safer quality.

Infestation, moldy and other phenomenon in the processing and storage of Chinese herbal medicines is a problem that faced in the production of Chinese traditional medicine. The low productivity of traditional processing methods can not guarantee the quality of Chinese herbal medicines. Sulfur fumigation is the first choice of grassroots to process the Chinese herbal medicine with its low cost and easy operation. Sulfur fumigation can solve some problems in the processing and storage of Chinese herbal medicines, but modern pharmacological studies show that long-term use of Chinese traditional medicine which is fumigated by sulfur can cause some serious harm to human liver, kidney and other organs. This paper conducts a review about the application history of sulfur fumigation, its influence to the quality of Chinese herbal medicines as well as domestic and foreign limits to sulfur quantity, and a brief introduction of the status of modern processing technologies in the processing of food and some Chinese herbal medicines, the problems ex- isting in the Chinese herbal medicines processing, which can provide a reference basis for the further research, development and application of investigating alternative technologies of sulfur fumigation.

We aimed to evaluate the preventive effect of the ligustrazine nanoparticles nano spray (LNNS) for postoperative peritoneal adhesions in female rat models.Fifty Wistar female rats weighting 250-300 g were randomly assigned to seven equal groups. All animals in the seven groups underwent midline laparotomy and ceca were abraded with sterile rasp. Group 1 underwent sham operations without treatment. In group 2, a postoperative peritoneal adhesion model was created, but no medication was given. In group 3, a postoperative peritoneal adhesion model was treated with LNNS, 2.5 mg/kg. In group 4, a postoperative peritoneal adhesion model was treated with LNNS, 5 mg/kg. In group 5, a postoperative peritoneal adhesion model was treated with LNNS, 10 mg/kg. In group 6, a postoperative peritoneal adhesion model was treated with polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticle. In group 7, a postoperative peritoneal adhesion model was treated with ligustrazine, 2.5 mg/kg. Ten days after surgery, macroscopic and pathologic assessments were performed, and peritoneal fluid samples were collected in each group. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in peritoneal fluid were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The adhesion score and extent of groups 4 and 5 was lower than that of group 2 in macroscopic assessment (P0.05). A comparison of tumor necrosis factor-α and tissue plasminogen activator level in the peritoneal fluid also demonstrated significant differences among groups 2, 4 and 5 (P0.05). The levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in peritoneal fluid in the LNNS groups were decreased compared to group 1.We suggest that LNNS could reduce peritoneal adhesion formation and it could be applied as a novel intervention for postoperative peritoneal adhesion.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) reference standards plays an important role in the quality control of Chinese herbal pieces. This paper overviewed the development of TCM reference standards. By analyzing the 2010 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia, the application of TCM reference standards in the quality control of Chinese herbal pieces was summarized, and the problems exiting in the system were put forward. In the process of improving the quality control level of Chinese herbal pieces, various kinds of advanced methods and technology should be used to research the characteristic reference standards of Chinese herbal pieces, more and more reasonable reference standards should be introduced in the quality control system of Chinese herbal pieces. This article discussed the solutions in the aspect of TCM reference standards, and future development of quality control on Chinese herbal pieces is prospected.

To study the effect of ligustrazine nanoparticles nano spray (LNNS) on transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/Smad signal protein of rat peritoneal mesothelial cells (RPMC) induced by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and the anti-adhesion mechanism of LNNS in the abdominal cavity. The primary culture and subculture of rat peritoneal mesothelial cells (RPMC) was processed by trypsin digestion method in vitro. The third generation was identifified for experiment and divided into 5 groups: a blank group: RPMC without treatment; a control group: RPMC stimulated with TNF-α; RPMC treated by a low-dosage LNNS group (2.5 mg/L); RPMC treated by a medium-dosage LNNS group (5 mg/L); and RPMC treated by a high-dosage LNNS group (10 mg/L). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was applied to test the expression of fifibronectin, collagen I (COL-I), TGF-β mRNA, and Western blot method to test the Smad protein 7 expression of RPMC. Compared with the blank group, a signifificant elevation in fifibronectin (FN), COL-I and TGF-β mRNA expression of RPMC were observed in the control group (P

The essay summarizes the current development and application of reference extracts from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Through the analysis on problems in the quality control of TCMs, and on the basis of the current application of reference extracts in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, it investigates reference extracts from TCMs and forecasts the study orientation on TCM quality standards. Despite a wide prospect for the application of reference extracts in quality control of TCMs, there remain problems in varieties and standards. It is of great significance for the TCM understanding to further promote the development of reference extracts.

To study the effect of phospholipids composition on pharmaceutical characteristics of liposomes containing zedoary turmeric oil (ZTO).The ZTO was extracted supersonically by solvent and then colored by sulfuric acid-vanillin reagent. The ZTO liposomes were prepared by ethanol injection method. To determine the entrapment efficiency of the ZTO liposomes, we passed the liposome suspension through a Sephadex G-50 column equilibrated with PBS. Pharmaceutical characteristics of different liposomes such as size, zata potential, entrapment efficiency, stablility were determined and compared.The ZTO liposomes and free drug could be separated completely by the Sephadex G-50 chromatography, and the column recovery was (100.09+/-3.375)% (n=5). The ZTO liposomes composed of hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) possessed the worst entrapment efficiency and sedimentation stability. The entrapment efficiency of the ZTO liposomes composed of soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC) was equal to that of liposomes composed of both HSPC and SPC. However, The sedimentation and leakage stabilities of the latter were significantly higher than those of SPC liposomes.As the carrier of the ZTO liposomes, the composition of both HSPC and SPC can improve its stability.