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Due to the long wavelength absorption and a better morphology of the bulk heterojunction (BHJ), replacing PC71BM with the nonfullerene electron acceptor (NFA) IT4F significantly improves the power ...

Five thieno­[3,4-c]­pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD)-terthiophene copolymers, PHT, P1F3HT, P1F1HT, P3F1HT, and PFT, having 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of fluorine substituents on the center of terthiophene exhibit a progressive increase of open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current density (JSC), and hence a power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 9.68% of PC61BM-blended copolymer photovoltaics, which is the highest PCE reported for TPD-based polymer solar cells with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor. It is evident in atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies that the width of copolymer nanofibrils formed in solar cells decreases progressively with the increasing fluorine substituents of the copolymers. A declining solubility, which is attributed to the fluorophobic effect, narrows the nanofibril of copolymers with more fluorine substituents. Grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering studies reveal the improved crystallinity of lamellar stacking and π–π stacking structures of copolymers with more fluorine substituents. Density functional theory calculation indicates a virtually coplanar conformation of terthiophene units with fluorine substituents. The increasing VOC is also associated with the increasing fluorine substituents, which lower the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of the copolymers verified by the electrochemical and photoelectron spectroscopic measurements.

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at high risk of tuberculosis (TB) because of their immunocompromised status and the use of immunosuppressive drugs. In endemic regions, TB complicates the diagnosis and treatment of SLE, but the risk factors of mortality in these patients have not been investigated. In this study, we reviewed medical records during 2006–2016. Patients who fulfilled the 1997 American College of Rheumatology SLE criteria and presented with definite TB were enrolled. The primary outcome was mortality during TB treatment. There were 5388 SLE patients screened, and 30 patients were enrolled. Seven patients died during follow-up. Compared with the survival group, patients in the mortality group had significantly more central nervous system involvement of TB, higher Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index-2000 scores and more cyclophosphamide use before TB, and higher prednisolone dose before and during TB treatment. Cox regression showed that prednisolone dose during TB treatment was an independent risk factor for mortality (per 10 mg/day increase, hazard ratio (HR) 1.61, p = .019). For SLE patients, prednisolone dose during TB treatment is an independent risk factor for mortality. Keeping prednisolone dose at less than 25 mg per day during TB treatment might be a reasonable strategy in these patients.

Detecting and discriminating chemical vapors are essential for environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics. In this study, highly sensitive chemical vapor sensors fabricated from fluorinated t...

Using a novel ultraviolet (UV) irradiation method, we processed a high-performance thin-film transistor (TFT) at low temperatures. Satisfactory device integrity that was demonstrated by high field-effect mobility values of 92 and 43 cm2/Vs, small subthreshold slopes of 74 and 81 mV/decade, and ON-current/ OFF-current values of $3\times 10^{6}$ and $7\times 10^{5}$ was achieved for the SnO2 TFT at low processing temperatures of 180 °C and 100 °C, respectively. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the UV irradiation considerably increased the presence of Sn4+ and reduced the presence of unwanted Sn2+, even at low processing temperatures, improving the quality of SnO2.

Nanostructures in conducting polymer films can enhance charge carrier and ion transfer, provide porosity with high specific area and confer unique optoelectronic properties for potential applications. A general and facile synthesis has been developed to prepare nanostructured conducting polymer films without the need for using templates. This simple approach employs hyperbranched polymers as additives to tune the morphology of conducting polymer films into a continuous nanofibril network. Nanostructured conducting polymer films with improved crystallinity exhibit good charge carrier transport and stable nanofibril network, without sacrificing either property upon removing residual additives. Polymer field-effect transistor sensors have been used to demonstrate the benefits of the large surface area provided by the nanofibril network. The sensors with porous nanostructures exhibit lower detection limits (two times lower) and faster response times (33% faster) compared to the sensors without nanostructures. This general approach can advance the knowledge and development of nanostructured conducting polymer films for energy harvesting and storage, electronics, catalysts, sensors and biomedical applications.

Three D–A π-conjugated copolymers PnTIF (where n = 2, 4, or 6), composed of isoindigo electron acceptor units and difluorinated bithiophene (BTF) electron donor units, were synthesized and characterized. The HOMO and LUMO energy levels, solubility (and miscibility with PCBM), crystallinity (and crystalline orientation) and PnTIF:PCBM thin film morphology (nano-fibrillar network and phase separation) of the copolymers could be adjusted by the number (0 for P2TIF, 1 for P4TIF, 2 for P6TIF) of flexible 3-dodecylthiophene spacers between the isoindigo and BTF units. From the tested polymer solar cells fabricated with PnTIF:PCBM bulk heterojunctions, P4TIF:PC61BM solar cells exhibited a remarkably high short-circuit current density of ∼22 mA cm−2 together with a fill factor of ∼61% and an open-circuit voltage >0.80 volt, resulting in a power conversion efficiency of 10.7%, making it one of the highest among PC61BM-based polymer solar cells.

The composite electron transporting layer (ETL) of metal oxide with [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) prevents perovskite from metal electrode erosion and increases p-i-n perovskite...

Metal oxide thin films made from a sol–gel solution process are promising candidates for stable, low cost, and high performance electronic devices. Reducing the thermal budget required for their crystallization process can relax the fabrication limitation and expand their possible applications. We show that with the addition of an adequate amount of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) in the precursor solution, the activation energy of the sol–gel reaction can be reduced by about 50%. Using this strategy, not only can the required thermal treatment time and temperature of the sol–gel reaction be significantly reduced but also the quality of the film can be improved. The enhanced reaction rate can be ascribed to the presence of hydroxyl anions, which facilitate the formation of the metal hydroxide and the subsequent metal oxide. Additionally, the strategy developed here can be applied to multiple kinds of metal oxides. By this method, the processing temperature can be lowered by at least 50 °C and the time can be shortened by half for the fabrication of electronic devices such as thin film transistors and photovoltaics. Our results open up a new paradigm to fabricate highly crystalline metal oxide thin films quickly at an energy saving low temperature using the solution process.

Inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite single crystals are potential materials for the application of high performance optoelectronic devices. The exposed surface of single crystals can dramatically affect the measured properties. Facet-dependent behaviors are also speculated. However, impeded by the lack of facile facet engineering strategy for inorganic–organic hybrid perovskites, the relationship between different facets and respective performance remains elusive. In this work, we present a simple approach of ligand-mediated crystal growth to control the shape and the exposed facets of methylammonium lead iodide single crystals. The addition of oleylamine ligand can trigger the continuous morphological transition from dodecahedral-shaped single crystal enclosed by (100)T and (112)T to cubic-shaped single crystal enclosed by (110)T and (002)T while maintaining the material composition and crystalline phase. We fabricated single crystal based photodetectors and carried out the first unambiguous study on the...

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sensors are the imperative technology of modern life for environmental monitoring to detect any harmful elements and to prevent lethal exposure. The sensing material is a fibrous film consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)/poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) blend, and it is fabricated on a glass substrate. The P3HT/PMMA fibrous film is made by electrospinning process and shows high specific surface for solvent vapor harvesting. The P3HT/PMMA fibrous films are thus easily designed according to the extinction changes of VOCs. The P3HT/PMMA fibrous film exhibits the detection capability for VOCs. It satisfies the detection limit of acetone, toluene and o-xylene at 500 ppm. The cost of the P3HT/PMMA fibrous film is acceptable to the market in contrast to the commercial sensors toward VOCs.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOF) are studied extensively in applications like catalysts, gas storage, and sensors due to their various functional groups and structures. Two-dimensional (2D) MOFs such as triphenylene-based materials show excellent charge transport properties, but thin-film fabrication and organic ligand synthesis are difficult. In this work, we synthesize thiol-based organic ligand, benzenehexathiol (BHT), by a simple one-pot reaction. This facile method is safer and faster than conventional synthesis procedure that requires using liquid ammonia as solvent. Two novel 2D MOF materials, Ag3BHT2 and Au3BHT2, are fabricated by coordinating BHT with either silver (Ag) or gold (Au) ions through liquid–liquid interfacial reaction. The Ag3BHT2 thin film reaches a high electrical conductivity of 363 S cm–1, which has potential applications in electronic devices and sensors.

Electronic skin sensing devices are an emerging technology and have substantial demand in vast practical fields including wearable sensing, robotics, and user-interactive interfaces. In order to imitate or even outperform the capabilities of natural skin, the keen exploration of materials, device structures, and new functions is desired. However, the very high resistance and the inadequate current switching and sensitivity of reported electronic skins hinder to further develop and explore the promising uses of the emerging sensing devices. Here, a novel resistive cloth-based skin-like sensor device is reported that possesses unprecedented features including ultrahigh current-switching behavior of ≈107 and giant high sensitivity of 1.04 × 104–6.57 × 106 kPa−1 in a low-pressure region of

High performance p-type thin-film transistor (p-TFT) was realized by a simple process of reactive sputtering from a tin (Sn) target under oxygen ambient, where remarkably high field-effect mobility (μ FE ) of 7.6 cm2/Vs, 140 mV/dec subthreshold slope, and 3 × 104 on-current/off-current were measured. In sharp contrast, the SnO formed by direct sputtering from a SnO target showed much degraded μ FE , because of the limited low process temperature of SnO and sputtering damage. From the first principle quantum-mechanical calculation, the high hole μ FE of SnO p-TFT is due to its considerably unique merit of the small effective mass and single hole band without the heavy hole band. The high performance p-TFTs are the enabling technology for future ultra-low-power complementary-logic circuits on display and three-dimensional brain-mimicking integrated circuits.

Hydrogenated titanium dioxide has attracted intensive research interests in pollutant removal applications due to its high photocatalytic activity. Herein, we demonstrate hydrogenated TiO2 nanofibers (H:TiO2 NFs) with a core-shell structure prepared by the hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent heat treatment in hydrogen flow. H:TiO2 NFs has excellent solar light absorption and photogenerated charge formation behavior as confirmed by optical absorbance, photo-Kelvin force probe microscopy and photoinduced charge carrier dynamics analyses. Photodegradation of various organic dyes such as methyl orange, rhodamine 6G and brilliant green is shown to take place with significantly higher rates on our novel catalyst than on pristine TiO2 nanofibers and commercial nanoparticle based photocatalytic materials, which is attributed to surface defects (oxygen vacancy and Ti3+ interstitial defect) on the hydrogen treated surface. We propose three properties/mechanisms responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic activity, which are: (1) improved absorbance allowing for increased exciton generation, (2) highly crystalline anatase TiO2 that promotes fast charge transport rate, and (3) decreased charge recombination caused by the nanoscopic Schottky junctions at the interface of pristine core and hydrogenated shell thus promoting long-life surface charges. The developed H:TiO2 NFs can be helpful for future high performance photocatalysts in environmental applications.

With the increasing development of online shopping, enterprises pay more attention to e-commerce. This study, from the perspective of online consumer lifestyle, we established online consumer lifestyle models, clustered online consumers into 4 groups called reasonable savers, traditional life group, brand- guided group and free casual group. From the results, we know that different factors have the different degrees of the influence on different consumer groups. The main factors that impact consumers most is reputation factors, followed by marketing factors, and design factors.

Hydrogenated titanium dioxide has attracted intensive research interests in pollutant removal applications due to its high photocatalytic activity. Herein, we demonstrate hydrogenated TiO2 nanofibers (H:TiO2 NFs) with a core-shell structure prepared by the hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent heat treatment in hydrogen flow. H:TiO2 NFs has excellent solar light absorption and photogenerated charge formation behavior as confirmed by optical absorbance, photo-Kelvin force probe microscopy and photoinduced charge carrier dynamics analyses. Photodegradation of various organic dyes such as methyl orange, rhodamine 6G and brilliant green is shown to take place with significantly higher rates on our novel catalyst than on pristine TiO2 nanofibers and commercial nanoparticle based photocatalytic materials, which is attributed to surface defects (oxygen vacancy and Ti3+ interstitial defect) on the hydrogen treated surface. We propose three properties/mechanisms responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic activity, which are: (1) improved absorbance allowing for increased exciton generation, (2) highly crystalline anatase TiO2 that promotes fast charge transport rate, and (3) decreased charge recombination caused by the nanoscopic Schottky junctions at the interface of pristine core and hydrogenated shell thus promoting long-life surface charges. The developed H:TiO2 NFs can be helpful for future high performance photocatalysts in environmental applications.

Very high mobility of 149∼189 cm2/Vs, large on-to-off current ratio (I ON /I Off ) of >7 orders of magnitude, fast turn-on sub-threshold swing of 110 mV/decade, and low power operation at 2∼2.5 V were achieved in SnO 2 TFT device at an ultra-thin SnO 2 thickness of 4.5 nm. The device mobility of SnO 2 TFT is higher than the best ZnO-based TFTs and CVD-grown multi-layers MoS 2 MOSFETs. The reached mobility is already 0.7 times of universal mobility of SiO 2 /Si nMOSFET, operated typically at >1 MV/cm field. The very high mobility, simple low temperature process, and ultra-thin body SnO 2 transistor should find its crucial role for high resolution display, future sub-10 nm nMOSFET and brain-mimicking 3D IC.

High mobility channel thin-film-transistor (TFT) is crucial for both display and future generation integrated circuit. We report a new metal-oxide TFT that has an ultra-thin 4.5 nm SnO2 thickness for both active channel and source-drain regions, very high 147 cm2/Vs field-effect mobility, high ION/IOFF of 2.3 × 107, small 110 mV/dec sub-threshold slope and a low VD of 2.5 V for low power operation. This mobility is already better than chemical-vapor-deposition grown multi-layers MoS2 TFT. From first principle quantum-mechanical calculation, the high mobility TFT is due to strongly overlapped orbitals.

Considering the requirements for efficiency and precision in the forklift styling, the authors developed the forklift optimizing system for its styling based on the interactive genetic algorithms (IGA). The system includes parameter optimization, color optimization and part combination three modules. The parameter optimization module can find the user defined parameters of the forklift 3D models and generate new models. Color optimization module can group the model surfaces and render the groups with different color. New color plans are generated through random changing of the colors in each group. The parts combination module divides forklift into several parts and build lib for each part. The module can pick parts from the lib and assemble them into a whole forklift and demonstrate them. The thesis developed a protosystem on the Solidworks platform with VBA programming tools. Interactive genetic algorithms are applied to realize the three module’s function.

To increase the transistor's current (ION) and decrease the off-state leakage (IOFF), high-mobility, wide-bandgap and ultra-thin body channel materials are crucial for display, sub-10 nm MOSFET, and brain-mimicking 3D IC. The wide-bandgap ultra-thin-film SnO2 nMOSFET has achieved a high ION/IOFF of >107, and high mobility of >0.5X SiO2/Si device value operated at 1 MV/cm. The high mobility TFT is due to the overlapped orbitals.

LED is getting more and more attention in the application of LED outdoor lighting design, this articles focus on the irrationality of structure and sculpture design about LED outdoor lighting, design a plan of LED lawn lamp based on the leisure park environment through deeply analyzing the design standard of outdoor lighting, application environment and customer psychology demand, to provide reference for better promoting and usage in LED outdoor lighting.

Considering the demands for product ergonomics design, the paper proposed a driven design method for product’s shape and structure design through the manipulation of human body models. Based on the anthropometry data, a parametric human body driving model system is established with three layers, which are structure model, dimension model and surface model. The driven design method of product ergonomics design is realized, in which human body data are directly mapped to product design parameters. The driven design method provides a rational way to utilize ergonomics design principles and guarantee higher efficiency and more reliability. The method is tested in seat design examples.

This paper reports the work of web-based auto-design machining process of special bearing. A template-based process planning method is proposed for auto generating machining process of special bearing, including turning process and grinding process of inner ring or outer ring. Process templates are customized to generate process, procedures size and size tolerance are calculated according to procedure size database. A web-based process planning system is developed based on the proposed method. The use of the system is illustrated with an example.

The present work demonstrates a high efficient and low cost volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sensor. Nowadays, VOCs, which are typically toxic, explosive, flammable, and an environmental hazard, are extensively used in R&D laboratories and industrial productions. Real-time and accurately monitoring the presence of harmful VOC during the usage, storage, or transport of VOCs is extremely important which protects humans and the environment from exposure in case of an accident and leakage of VOCs. The present work utilizes conducting polymer/nanoparticles blends to sense various VOCs by detecting the variation of optical properties. The novel sensor features high sensitivity, high accuracy, quick response, and very low cost. Furthermore, it is easy to fabricate into a sensing chip and can be equipped anywhere such as a laboratory or a factory where the VOCs are either used or produced and on each joint between transporting pipes or each switch of VOC storage tanks. Real-time sensing is achievable on the basis of the instant response to VOC concentrations of explosive limits. Therefore, an alarm can be delivered within a few minutes for in time remedies. This research starts from investigating fundamental properties, processing adjustments, and a performance test and finally extends to real device fabrication that practically performs the sensing capability. The demonstrated results significantly advance the current sensor technology and are promising in commercial validity in the near future for human and environmental safety concerns against hazardous VOCs.

A piezoelectric micro-dispenser cooling system was used to solve the overheating problem that inside vehicles caused by solar radiation in summer. High temperature could lead failure or damaging of electronics and mechanical appurtenances of vehicles and causes a hot driver seat. Thus, it is an important research project to use a minimal power to cool down the temperature of vehicles. Since the temperature increases inside vehicles mainly from solar energy, we design a micro-cooling system could be operated by solar cell. If the exposure dose from sunlight is high, the formation of micro-spray droplet volume will also be high and enough to convert heat from solar energy by liquid evaporation. It could also be operated without any extra energy input. The measured data shows that temperature on the driver seat maintained at 46 °C by the dispenser cooling system, instead of temperature rising up to 60 °C at solar energy exposure doses as high as 1000 W/m2 and the relative humidity inside vehicle did not increase. In addition, the cooling system required less than 2.0 watts of power at flow rate of 4.0 mL/min for the generation of micro-droplets.

We have developed a high flow rate stable liquid dispensing system by using a low energy consumption actuator. It is made of a piezoelectric (PZT) actuating porous membrane with the resonant frequency of the system, featuring relatively small movement parts with a robust structure. Taking advantage of the high latent heat during phase changes from water droplet to vapor, we were able to remove heat from a hot body surface of over 100W with the dispensing system as cooling application.

A multiview autostereoscopic LCD display with a localized 2D/3D switching function is developed based on the actively switchable parallax barrier technology. This switcha ble barrier comprises of an electro-optically switchable liquid crystal (LC) and a microretarder. Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) with switchable clear and diffusing states and twisted nematic liquid crystal (TNLC) with polarization switching function are used as switching devices. The microretarder is prepared by self-dev eloped multibeam laser scanning pro cess, which is clean, friendly to the environment, and easy for scale up and mass production. Th e influence factors on the image qualities of 3D displays based on LCD panel technology are analyzed and discussed. Some solutions have proposed to solve the commercial application issues. Keywor ds: multiview autostereoscopic LCD display, localized switchable 2D/3D display, actively switchable parallax barrier INTRODUCTION Flat panel display (FPD) is the most important industry in the world due to its versatile applications- from the small ( 40”) ones like TV. The revenue of the global FPD industry is more than 100 billions US dollars in year 2008. Among that most of the revenue is contributed from LCD displays, which has the share ratio over 85%. Companies in Japan, Korea and Taiwan are the major manufacturers of the production of LCD displays in the world. However, due to the strong business competition, the price erosion rate and the earning profit decrease rapidly with time. The growth rates of revenue for those companies in Taiwan were even negative in year 2008. The average sale prices of panels at the end of year 2008 decreased 30~40% compared to that in 2007. The economic crisis made the worldwide LCD business become more difficult and more challenge. Facing with the price competition, many LCD makers are making serious adjustments to accommodate to changing of the global market. They are also trying to find the new applications to explore the new market to increase their revenue and profit. In the consumer electronic show and consumer electronic advisory panel discussion of 2009, display for the next wave innovation became one of the five technology trends to watch. Among that 3D-TV is one of the consumers most interest in emerging display technologies. The attention on the conn ection of 3D video in the home with the 3D-TV system is a hot topic. It has been reported that the future applications of major driving momentum for LCD panel industry will be LCD-TV and notebook, which covers the whole spectrum of panel size from small to large. However, the stereoscopic and/or autostereoscopic LCD-TV and notebook are interesting to the manufacturers and sellers but not to the customers. The key problem is that stereoscopic and autostereoscopic LCD displays is still in a stage of research and development, which offers a great potential for the commercial applications, but is not mature for mass production. Not even is a commodity accepted by the users. There are many issues needed to be solved before the 3D-TV become commercialization: (1) it must be an autostereoscopic display without wearing any special gla sses; (2) the 3D content is already available; (3) the depth sense for 3D effect (human fact or) is easily adjustable; (4) the quality of 3D image is as good as a 2D display (wide view angle & high resolution); (4) it is viewable from different locations and distances; (5) it’s 2D/3D compatible; (6) it has the flexibility for different sizes of 3D-TVs; (7) it should be cost effective and acceptable for the customers; and (8) the standard for 3D-TV broadcasting is al ready ready. With so many issues, it is still a long distance to make 3D-TV at home.

The PZT actuated porous membrane device with micro-scale nozzle array and generating the micro-scale liquid droplet with maximum flow rate of 20 ml/min is developed in this study. It could be used in the application of CPU cooling. It consists the advantages of simple and easily manufactured of the structure with PZT actuator. The pumping flow rate is independent of back-pressure and negative pressure operation prevents leakage as system fail. Since the high latent heat transfer rate of water droplet for the liquid-vapor phase change cooling system, it removes heat from the CPU surface effectively. In order to design an efficient cooling device, it is important to study the dimensional effects of PZT actuator on the nozzle plate vibration mode and the orifice size to pick off droplet. Frequency and amplitude of the voltage used to energize the PZT transducer are important parameters that should be properly controlled in order to achieve the optimal liquid breakup conditions. It also reveals the low noise and power consumption with some appropriate operational conditions.

Micro-scale droplet was effectively applied to the CPU cooling. The PZT actuated porous membrane device which generating the micro-scale droplet with high latent heat of phase changes between liquid and vapor of water to achieve high heat transfer performance, it could remove heat from the CPU surface effectively for over 100 Watts as cooling system. And the device operating below the pressure of ambient environment prevents leakage as system fail. In order to design an efficient cooling device, it was important to study the dimensional effects of PZT actuator on the orifice plate vibration mode to pinch off droplet. The frequency and the applied voltage used to energize the PZT transducer were also important parameters that should be properly controlled in order to achieve the optimal liquid breakup conditions. The maximum flow rate approach 27 ml/min when operated at 50 kHz with 2.75 W, It also reveals the low noise and power consumption in the CPU cooling system

Ink jet technology is applied to the industry application of CPU cooling in this study. The PZT actuated micro-cooling device which generating the micro-scale liquid droplet is used in the CPU cooling of desktop and laptop PCs. It consists the advantages of long lifetime of operation, simple and easily manufactured of the structure with PZT actuator. Since the high latent heat transfer rate, 2260 J/g, of water droplet for the liquid-vapor phase change cooling system, it removes heat from the CPU surface effectively for over 100 W. In order to design an efficient cooling device, it is important to study the PZT material property varies after the laser cutting process and the dimensional effects of PZT actuator on the nozzle plate vibration mode. The frequency and amplitude of the voltage used to energize the PZT transducer are also important parameters that should be properly controlled in order to achieve the optimal liquid breakup conditions. It also reveals the low noise and power consumption in the CPU cooling system with some appropriate operational conditions.

In this paper, we propose a comprehensive concept and new design of a drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing process for fabricating color filter (CF) layers of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) onto the structured surfaces of flat substrates, composed of 'physical sidewalls' for aligning and controlling the liquid morphology. Several fundamental guidelines of the design have been addressed in current inkjet-printing techniques. Using a droplet generator (printhead) of the deposition system, the color-ink drops can be jetted and placed over the specific domains, where the sidewalls align the flow merged from a stream of droplets and fulfill the coverage of the defined areas, in which the geometrical relations correlating the droplets and sidewalls are explicitly expressed in the study. According to the results of the simulation and analysis, the proposed sidewalls, acting as the physical barriers, can control the liquid morphology through the simple geometric factors such as sidewall widths, heights and contact angles. The experimental results showed that the solid RGB color layers were self-assembled from the liquid droplets and formed with the uniform thickness, except for the neighborhood of the sidewalls. It indicated that the sidewalls serving as 'physical barriers' had a remarkable effect in confining and self-aligning the droplet flow within the desirable regions. This inkjet-printing method would alternatively offer one cost-effective and high-flexibility method for the production of the versatile LCD CF, thus being particularly beneficial for large-area printing and flexible substrates.