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Purse seine fishing is very effective in catching large volumes of pelagic fish. In Korea, as in many other countries, it is frequently used in catching tuna, a fish with high added value. To make a successful catch in purse seine fishing, it is important to choose the initial gear shooting position and trajectory for the purse seine based on the speed and direction of the swimming fish and the speed of the ship. In the field, the initial shooting position typically depends on the experience of the captain. With increasingly strict global regulations for fish aggregating devices (FADs), greater precision in predicting the purse seine shooting trajectory is required to improve the catch success rate for unassociated (FAD-free) schools. In this study, we propose trajectories with high potential for application in purse seine fishing, based on the speed and direction of the fish school. Two distinct gear shooting methods are proposed according to the speed of the fish. The first gear shooting method is applicable for fish moving at a moderate speed and with less changes in direction; the second method can be applied to fast-swimming schools. In addition, when the depth covered by the sinker line is known through the analysis of the gear behavior, the gear shooting trajectory can be modified according to the depth of the sinker line. The results from this study may be used as a technological alternative to FAD operations by assisting in tuna resource management and reducing the capture of non-targeted species.

We investigated the underwater shapes of trolling lines for the improvement of hairtail fishing efficiency. Two sets of experiments were carried out, one on a small scale, where flume tank tests of four models were scaled down by a ratio of 1:10 and trolled at different speeds, and another at full scale, comprising a survey on board a commercial fleet. In situ trials were conducted off the coast of Jeju Island, South Korea, at 33°27′57.528″N, 126°55′48.846″E, a potential fishing ground for hairtail fishing. The full-scale gear was set by altering sinker weights whilst changing the length of the warp line at different towing speeds. A dynamic method using a mass-spring technique and full-scale gear was developed. External and internal forces that govern the motion of the gear were considered. A non-linear differential equation of motion was developed, solved by a fourth-order Runge–Kutta method at a time step of 5 × 10−4 s for each trial. A static method was also developed using full-scale gear to predict the equilibrium gear configuration under all fishing conditions. The dynamic method better predicts the actual underwater performance of trolling line gear in real time.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from fisheries are of primary concern because of their effects on the environment. GHG emissions from fisheries are mainly related to their fuel consumption. Furthermore, the fuel consumption of fisheries also influences their economics. Therefore, many studies have been conducted to find ways of reducing fuel consumption in fishing operations that use fishing gear. The fuel consumption of fishing gear is generally related to its hydrodynamic resistance and the distance traveled. It mostly depends on the drag created, which is affected by towing speed. Based on model experiments, this study proposes new designs of trawl net and trawl doors to reduce fuel consumption in fisheries. The low-energy midwater trawl developed here can reduce the resistance force on the gear by 37.5%. It can also save 17% of the fuel consumption per voyage. Furthermore, this study investigates the efficiency of a low-energy trawl from an economic point of view. The findings of this study will be useful in reducing GHG emissions in fishing operations and thus contribute to a reduction in fishing costs through fuel savings.

Fuel consumption in fisheries is a primary concern because of its effects on the environment and the costs incurred by fishermen. Many studies have been conducted to reduce the fuel consumption in fishing operations. Fuel consumption due to fishing gear during a fishing operation is generally related to the hydrodynamic resistance on the gear. This means that fuel consumption is proportional to the drag created by the towing speed. Based on numerical methods, this study suggests a new approach to reduce fuel consumption in fisheries. The results of the simulation are in good agreement with those of model experiments. The total as well as partial resistance forces on the gear are calculated by simulation. The simulation results suggest improved materials and gear structure for reducing the hydrodynamic forces on the gear while maintaining gear performance. The method for assessing the gear performance involves measuring the height and width of the net mouth. Furthermore, this study investigates the efficiency of a low-energy trawl from an economic point of view. The findings of this study will be useful in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in fishing operations, and thereby contribute toward lowering fishing costs by saving fuel.

Because fish cage systems are strongly influenced by various marine environmental conditions such as currents and waves, structural safety design is of crucial importance during their installation. It is particularly important to design a technical solution for a mooring system. In this study, we designed four types of fish cage systems with different bridle connection arrangements (two single-rope and two multiple-rope connection methods) to evaluate the structural safety of fish cage systems based on the bridle connection arrangement and to propose an efficient design direction. The level of the structural safety of the fish cage system in terms of the resistance force, shape, and inside volume reduction ratio was found to vary according to the position of the frame lines connected to the bridle lines, the number of bridle lines, and the angle between the frame line and the direction of currents and waves. Improved structural safety was observed when the bridle lines were connected to the midpoints of the frame lines compared to those connected to the vertices, and the multiple-rope connection method was found to provide higher structural safety than the single-rope connection method. Increased fish cage system structural safety was also confirmed when the frame line orientation was 90° to the direction of currents and waves compared to that at 45°. From these findings, it can be concluded that the structural safety of a fish cage system can be improved by using multiple bridle lines to disperse the tension of the mooring lines connected to the frame lines and by installing the fish cage with the frame lines aligned at an angle that minimizes the projected area exposed to currents and waves. Moreover, the simulation technique presented in this study is expected to contribute to the efficient evaluation of the structural safety of various fish cage mooring systems designed using multiple-rope connection methods, accounting for the number and position of bridle lines connected on a frame line.

In pelagic longline, deploying the gear such that the depth of the hook is the same as that of the target fish is important to improve the fishing performance and selectivity. In this study, the depth of the tuna longline hook was estimated using the mass-spring model, catenary curve method, and secretariat of the pacific commission Pythagorean method in order to improve the performance of the longline gear in Fiji. The former two methods were estimated to be relatively accurate, and the latter showed a large error. Further, the mass-spring model accounted for the influence of tidal current in the ocean, which was found to be appropriate for use in field trials.

In this study, numerical method was used to assess technical properties and improve the Vietnamese tuna purse seine. The data were extracted from the two national level projects. The study results showed that average lead-line sinking speed reached 0.139 m/s and 0.143 m/s and maximum sinking depth was 61.6 m and 65.8 m for The gears 2003 and 2014 respectively. The maximum tension on ring line of The gear 2003 was 4,742 kgf and 2014 was 4,219 kgf. The improved tuna purse seines I, III and IV showed similar sinking speed results with 0.220 m/s, 0.219 m/s and 0.219 m/s respectively. The average lead-line sinking speed of the improved gear II was lowest with 0.215 m/s. The maximum lead-line sinking depth of the four improved gears I, II, III and IV were 116 m, 112 m, 115 m and 114.9 m respectively. Maximum tension on ring line of the improved gears I, II, III and IV were 5,657 kgf, 5,406 kgf, 5,645 kgf and 5,654 kgf respectively. The improved tuna purse seine IV is the most suitable for Vietnamese tuna purse seine fishery, Which corresponds with tuna purse seiner scale and its fishing supporting equipment at the present.

To install aquaculture facilities in the open sea, which is significantly influenced by tidal currents and waves, technology must be developed to withstand severe natural conditions. Many studies have been performed on cage structures that can operate in such an environment. To analyze the performance of the cage structure, it is necessary to derive the drag coefficient of the floating collar according to the degree of submergence of the floating collar in the sea; however, studies on this have not been published. Therefore, in the present study, we determined the drag coefficients according to the extent of submersion of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes, which are the most commonly used pipes for cage floating collars. Using three types of HDPE pipes with different diameters, we derived drag coefficients for 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, and complete submersion of the pipe’s cross section at different attack angles and current speeds. The drag coefficient of the HDPE pipe derived from a flume-tank experiment was employed for modeling the floating collar. Additionally, a numerical simulation was performed. The deformation of the sides of the cage according to the current speeds agreed well with the model test and numerical simulation results, and the overall calculation error for the tension of the mooring line was within ±5%. Furthermore, the accuracy of the simulation was improved by about 7% through the numerical calculation method of the floating collar applied in this study. According to the results of the model test and numerical simulation, cage structures with various properties can be modeled consistently using a mass–spring model, enabling relatively accurate numerical calculations and behavior simulation of the cage.

We analyzed the small-scale purse-seine gear that is used along the North Coast of Java, Indonesia, using computer-aided tools to modify the gear. Data from the middle position of the leadline showed that the maximum depth reached by the net was 30 m. A similar result was also calculated. According to the calculated result, the mean sinking speed of the current gear at the middle position of the leadline was 0.13 m/s, and the maximum tension during pursing was 1,794 kgf. The best sinking performance was found in modified gear that used a 30.3 mm mesh knotless polyester net. The maximum depth reached by the net was 38 m, and mean sinking speed was 0.16 m/s at the middle position of the leadline. The maximum tension during pursing was 1,044 kgf. In-dependent sample t -test results show that the mean sinking depth and sinking speed in the simulated and measured results did not differ ( P > 0.05). These results are expected to improve the efficiency and selectivity of small-scale purse seine gear.

Fish cage systems are influenced by various oceanic conditions, and the movements and deformation of the system by the external forces can affect the safety of the system itself, as well as the species of fish being cultivated. Structural durability of the system against environmental factors has been major concern for the marine aquaculture system. In this research, a mathematical model and a simulation method were presented for analyzing the performance of the large-scale fish cage system influenced by current and waves. The cage system consisted of netting, mooring ropes, floats, sinkers and floating collar. All the elements were modeled by use of the mass-spring model. The structures were divided into finite elements and mass points were placed at the mid-point of each element, and mass points were connected by springs without mass. Each mass point was applied to external and internal forces, and total force was calculated in every integration step. The computation method was applied to the dynamic simulation of the actual fish cage systems rigged with synthetic fiber and copper wire simultaneously influenced by current and waves. Here, we also tried to find a relevant ratio between buoyancy and sinking force of the fish cages. The simulation results provide improved understanding of the behavior of the structure and valuable information concerning optimum ratio of the buoyancy to sinking force according to current speeds.

The fishing industry has a negative effect on the environment due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with the high use of fossil fuels, the destruction of underwater ecosystems by bottom trawls, reduction in resources by fishing, and altered ecosystem diversity. GHG emissions from fisheries were discussed at the Cancun meeting in Mexico in 1992 and are part of the Kyoto protocol in 2005. However, few studies have investigated the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries. To find a way to reduce GHG emissions from fisheries, quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from the Korean fishery industry is needed. Therefore, this study investigated the GHG emissions from the Korean Danish seine fishery using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The system boundary and input parametersfor each process level are defined for the LCA analysis. The fuel-use coefficient of the fishery is also calculated. The GHG emissions from the representative fish caught by the Danish seine fishery are considered and the GHG emissions for the edible weight of fishes are calculated, considering consumption in different areas and different slaughtering processes. The results will help to understand the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries.

Development in mathematical formulations of parameterizing the resonance structures using the phase-shifted multichannel quantum defect theory (MQDT) and their use in analyzing the effect of inter-series interactions on the autoionizing Rydberg spectra is reviewed. Reformulation of the short-range scattering matrix into the form analogous to S = SBSR in scattering theory are the crucial step in this development. Formulation adopts different directions and goals depending on whether autoionizing series converge to the same limit (degenerate) or to different limits (nondegenerate) because of the different nature of the perturbation. For the nondegenerate case, finding the simplest form of profile index functions of the autoionizing spectra with the minimal number of parameters is the main goal and some results are reviewed. For the degenerate case where perturbation acts uniformly throughout the entire series, isolation of the overlapped autoionizing series into the unperturbed autoionizing series is the key objective in research and some results in that direction are reviewed.

In trawling, the trawl gear is connected to a trawler through a warp and towed by the trawler propulsion. The depth of the trawl gear, determined by the warp length, and the trawler direction are the most essential factors for successful trawling. In fact, the position and swimming depth of target fish school should be accurately determined to enable the trawl gear to reach the depth of the fish school by controlling the trawler velocity and direction. Automating this process requires three-dimensional simultaneous control of the trawler direction and trawl gear depth. In this study, we applied fuzzy logic rules generated from language instructions used by skilled captains, master fishermen, and officers to control the trawl gear depth and trawler direction. We verified the accurate enclosing of a target fish school at the center of the trawl gear through simulations. When applying the proposed three-dimensional position control of the trawl gear, its depth was adjusted with an error up to 7%. Thus, the depth of a trawl gear can be automatically controlled by adjusting the trawler direction and warp length during trawling.

Sinking speed is one of the main factors affecting the performance of longlines. Demersal and pelagic longlines need to sink quickly, to prevent bycatch of marine animals and bait loss to seabirds. The incidental catch or bycatch of seabirds by longlining is a problem from the environmental conservation point of view. Thus, it is necessary to develop techniques to reduce the incidental catch or bycatch by longlining. This study focuses on the sinking speed of longlines. To determine the significant factors that may influence the sinking speed, the study considers the various parameters for longlining such as bait properties, rope materials, rope thickness, anchor weights, shooting speeds, shooting methods, and the ratio between the depth and mainline length. The results of the numerical analysis were verified by comparing them with observations from field experiments. The results suggest that the sinking speed can be increased and the bycatch during the sinking process can be reduced when baits have elliptical shapes with a small projected area relative to the sinking orientation, as well as when high-density and thicker materials are used. Heavier anchors also help to increase the sinking speed of the anchor part, excluding other parts such as the middle part of a mainline. If the water is shallow compared with the line's length, the anchor's weight has a smaller influence on the speed of sinking in the middle of the line. In this case, the factors that influence the sinking speed of a longline 10, 30, and 50 m from the stern are rope material, rope thickness, and shooting speed. These results may be used to design techniques for bycatch prevention. Based on these results, accounting for these important factors when designing a longline is expected to increase the fishing efficiency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The main purpose of this study is to analyse economic feasibility of low-carbon-oriented gear for anchovy boat seine. The results of benefit/cost analysis showed that use of the low-carbon fishing gear is economically feasible. Considering the fuel saving and relatively low emission by reducing the resistance of gear, net present value by such type 1 gear improvement was estimated about -2,490 ~ -1,580 million won with the benefit-cost ratio 0.81~ 0.88. And net present value by such type 2 gear improvement was estimated about 6,540 ~ 7,780 million won with the benefit-cost ratio 1.79 ~ 1.94. Development of lowcarbon trawl gear would render significant contributions to reducing emission in fishing operations and lead to reduce fishing costs due to fuel savings.

Fuel consumption in fisheries is a primary concern due to environmental effects and costs to fishermen. Much research has been carried out to reduce the fuel consumption related to fishing operations. The fuel consumption of fishing gear during fishing operation is generally related to hydrodynamic resistance on the gear. This research demonstrates a new approach using numerical methods to reduce fuel consumption. The results from the simulation were verified with results that mirrored the model experiments. By designing the fishing gear using drawing software, the whole and partial resistance force on the gear can be calculated as a result of simulations. The simulation results will suggest suitable materials or gear structure for reducing the hydrodynamic forces on the gear while maintaining the performance of the gear. Furthermore, the efficiency of low energy used anchovy dragnet as economic point of view will be dealt. This research will helpful to reduce the GHG emissions from fishing operations and lead to reduce fishing costs due to fuel savings.

For the excited states of a hydrogen molecule up to n = 3 active spaces, potential energy curves (PECs) are obtained for values of the internuclear distance R in the interval [0.5, 10] a.u. within an accuracy of a.u. (Hartree) compared to the accurate PECs of Kolos, Wolniewicz, and their collaborators by using the multi-reference configuration-interaction method and Kaufmann's Rydberg basis functions. It is found that the accuracy of the PECs can be further improved beyond a.u. for that R interval by including the Rydberg basis functions with angular momentum quantum numbers higher than l = 4.

Fuel consumption in fisheries is a primary concern due to environmental effects and costs to fishermen. Much research has been carried out to reduce the fuel consumption related to fishing operations. The fuel consumption of fishing gear during fishing operation is generally related to hydrodynamic resistance on the gear. This research demonstrates a new approach using numerical methods to reduce fuel consumption. The results from the simulation were verified with results that mirrored the model experiments. By designing the fishing gear using drawing software, the whole and partial resistance force on the gear can be calculated as a result of simulations. The simulation results will suggest suitable materials or gear structure for reducing the hydrodynamic forces on the gear while maintaining the performance of the gear. Furthermore, the efficiency of low energy used trawl as economic point of view will be dealt. This research will helpful to reduce the GHG emissions from fishing operations and lead to reduce fishing costs due to fuel savings.

Relations between fitted parameters for photoionization spectra both below and above the thresholds in the systems involving 3 channels are obtained using phase-shifted version of the multichannel quantum-defect theory. Analytical continuation of the photoionization cross sections in the form of examined using several representations.

Currently, environment-friendly and sustainable fisheries are one of the major issues among fisheries authorities. A variety of alternative management policies and projects are going on to enhance fisheries management systems and fishery resources such as a TAC management program and a VDS (Vessel Day Scheme) management scheme for distant water fishing nations in Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) convention area. These kinds of efforts among fisheries management authorities are aimed at limiting fishing capacity or fishing power. In terms of fisheries management, Fishing capacity and fishing power have increased the importance of the impact on a fishery and level of the resources. Increased fishing capacity and fishing power have caused not only depletion of fisheries resource, but also additional fishing cost. therefore, there is a clear need for authorities to manage fishing capacity and fishing power. It is also help ensure the conservation and sustainability of the fishery resources. Because of lack of data, absolute fishing power is difficulty to measure. The notion of relative fishing power is frequently used. In this study, relative fishing power was assessed using Mastuda (1991) method for fishing power index. The raw data for assessment was based on fishermen`s logbook data from sampled fishing vessels in coastal snow crab gillnet fishery. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method was used to assess fishing capacity. DEA is a linear programming methodology to measure the efficiency of a set of entities called Decision-Making Units (DMUs). It was recommended by FAO for assessing capacity in fisheries.

In this study, a numerical method for the analysis of the sinking speed of demersal longlines was developed to obtain further insight into the ocean current displacement of demersal longlines. The sinking speed is one of the main factors affecting the extent of current displacement, which is the horizontal movement of longlines due to ocean currents. To improve the accuracy of the model, bait properties were investigated in a flume tank, and the resistance coefficients of full scale models based on different bait shapes, sizes and orientations were established. The numerical method was verified by full scale experiments conducted in the sea. In the theoretical analysis, the sinking speed of a Norwegian commercial longline was calculated. Current-related data of a common longlining area in Norway were obtained from the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and were used to calculate the ocean current displacement of a demersal longline. The results show the ocean current displacement of longlines, and make to expect a decrease in the fishing efficiency.

The negative fishery factors from an environmental perspective are greenhouse gas emissions due to high fossil fuel use, destruction of underwater ecosystems by bottom trawls, a reduction in resources by fishing, and damage to ecosystem diversity. In particular, the greenhouse gas emissions from fisheries is an important issue based on the Cancun meeting in Mexico in 1992 and the Kyoto protocol in 2005. However, no investigations on the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries have been conducted. Therefore, a quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from the Korean fishery industry is needed as a first step to identify a method to reduce GHG emissions from fisheries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of GHG emitted from fisheries. Here, we calculated the GHG emissions from four main Korean fisheries(i.e., large trawls, large purse seines, Danish seines, and bottom pair trawls) using the life cycle assessment(LCA) method. The system boundary and input parameters for each process level were defined for LCA analysis. The fuel use coefficient of each fishery was also calculated. The GHG emissions from edible seafood were calculated considering different consuming areas. The results will be helpful to understand GHG emissions from Korean fisheries.Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) method, Greenhouse gas emission, Fishery, Fuel use coefficient

Modeling fishing-gear systems is essential to better understand the factors affecting their movement and for devising strategies to control movement. In this study, we present a generalized mathematical modeling methodology to analyze fishing gear and its various components. Fishing gear can be divided into a finite number of elements that are connected with flexible lines. We use an algorithm to develop a numerical method that calculates precisely the shape and movement of the gear. Fishing-gear mathematical models have been used to develop software tools that can design and simulate dynamic movement of novel fishing-gear systems. The tool allowed us to predict the shape and motion of the gear based on changes in operation and gear design parameters. Furthermore, the tool accurately calculated the swept volume of towed gear and the surrounding volume of purse-seine gear. We analyzed the fished volume for trawl and purse-seine gear and proposed a new definition of fishing effort, incorporating the concept of fished space. This method may be useful for quantitative fishery research, which requires a good understanding of the selectivity and efficiency of fishing gear used in surveys.

Recently, concerns about conserving proper size of urban green spaces and accessibility are increasing, regarding it as a solution to diverse urban environmental problems including pollution, ecosystem deterioration, urban climate change. Artificial ground greening such as green roofs is regarded as the only alternative that can conserve green spaces which are impossible to be secured on the ground. However, green roofs are not popularized yet and levels are very low in provincial cities despite of related technology development and support systems of related agencies. Based on the background, this study tries to present a theoretical basis of methods for green roofs, conducting green roof simulations Finally, it aims to offer base data which help establish policy direction for activation of green roof technology. As a result of a simulation for verifying temperature reduction effect, it was possible to affirm effect of a plot that green roofs applied. Especially, it was revealed that a green roof method using ground covers such as mixed planting was the most effective way to reduce temperature. Based on precise analysis of the users, actual study for activation of green roofs should be developed in the future, by presenting a standard model for experiments and obtaining information about examples of green roofs on private houses.

This paper reports an improved version of the numerical method used in a previous study on the dynamic simulation of purse seine gear in three dimensions. The improvement is achieved by refining the mass–spring model to take into account both the drag coefficient as a function of the attack angle and Reynolds number as applied to the setting operation of the purse seine gear. The validity of the numerical simulation is assessed by comparing the measured and calculated values for the sinking depth of the net. The numerical simulation is used to examine the sinking performance of the different designs in which large meshed-panels and netting materials are used together in the main body section of the netting. The results indicate that, compared to the prototype net, nets bearing larger mesh panels require more sinking depth with much more pronounced operational depth at corresponding times of the fishing operation when heavier netting material is used. Moreover, in the new net designs, lower tensile forces are exerted on both ends of the pure wire during pursing. The new net constructions with regard to the operational depth represent alternatives that may reduce the potential problem of frequent failed setting of the tuna purse seine gear.

A previous study (Lee, C. W. J. Phys. B 2010, 43, 175002) that isolated the overlapping resonances in the photoionization spectra using multichannel quantum defect theory (MQDT) in systems involving a single open channel was extended to manage many open channels when the closed channels are degenerate. The theory was applied to the dipole allowed J = 1 spectra from the ground state with excitation energies lying between the lowest ionization thresholds for rare gas atoms, Ar, Kr, and Xe, and also for group IV elements, Ge, Sn and Pb.

Fuel consumption in fisheries is a primary concern due to environmental effects and costs to fishermen . Much research has been carried out to reduce the fuel consumption related to fishing operations . The fuel consumption of fishing gear during fishing operation is generally related to hydrodynamic resistance on the gear . This research demonstrates a new approach using numerical methods to reduce fuel consumption . By designing the fishing gear using drawing software , the whole and partial resistance force on the gear can be calculated as a result of simulations . The simulation results will suggest suitable materials or gear structure for reducing the hydrodynamic forces on the gear while maintaining the performance of the gear . This research will helpful to reduce the CO 2 emissions from fishing operations and lead to reduce fishing costs due to fuel savings .

Previous work on the phase-shifted version of the multichannel quantum-defect theory (MQDT) for a system involving 2 closed and many open channels (Lee, C.-W. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2010, 31,1669) was extended to obtain the formulae of the spectral shape parameters with the structure of a pole extracted explicitly for general cases only limited by 2 non-degenerate closed channels. The theory was applied to the narrow 6p 1/2,3 np J = 1 autoionizing Rydberg series in barium perturbed by the 6p 3/2 nf states obtained by de Graaff et al.

The paper presents investigations on to which degree the sinking speed of longlines is influenced by type ofbait, bait sinking orientations and anchor weights. The main aim of this study is to obtain further insight inthe ocean current displacement phenomena in demersal longlining. The sinking speed is one of the mainfactors deciding the current displacement. In an ongoing project, sinking speed experiments with longlineswith 6 kg and 10 kg anchor weights have been carried out in the Trondheim fjord. The longlines used in thefirst experiments were rigged without bait and hook. The results of these experiments with two differentanchor weights have revealed only a slight difference in the sinking speed, except for the part near to theanchors, even though the sinking speed of longlines in general is supposed to be much influenced by theanchor weights. The reason for the obtained result is supposed to be that the experiments have been carriedout at relative shallow waters. Further studies have included bait sinking experiments in the flume tank. Theexperiments showed that the drag coefficient of fillet type (flat)bait varied from 0.763 to 1.735, while itfor elliptic typebait varied from 0.62 to 1.483. Other activities have included calculation of the sinkingspeed of longlines as a function of the established resistance coefficients of bait of various shape and size forcommercial longlining. The calculated sinking speed of a longline with the fillet type bait was found to be12.4 to 16.5% lower than for a longline without bait. Keywords: Sinking speed of longlines, Baits, Anchor weights, Numerical methods, Ocean currentdisplacement of longlines

The phase-shifted version of the multichannel quantum-defect theory (MQDT) was reformulated by disentangling the interloper spectrum from the perturbed dense Rydberg series for a systems involving 2 closed and more than 1 open channel. The theory was applied successfully to Martins and Zimmermann's photoionization spectra of the Rydberg series Cu I 3d 9 4s( 1 D 2 ) nd 2 G 9/2 perturbed by the interloper, 3d 9 4p 2 4 F 9/2 , for which Cohen's 4 channel QDT had failed. The zero surface graphic of the perturbed Fano's asymmetry parameter q of the autoionization spectrum of dense Rydberg series by the interloper was determined by only two parameters for this system. It was used as a map to trace the transformation route of the 3 channel autoionization spectra to the 4 channel spectra when the channel coupling of the closed channels with a newly added open channel was turned on progressively.