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To enhance the effectiveness of the FMS (flexible manufacturing system), it is necessary for the manufacturing control system to be upgraded by integrating the cyber and the physical manufacturing systems. Using the CPPS (Cyber-Physical Production System) concept, this study proposes a 4-stage vertical integration and control framework for an aircraft parts manufacturing plant. In the proposed framework, the process controller prepares the operations schedule for processing work orders generated from the APS (advanced planning & scheduling) system. The scheduled operations and the related control commands are assigned to equipments by the dispatcher of the line controller. The line monitor is responsible for monitoring the overall status of the FMS including work orders and equipments. Finally the process monitor uses the simulation model to check the performance of the production plan using real time plant status data. The W-FMCS (Wing rib-Flexible Manufacturing Control & Simulation) are developed to implement the proposed 4-stage CPPS based FMS control architecture. The effectiveness of the proposed control architecture is examined by the real plant’s operational data such as utilization and throughput. The performance improvement examined shows the usefulness of the framework in managing the smart factory’s operation by providing a practical approach to integrate cyber and physical production systems.

This study was carried out to investigate the acute oral toxicity of Chamaecyparis obtusa (C. obtusa) essential oil (CBE) in New Zealand white male and female rabbits. Acute oral treatment with the CBE did not reveal any sign of toxicity or mortality in treated rabbits. The body weight of the rabbits was not affected after a single oral administration of the CBE during the 14-day observation period. In both the hematological and blood biochemical analysis, all parameters of the treated group with 2,000 mg/kg body weight of the CBE were not significantly different than those of the control group. Therefore, the lethal dose 50 of the CBE was estimated to be greater than 2,000 mg/kg body weight in rabbits, which indicated that the CBE is non-toxic. In conclusion, this study suggests that oral administration of the CBE is safe on rabbits.

This study deals with the case study on the pallet quantity determination problem for the flexible manufacturing system producing 32 different types of aircraft wing ribs which are major structures of an aircraft wings. A Korean company has constructed the WFMS (wing rib flexible manufacturing system) that is composed of several automated equipments such as the 5-axis machining centers, the RGV (rail guided vehicles)s, the AS/RS (automated storage and retrieval system), the loading/unloading stations, and so on. Pallets play a critical role in the WFMS to maintain high system utilization and continuous work flow between 5-axis machining machines and automated material handling devices. The discrete event simulation method is used to evaluate the performance of the WFMS under various pallet mix alternatives for wing rib manufacturing processes. Four performance measures including system utilization, throughput, lead-time and work in process inventory level are investigated to determine the best pallet mix alternative. The best pallet mix identified by the simulation study is adopted in setting up and operating a real Korean aircraft parts manufacturing shop. By comparing the real WFMS’s performances with those of the simulation study, we discussed the cause of performance difference observed and the necessity of developing the CPS (cyber physical system).

This study examined the acute toxicity of Super-Neophensan containing florfenicol and acetaminophen in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were...

Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is one of the common food pathogens which may cause gastroenteritidis in human and animals. The microorganism also causes the economic loss in animal farming and food industry. In this study, the disinfection efficacy of a powder disinfectant containing phosphate compounds as a main ingredient, was evaluated against S. Typhimurium. A bactericidal efficacy test by broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of the disinfectant following exposure to test bacteria for 30 min at 4℃. The disinfectant and test bacteria were diluted with hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) according to treatment condition. On HW and OM conditions, the bactericidal activity of the disinfectant against S. Typhimurium was 4- and 2-fold dilutions, respectively. As the disinfectant composed to phosphate compounds possesses bactericidal efficacy against pathogenic bacteria such as S. Typhimurium, the powder disinfectant can be used to control the spread of bacterial diseases.

본 연구는 S. Typhimurium을 대상으로 paraformaldehyde 35%를 함유한 훈증소독제의 살균효과를 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 예비 시험에서, S. Typhimurium의 현탁액 균수는 모두 3.9 × 108CFU/mL이었으며, 훈증소독제에 노출시킨 모든 담체의 균수는 평판배지법과 여과법으로 배양한 시험균주 현탁액의 균수의 50%보다 많았다. 또한, 대조담체로부터 회복된 S. Typhimurium 균수는 모두 3.3 × 106CFU/mL이었다. 훈증소독제의 살균효과 시험에서는, 훈증소독제를 처리한 담체의 S. Typhimurium의 감소 균수는 5.22 log CFU/mL로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로부터, paraformaldehyde를 주성분으로 하는 훈증소독제는 S. Typhimurium에 대해 효과적인 살균력을 갖는 것으로 확인되었으며, 병원성 세균에 오염된 식품재료 및 주방용품의 소독에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study investigated changes in certain blood parameters in calves and pigs after foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination. In this study, five calves and five pigs were selected from groups of 10 calves and pigs, respectively, and were vaccinated with an FMD vaccine. The remaining animals formed two non-treatment control groups. Blood samples were collected from all animals on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th days post-vaccination. In the FMD-vaccinated calves and pigs on day 7 post-vaccination, white blood cell counts, blood urea nitrogen levels, and alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were higher than those in the respective controls. The present data suggested that the certain hemato-biochemical parameters on cattle and pigs were meaningfully changed between before and after FMD vaccination.

Oregano (Origanum vulgare) is an aromatic herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family. This study evaluated the therapeutic effect of oregano essential oil (OEO) on clinical bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and/or Escherichia (E.) coli. Thirty-two quarters from 18 lactating cows with subclinical mastitis were selected from a dairy farm and were divided into 4 groups (8 quarters/group): negative control (CON), positive control (GEN) and two OEO-treated groups (OEO-1 and OEO-2). Each group was intramammarily treated with saline, 10 g/tube of gentamicin ointment, and single and double doses of 0.9 mL OEO ointment twice a day for three days, respectively. After the treatments, physical udder conditions were greatly improved in GEN and OEO groups. In CON group, somatic cell counts (SCCs), number of white blood cells (WBC) and bacteria were increased. However, in OEO groups, SCCs and number of WBC were significantly decreased and S. aureus and E. coli were not detected in milk as compared with those before the treatments as well as GEN group. These results suggest that OEO may be a useful alternative to antibiotics for the control of subclinical bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus and/or E. coli.

This study investigated the antibacterial effects of Galla rhois extract (GRE) against Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of GRE against C. jejuni and C. coli were 0.28 and 0.55 mg/mL, respectively, and the corresponding minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were 4.4 and 5.5 mg/mL. C. jejuni treated with the MIC, MBC or 2×MBC of GRE showed significant inhibition of growth compared with that of the control group during the incubation period, and no viable bacteria were detected at 24 h after incubation. C. coli treated with MIC, MBC or 2×MBC of GRE also showed inhibition of growth compared with that of the control group during the incubation period, and in the C. coli cultures treated with MBC and 2×MBC of GRE, no viable bacteria were detected at 24 h after incubation. In conclusion, GRE is a candidate antibacterial agent against C. jejuni and C. coli, and may have applications for the control of Campylobacter infection in poultry.

Antibiotic Detection Kit (Combination I), a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) developed for detecting antibiotic residues in milk, was utilized for the analysis of antibiotic residues in the muscle tissue of olive flounder. After 5-h treatment of samples by placing them in water dosed with sulfadimethoxine (SDM; 200 g/ton water), the residue depletion of SDM was investigated in 25 cultured olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus). Muscles from fish were sampled before treatment and on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th days after treatment. The concentration of SDM in the muscle was then determined by LFIA. The absorbance ratio of the sample to the control blank (Bs/Bo) was employed as an index to determine the residue in olive flounder muscle. To investigate the recovery rate, standard solutions were added to muscle samples to obtain final concentrations of 25 and 50 ng/mL in the muscle. The recovery rates of all spiked samples were >96.6% of the spiked value. SDM was detectable in the muscle of fish treated with the drug until the 1st day of the withdrawal period. The present study shows that the LFIA can be easily adopted to detect SDM residues in the tissue of farmed fish.

Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and Mycobacterium fortuitum (M. fortuitum) are associ- ated with considerable diseases in animals and human. In this study, the disinfection efficacy of a commercial disin- fectant composed to povidone-iodine (PVI) was evaluated against C. perfringens and M. fortuitum. A bactericidal efficacy test by broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of the disinfectant following exposure to C. perfringens and M. fortuitum for 30 min at 4 o C. The disinfectant and test bacteria were diluted with hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) according to treatment condition. On HW condition, the bacte- ricidal activity of the disinfectant against C. perfringens and M. fortuitum was 50 and 80 fold dilutions, respectively. On OM condition, the bactericidal activity of the disinfectant against both C. perfringens and M. fortuitum was 15 fold dilutions. As the disinfectant composed to PVI possesses bactericidal efficacy against C. perfringens and M. fortui- tum, the disinfectant solution can be used to control the spread of bacterial diseases.

This study evaluated the antibacterial effects of a mixture of Sophorae radix and Glycyrrhiza uralensisFischer (1 : 1) ethanol extracts (SGE) on mice infected with Streptococcus (S.) pyogenes. The minimum inhibitoryconcentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration of SGE necessary for antibacterial effects against S.pyogenes were 20µg/mL. Based on the time-kill curves for S. pyogenes, SGE was effective at 4× MIC after 16 h.On Day 12 after challenge, the survival rate of mice treated with 2.0 mg/kg SGE was 60%. In conclusion, SGE hadpotent in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities against S. pyogenes.Keywords : crude extracts, medicinal plants, mice, Streptococcus pyogenes, treatment efficacy Streptococcus (S.) pyogenes, a group A streptococcus, is anaerobic, spherical, gram-positive extracellular bacterium thatis associated with a variety of mucosal and invasive humaninfections [3]. These bacteria cause various diseases rangingfrom mild and quite frequent non-invasive infections of theupper respiratory tract and skin to severe invasive infectionsthat include necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxicshock syndrome [4]. The most important modes of S. pyogenes transmission arevia respiratory droplets, hand contact with nasal dischargeand skin contact with impetigo lesions [1]. In addition, S.pyogenes can be spread to cattle and then back to humansthrough raw milk as well as contaminated food sources suchas salads, milk and eggs [7]. In a previous study [16] that analyzed for antimicrobialsusceptibility against S. pyogenes isolates in scarlet feverpatients between 2003 and 2011 in China, 100, 97.0, and89.4% of the 74 S. pyogenes isolates were found to be resis-tant to erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline, respec-tively. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has led to thesearch for new, safe and effective antimicrobial agents fromalternative natural resources. Medicinal herbs as alternativesto antibiotics are attracting considerable attention by manyresearchers, and many such herbs have a long history ofmedicinal use in Asia [14]. Many of these herbs are oftenused in combination to increase their effects. These herbscontaining bioactive components have many potential clini-cal and therapeutic applications in modern medical care [11].In addition, antimicrobial agents can be derived from herbs,and more than 1,340 plants have been reported to have anti-microbial effects [15].Sophora (S.) flavescens which has antibacterial, antiinflam-matory, antipyretic, antiulcerative and antineoplastic effectshas been used traditionally as medicinal herbs in the treat-ment of jaundice, leucorrhea, carbuncles, pyogenic infec-tions of the skin, scabies, enteritis, and dysentery [8, 9].Glycyrrhiza (G.) uralensis Fischer is one of the most gener-ally used herbal medicines in the world and has been provedto possess antiinflammatory, liver protection, antibacterial,and anticancer activity, which are attributed to the containedtriterpenoid saponins and flavonoids [5]. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of a combi-nation of ethanol extracts from the medicinal herbs, S. flave-scens and G. uralensis Fischer, against S. pyogenes. Inaddition, a preparation of the herbs was fed to mice infectedwith S. pyogenes in order to determine its therapeutic poten

This study was performed to evaluate the sporicidal efficacy of a fumigation disinfectant containing 20% ortho-phenylphenol against Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) spores. In this research, efficacy test of fumigant against C. perfringens spores was carried out according to French standard NF T 72-281. C. perfringens spores working culture suspension number (N value), all the spore numbers on the carriers exposed with the fumigant (n1, n2, and n3), the number of bacterial spore suspensions by pour plate method (N1), the number of bacterial spore suspensions by filter membrane method (N2) and the mean number of bacterial spore recovered on the control-carriers (T value) were obtained from the preliminary test. In addition, the reduction number of C. perfringens spores exposed with the fumigant (d value) was calculated using T value, the mean number of bacterial spore in recovery solution (n'1) and the mean number of bacterial spore on carriers plated in agar (n'2). N value was 4.3 × 10 7 spores/mL, and n1, n2, and n3 were higher than 0.5N1, 0.5N2 and 0.5N1, respectively. Additionally, T value was 4.9 × 10 5 spores/carrier. In the sporicidal effect of the fumigant, the d value was 4.52log reduction. According to the French standard for the fumigant, the d value for the effective sporicidal fumigant should be over than 3log reduction. The results indicated that Fumagari OPP ® had an efficient sporicidal activity against spores of C. perfringens, then the fumigant can be

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the causative agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) and causes a considerable economic loss in swine industry. In this study, the virucidal efficacy of the dis-infectant composed to n-alkyl-dimethyl-benzyl-ammonium chloride (n-ADBAC) was investigated against PEDV. A virucidal efficacy was determined with the viability of PEDV contacted with the disinfectant in Vero cells. The disinfectant and PEDV were reacted on the hard water (HW) or organic matter sus-pension (OM) condition. On HW condition, PEDV was inactivated with 50 fold dilutions of the disinfectant. When the antiviral effect on OM condition was evaluated, the antiviral activity of the dis-infectant showed on 10 fold dilutions against PEDV. As the disinfectant possesses the virucidal efficacy against PEDV, the disinfectant solution can be used to limit the spread of animal viral diseases. Key words : N-alkyl-dimethyl-benzyl-ammonium chloride, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Disinfectant efficacy

This study investigated the antibacterial effects of GR ethanol extracts (GRE), sodium chlorate(SC) and a combination of GRE and SC (GS) on Brucella abortus (B. abortus). The antibacterial activities of GRE,SC and GS towards B. abortus were evaluated by incubating B. abortus with GRE, SC and GS. Following treatmentwith GRE, SC and GS, B. abortus survival and intracellular proliferation in macrophages were monitored. In the cel-lular cytotoxicity assay, GRE, SC and GS are not cytotoxic at concentrations less than 400µg/ml, 15 mM and 0.6GS(1 of GS, GRE 1,000 µg/ml + SC 30 mM), respectively. The viability of B. abortus was markedly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in all treatment groups. In addition, B. abortus intracellular proliferation within macrophages wassignificantly reduced in cells treated with GRE (400 µg/mL), SC (15 mM) and 0.5GS (GRE 500 µg/mL + SC 15 mM)after 48 hr-incubation (GRE, p < 0.01; SC and 0.5GS, p < 0.001). Especially, in the treatment of GS, the synergisticeffect of GRE and SC treatment on B. abortus in macrophage was observed. In conclusion, GS is useful as an antibac-terial candidate against B. abortus, and can be applied in the field of meat and milk hygiene. Key words : Brucella abortus, Galla rhois, sodium chlorate, the combination of GS and SC

This test was performed to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of a fumigation disinfectant containing 20% ortho-phenylphenol against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Enterococcus hirae (E. hirae). In preliminary tests, P. aeruginosa and E. hirae working culture suspension number (N value) were 2.8 × 10 and 4.0 × 10 CFU/mL, respectively. And all the colony numbers on the carriers exposed to the fumigant (n1, n2, n3) were higher than 0.5N1 (the number of bacterial test suspentions by pour plate method), 0.5N2 (the number of bacterial test suspentions by filter membrane method) and 0.5N1, respectively. In addition, the mean number of P. aeruginosa and E. hirae recovered on the control-carriers (T value) was 2.8 × 10 and 3.4 × 10 CFU/mL, respectively. In the bactericidal effect of the fumigant, the reduction number of 2.8 × 10 (d value) was 6.46 and 5.19 logCFU/mL, respectively. According to the French standard for the fumigant, the d value for the effective bactericidal fumigant should be over than 5 logCFU/mL. With the results from this study, the fumigation disinfectant containing 20% ortho-phenylphenol has an effective bactericidal activity, then the fumigant can be applied to disinfect food materials and kitchen appliances contaminated with the pathogenic bacteria.

This study investigated the therapeutic effects of Galla rhois (GR) ethanol extract (GRE), sodium chlorate (SC), and a combination of GRE and SC on mice infected with Brucella abortus (B. abortus). Mice were infected intraperitoneally with B. abortus and then treated with GRE, SC, and a combination GRE and SC in drinking water for 14 days. Then, serum antibodies were used in a tube agglutination test (TAT), after which the weight and CFUs from each spleen were measured. In addition, histopathological changes in each liver were examined at 14 days post-infection. At 14 days post-infection, negative reactions of serum antibodies in PC (positive control), SCT (SC 1.6 g/L drinking water), GRT (GRE 200 mg/L drinking water), and GST (GRE 200 mg + SC 1.6 g/L drinking water) were 0, 40, 60, and 80%, respectively. The average spleen weight was not significantly different between the groups. At 14 days post-infection, bacterial numbers in all treated groups were significantly lower compared to to that of the PC (GRT and SCT, P

This study was performed to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of Fumagari OPP ® , fumigation dis- infectant, containing 20% ortho-phenylphenol against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In this research, efficacy test of fumigant against S. aureus was carried out according to French standard NF T 72-281. S. aureus working cul- ture suspension number (N value), all of the colony numbers on the carriers exposed with the fumigant (n1, n2, and n3), the number of bacterial test suspentions by pour plate method (N1), the number of bacterial test suspentions by filter membrane method (N2) and the mean number of bacteria recovered on the control-carriers (T value) were obtained from the preliminary test. In addition, the reduction number of S. aureus exposed with the fumigant (d value) was calculated using T value, the mean number of bacteria in recovery solution (n'1) and the mean number of bacteria on carriers plated in agar (n'2). N value was 4.0 × 10 8 CFU/mL, and n1, n2, and n3 were higher than 0.5N1, 0.5N2 and 0.5N1, respectively. Additionally, T value was 3.4 × 10 6 CFU/mL. In the bactericidal effect of the fumigant, the d value was 6.43 logCFU/mL. According to the French standard for the fumigant, the d value for the effective bacteri- cidal fumigant should be over than 5 logCFU/mL. The results indicated that Fumagari OPP ® had an effective bacteri- cidal activity against S. aureus, then the fumigant can be applied to disinfect food materials and kitchen appliances contaminated with pathogenic bacteria.

Antibiotic Detection Kit (Combination I), a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) developed for the detection of antibiotic residues in milk, was utilized for the analysis of antibiotic residues in the muscle tissue of olive flounder. After 60-min treatment by dipping in water dosed with ampicillin (200-g/ton water), the residue depletion of ampicillin was investigated in 25 cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Muscles of fish were sampled on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th day after drug treatment. The concentration of ampicillin in the muscle was determined by LFIA. The absorbance ratio of the sample to the control blank (Bs/Bo) was employed as an index to determine the muscle residues in olive flounder. To investigate the recovery rate, standard solutions were added to muscle samples to give final concentrations in the muscle of 4 and 8 ng/ml. The recovery rates of all spiked samples were > 96% of the spiked value. Ampicillin was detected in the muscle of fish treated with the drug until the 2nd day of the with- drawal period. The present study showed that the LFIA can be easily adopted to predict ampicillin residues in tissue of farmed fishes.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to identify the virucidal efficacy against the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) of an aquatic disinfectant tablet composed of calcium hypochlorite. Methods: Virucidal efficacy was determined through the viability of VHSV contacted with the disinfectant in a viral stock cultured in a fathead minnow cell line. An aquatic disinfectant tablet and VHSV were reacted under distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) conditions. Results: Under DW and HW conditions, VHSV was inactivated with 24,000- and 2000-fold dilutions of the aquatic disinfectant tablet, respectively. With the investigation of the antiviral effect of the disinfectant under OM conditions, VHSV was inactivated with a 16,000-fold dilution of the aquatic disinfectant tablet. Conclusions: The results from this study showed that the aquatic disinfectant tablet was a highly effective disinfectant against VHSV. In the future, a controlled field trial is required to determine whether the use of an aquatic disinfectant tablet will be able to reduce VHSV in a cultured marine fish farm.

Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent and is an increasing public health problem across Asia. The present study was undertaken to estimate the antibacterial effect of GR extract and therapeutic effect of GR extract against S. suis infection in mice. At the concentration of GR extract 2.5 mg/ml, the antibacterial effect was not shown on S. suis. However, the antibacterial effect against S. suis was observed at the concentration of GR extract 5.0 mg/ml. Oral administration of GR extract at the dose of 10 mg/kg showed a therapeutic effect for S. suis infected BALB/c mice. The mortality of GR extract-treated mice at the concentration of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg was 80%, 70%, and 50% at 12 days, respectively, while that of untreated mice was 100% at 8 days after a lethal dose of S. suis infection. The results of our study strongly indicate that GR extract has potential as an effective for S. suis infection in mice.

Amoxicillin, a well-known antibiotic, has a broad spectrum against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of micronized and non-micronized amoxicillin prepared using different comminution techniques on change in blood concentration of rats. Forty adult male Sprague Dawley rats (6~7 weeks of age, body weight 128.3 ± 10.7 g) were randomly allocated to two treatment groups: micronized amoxicillin (MA) group treated with micronized amoxicillin trihydrate powder (particle size, over 90% of 10 ㎛), non-micronized amoxicillin (NMA) group treated with non-micronized amoxicillin trihydrate powder (particle size, over 70% of 100 ㎛), given 480 mg/kg body weight once daily for four days. The results showed a significant increase in serum concentration in the MA group on days 3 and 4, compared to the NMA group (P＜0.05). In particular, serum concentration of the MA group on day 4 was increased almost two times that of the NMA group. The results indicate that due to the increase of the drug’s oral bioavailability, higher serum concentration would be achieved with the micronized amoxicillin trihydrate than with the non-micronized drug.

Many companies monitor status of product and detect storing or releasing of stocks using RFID technology. The actual status of inventory, however, is sometimes different from the recorded data due to many reasons. To prevent the mismatch between real world and information system, companies investigate stocks regularly and adjust the status of information system. In open storage yard, manual inventory checking is very hard work and automated system requires much cost. In this paper, we proposed new approach to investigate open storage yard using unmanned aerial vehicle and RFID. It reduces cost of inventory checking and mismatch of real world and cyber world. We also implemented a prototype system to show the feasibility.

Vibrio spp. and Streptococcus spp. have caused a considerable disease of farmed fish and economic loss in fish farming and seafood industry. In this study, the efficacy of an aquatic disinfectant tablet composed to cal- cium hypochlorite was evaluated against V. anguillarum and S. iniae. A bactericidal efficacy test by broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of the disinfectant following exposure to test bacteria for 30 min at 4 o C. An aquatic disinfectant tablet and test bacteria were diluted with distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) according to treatment condition. V. anguillarum on the DW, HW and OM condi- tion was completely inactivated with 16,000 15,000 and 13,000 fold dilutions of the disinfectant, respectively. On the DW, HW and OM condition, S. iniae was absolutely inactivated with 17,000 16,000 and 14,000 fold dilutions of the disinfectant, respectively. As an aquatic disinfectant tablet possesses bactericidal efficacy against fish pathogenic bac- teria such as V. anguillarum and S. iniae this disinfectant solution can be used to control the spread of fish infective bacterial diseases.

In this study, the veridical efficacy of an aquatic disinfectant tablet composed to calcium hypochlo-rite against red sea bream iridovirus (RBIV). A veridical efficacy was determined with the viability of RBIV contactedwith the disinfectant in viral stock cultured in fat head minnow cell line. An aquatic disinfectant tablet and RBIV werereacted on the distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) condition. On DW and HWcondition, RBIV was inactivated with 25,000 fold dilutions of an aquatic disinfectant tablet. With the investigation ofthe antiviral effect of the disinfectant on OM condition, RBIV was inactivated on 22,000 fold dilutions of an aquaticdisinfectant tablet. As an aquatic disinfectant tablet possesses veridical efficacy against RBIV, the disinfectant solutioncan be used to limit the spread of cultured marine fish viral disease.Key words: Aquatic disinfectant tablet, Red sea bream iridovirus, Calcium hypochlorite, Disinfectant efficacy

ZnO-SnO₂ films were deposited by rf magnetron sputtering using a ZnO-SnO₂ (2:1 molar ratio) target. The target was made from a mixture of ZnO and SnO₂ powders calcined at 800℃. The working pressure was 1 mTorr, and the rf power was 120 W. The ratio of oxygen to argon (O₂:Ar) was varied from 0% to 10%, and the substrate temperature was varied from 27℃ to 300℃. The crystallographic properties and the surface morphologies of the films were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force spectroscopy (AFM). The ZnO-SnO₂ films deposited in O₂:Ar = 10% exhibited resistivity higher than 10? Ωcm and transmittance of more than 80% in the visible range.

The objectives in the present study were to evaluate the therapeutic effect of dioctahedral smectite(smectite) against calf diarrhea caused by pathogenic E. coli and/or Salmonella typhimurium. Of this study, twenty calves (aged 2-3 months) with diarrhea were used to estimate the efficacy of smectite on calf diarrhea with 20% smectite suspension in PBS. Calves were administered with 10 ml smectite suspension three times a day after feeding, and fecal samples were collected at the gate of treatment and on 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th day after administration. On the 5th day after treatment of smectite suspension, the treated group significantly reduced diarrhea index compared to control group (P

In the postal delivery service, both the standardization of business process and the workload measurement is very important part of saving the cost and improving the efficiency. However, these are not easy to apply to real situation because of the labor-intensive and diversification of delivery environment. In this study, we develop the methodology for the standardization of business process and workload measurement model of the postal delivery service. Firstly, we introduce the work factor analysis on the postal delivery process. Then, we propose the methodology workload measurement model based on diversification of delivery environment.

Salmonella spp. and Brucella spp. have caused a considerable disease of farmed animals and eco- nomic loss in animal farming and food industry. In this study, the disinfection efficacy of Vital-Oxidel ® , a commercial disinfectant, composed to chlorine dioxide, betaine hydrochloride, and propylene glycol was evaluated against S. typhimurium and Brucella ovis. A bactericidal efficacy test by broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of the disinfectant following exposure to test bacteria for 30 min at 4 o C. Vital-Oixdel ® and test bac- teria were diluted with distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) according to treat- ment condition. On OM condition, the bactericidal activity of Vital-Oixdel ® against S. typhimurium and Brucella ovis was lowered compared to that on HW condition. As Vital-Oxidel ® possesses bactericidal efficacy against animal

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is already panzootic in poultry and caused a considerable economic loss in poultry industry. In addition, HPAIV continues to cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals, often with fatal outcomes. In this study, the virucidal efficacy of Citra- composed to quaternary ammonium chloride and citric acid was investigated against avian influenza H9N2 virus (AIV). A virucidal efficacy was determined with the viability of AIV contacted with the disinfectant in the allantoic membrane of chicken embryos. Citra- and AIV was reacted on the distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) condition. On DW condition, AIV was inactivated with 2,000 fold dilutions of Citra-. When the antiviral effect on HW condition was evaluated, the antiviral activity of the disinfectant showed on 1,500 fold dilutions against AIV. With the investigation of the antiviral effect of the disinfectant on OM condition, AIV was inactivated on 500 fold dilutions of Citra-. As Citra- possesses virucidal efficacy against AIV, the disinfectant solution can be used to limit the spread of animal viral diseases.

The present study was evaluated the antibacterial effect of the combination of Coptidis rhizoma,Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischet, Schizandra chinensis and Corni Fructus(1:1:1) extracts(CGSC10). Furthermore, theeffectiveness of CGSC10, sodium chlorate, and the combination of CGSC10 and sodium chlorate(CGSCS10) againstE. coli O157:H7 infection was studied using ICR female mice. During the incubation period, the dose of 5, 10, and20% CGSC10 was inhibited the growth of E. coli O157:H7 by 34.7, 60.2, and 76.4%, respectively. For 7 days aftersingle challenge with E. coli O157:H7, forty female ICR mice were divided into four experimental groups which wereadministered in drinking water with saline, 10% CGSC10, 15 mM sodium chlorate, and CGSCS10, respectively. Onthe 3rd day, the number of E. coli O157:H7 in mouse feces was significantly decreased by administration of CGSC10,15 mM sodium chlorate, and CGSCS10 (p < 0.001). On the 7th day-after administration, CGSC10, sodium chlorate,and CGSCS10 were decreased the number of E. coli O157:H7 by 27.1, 67.7, and 83.3%, respectively. According tothe results of the present study, administration of CGSCS10 to mice can reduce the severity of E. coli O157:H7 infec-tion. In addition, it is suggested that CGSCS10 represents a good candidate for the treatment of enteric infections indomestic animals. Key words: Korean traditional herbal extracts, sodium chlorate, antibacterial activity, E. coli O157:H7

This study was carried out to examine the safety of a bee venom as an alternatives for antibiotics using male ICR mice. Five-week-old male mice were injected singly with a dried honey bee venom at the concentration of 0.25 mg/kg (a clinical dose) or 0.5 mg/kg intravenously through tail vein and various pathophysiological analyses were performed after 3 days. There were no significant differences in changes of body weight between saline-treated control group and the experimental groups. In the hematological analysis, none of the parameters were affected by bee venom. In blood biochemistry analysis, none of the markers were affected by administration of bee venom. Similarly, there were no significant effects on markers for liver, kidney and skeletal muscle functions in all treated-groups. No remarkable lesions were detected in these organs with macroscopic examination. Since there were no adverse effects of the bee venom in a single intravenous toxicity test for 3 days, it was concluded that bee venom could be a candidate for a safe natural antibiotics in the animal production industry.

Salmonellosis and brucellosis have caused a considerable danger of farmed animals and economic loss in animal farming industry. In this study, the disinfection efficacy of Citra-Kill ® , a commercial disinfectant, composed to quaternary ammonium chloride and citric acid was evaluated against S. typhimurium and Brucella ovis. A bactericidal efficacy test by broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of the disinfectant following exposure to test bacteria for 30 min at 4℃. Citra-Kill ® and test bacteria were diluted with distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) according to treatment condition. On OM condition, the bactericidal activity of Citra-Kill ® against S. typhimurium and Brucella ovis was lowered compared to that on HW condition. As Citra-Kill ® possesses bactericidal efficacy against animal pathogenic bacteria such as S. typhimurium and Brucella ovis, this disinfectant solution can be used to control the spread of animal bacterial diseases.

Performance measures play a critical role in formulating mail delivery strategies and evaluating actual results. Nevertheless, the existing method and corresponding system to determine the standard workloads of mailmen is developed without careful consideration of real delivery environments and various require-ments of mailmen. Hence, the current system is insufficient for optimal management of workloads and shows substantial gaps when compared to the results of actual work-site.This study considers how to improve the current workload management system of mailmen. We first performed the as-is analysis of the mail delivery service and then developed a prototype of advanced delivery workload management system. The to-be system consists of five subsystems which can be grouped into three categories; master data management, workloads management, performance analysis. Our results can be a valuable guide for the development of real system for measuring and balancing the workloads of mailmen.