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A novel esterase, EstCS3, was isolated from a metagenomic library constructed from a compost. The EstCS3, which consists of 409 amino acids with an anticipated molecular mass of 44 kDa, showed high amino acid sequence identities to predicted esterases, serine hydrolases and β-lactamases from uncultured and cultured bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that EstCS3 belongs to family VIII of lipolytic enzymes. EstCS3 had catalytic Ser78 residue in the consensus tetrapeptide motif SXXK, which is characteristic of family VIII esterases. Two conserved YXX and W(H or K)XG motifs in an oxyanion hole of family VIII esterases were also present in EstCS3. EstCS3 demonstrated the highest activity toward p-nitrophenyl butyrate (C4) and was stable up to 70 °C with optimal activity at 55 °C. EstCS3 had optimal activity at pH 8 and maintained its stability within pH range of 7–10. EstCS3 had over 70% activity in the presence of 20% (v/v) methanol and DMSO and hydrolyzed sterically hindered tertiary alcohol esters of t-butyl acetate and linalyl acetate. EstCS3 hydrolyzed ampicillin, cephalothin and cefepime. The properties of EstCS3, including moderate thermostability, stability against organic solvents and activity toward esters of tertiary alcohols, indicated that it has the potential to be used in industrial applications.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, designated YKTF-3T, was isolated from a tidal flat on the Yellow Sea, South Korea. Strain YKTF-3T grew optimally at 30 °C and in the presence of 2.0-4.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YKTF-3T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Tenacibaculumspecies. The novel strain exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.22-98.34 % to the type strains of Tenacibaculum gallaicum, Tenacibaculum ascidiaceicola, Tenacibaculum litoreum, Tenacibaculum discolor, Tenacibaculum aestuarii and Tenacibaculum lutimaris, and of 95.08-96.95 % to the type strains of the other Tenacibaculum species. Strain YKTF-3T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain YKTF-3T were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid, one unidentified aminophospholipid, one unidentified glycolipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content was 32.3 mol% and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of the six phylogenetically closely relatedTenacibaculum species were 10-27 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain YKTF-3T is separate from other recognized species of the genus Tenacibaculum. On the basis of the data presented, strain YKTF-3T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tenacibaculum, for which the name Tenacibaculum sediminilitoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YKTF-3T (=KCTC 52210T=NBRC 111991T).

A Gram-stain-negative, motile, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated HJM-18T, was isolated from the place where the ocean and a freshwater lake meet at Hwajinpo, South Korea, and subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Strain HJM-18T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 1.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HJM-18T belonged to the genus Marinobacter. Strain HJM-18T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.05–98.22 % to the type strains of Marinobacter algicola, Marinobacter flavimaris, Marinobacter adhaerens, Marinobacter salarius, Marinobacter salsuginis, Marinobacter guineae and Marinobacter gudaonensis and of 93.21–96.98 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Marinobacter. Strain HJM-18T contained Q-9 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω9c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain HJM-18T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified aminophospholipid. The DNA G+C content was 58 mol% and the mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of the seven phylogenetically related species of the genus Marinobacter were 10–27 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain HJM-18T is separated from recognized species of the genus Marinobacter. On the basis of the data presented, strain HJM-18T represents a novel species of the genus Marinobacter, for which the name Marinobacter confluentis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HJM-18T ( = KCTC 42705T = NBRC 111223T).

A self-assembling peptide (27PEP) was isolated from an open reading frame (ORF). The ORF consisted of an unknown functional domain and a catalytic (lipolytic and phospholipolytic) domain (MPlaG) on metagenomic fosmid clone. This extension of 27 amino acids prior to the N-terminus of the catalytic domain (27PEP-MPlaG), starting at Met261, produced an aggregate of high molecular weight (> 700 kDa). Compared with MPlaG, 27PEP-MPlaG showed the same temperature and pH effect for maximum activity but was stable in the presence of inhibitors such as EDTA and PMSF. The 27PEP-MPlaG exhibited lower specific activity than that of MPlaG, but when pre-incubated for 30 min at temperatures between 4 and 100 °C, its activity increased at temperatures greater than 40 °C under alkaline conditions and eventually reached the specific activity level of MPlaG at 60 °C. We experimentally determined that the aggregate caused by 27PEP was dissociated at elevated temperatures resulting in an active catalytic monomer. The 27PEP-indued aggregation may be attractive as application tool for improving or engineering of biocatalysts and biomaterials.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain W-BA8T, was isolated from a brown algae reservoir on the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain W-BA8T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–7.5 and in the presence of 1.0–2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain W-BA8T clustered with the type strains of species of the genus Lacinutrix. Strain W-BA8T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.9–96.5 % to the type strains of Lacinutrix species and of less than 95.8 % to the type strains of other recognized species. Strain W-BA8T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as major fatty acids. The polar lipid profile of strain W-BA8T contained phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified lipids and one unidentified glycolipid as major components. The DNA G+C content of strain W-BA8T was 35 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain W-BA8T is separated from other species of the genus Lacinutrix. On the basis of the data presented, strain W-BA8T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lacinutrix, for which the name Lacinutrix undariae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is W-BA8T ( = KCTC 42176T = CECT 8671T).

A Gram-stain-negative, flagellated, aerobic and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated HJTF-7T, was isolated from a tidal flat on the South Sea of South Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain HJTF-7T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that strain HJTF-7T joined the cluster comprising the type strains of species of the genera Spongiibacter and Zhongshania . Strain HJTF-7T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 90.4–92.5 % to the type strains of species of the genera Spongiibacter and Zhongshania and of less than 91.5 % to the type strains of other recognized species. Strain HJTF-7T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone. The major fatty acids were iso-C17 : 1ω9c, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, iso-C11 : 0 3-OH and C17 : 1ω8c and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The fatty acid and polar lipid profiles of strain HJTF-7T were distinct from those of members of the genera Spongiibacter and Zhongshania . The DNA G+C content of strain HJTF-7T was 55.9 mol%. The phylogenetic data and differential chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties revealed that strain HJTF-7T represents a novel genus and species within the class Gammaproteobacteria , for which the name Litorivivens lipolytica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Litorivivens lipolytica is HJTF-7T ( = KCTC 42157T = CECT 8654T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated GJSW-36T, was isolated from seawater at Geoje island in the South Sea, South Korea. Strain GJSW-36T grew optimally at pH 7.0–8.0, at 25 °C and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GJSW-36T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Thalassotalea and Thalassomonas fusca . Strain GJSW-36T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.2–96.0 % to the type strains of species of the genus Thalassotalea and Thalassomonas fusca and of 93.8–94.5 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Thalassomonas . Strain GJSW-36T contained ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C17 : 1ω8c and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain GJSW-36T were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain GJSW-36T was 45.1 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, demonstrated that strain GJSW-36T is separated from species of the genus Thalassotalea and Thalassomonas fusca . On the basis of the data presented, strain GJSW-36T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Thalassotalea , for which the name Thalassotalea ponticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GJSW-36T ( = KCTC 42155T = CECT 8656T). From this study, it is also proposed that Thalassomonas fusca should be reclassified as a member of the genus Thalassotalea and the description of the genus Thalassotalea is emended.

In a deep-geological disposal facility, most of the pseudo-colloids are generating at the interface between a near-field and a far-field and the colloid transport is mostly taking place in the far-field region. This study has developed the methodology with the tabular result from a near-field model of the radionuclide transport as a boundary condition. This methodology can analyze the effect of pseudo-colloids to be interconnected the far-field region. This methodology is verified analytical solutions and will be a good tool to analyze the effect of pseudo-colloids in the far-field region at the deep-geological disposal environment.

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated J-MY2(T), was isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the South Sea, South Korea. Strain J-MY2(T) was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain J-MY2(T) forms a cluster with the type strains of Simiduia species. Strain J-MY2(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.62-98.77 % to the type strains of four Simiduia species and of

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated DSSK2-3(T), was isolated from the junction between the ocean and a freshwater spring at Jeju island, South Korea. Strain DSSK2-3(T) was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0% (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain DSSK2-3(T) joins the cluster comprising the type strains of Pacificibacter maritimus and Roseovarius marinus, with which it exhibited the highest sequence similarity values of 96.04 and 95.75%, respectively. Sequence similarities to the type strains of other recognized species were95.74%. Strain DSSK2-3(T) was found to contain Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C(18:1) ω7c as the major fatty acid. The polar lipid profile of strain DSSK2-3(T) was found to contain phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified lipid and an unidentified aminolipid as major components, which distinguished the strain from those of phylogenetically related taxa. The DNA G+C content of strain DSSK2-3(T) was determined to be 60.8 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic data and the chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties, strain DSSK2-3(T) is considered to represent a new genus and species within the class Alphaproteobacteria, for which the name Aquimixticola soesokkakensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of A. soesokkakensis is DSSK2-3(T) (=KCTC 42137(T) = CECT 8620(T)). In this study, it is also proposed that R. marinus should be reclassified as a member of the genus Pacificibacter and the description of the genus Pacificibacter is emended.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and rod-shaped bacterial strain able to move by gliding, designated TYO-10(T), was isolated from an oyster collected at Tongyoung on the South Sea, South Korea. Strain TYO-10(T) was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain TYO-10(T) joined the cluster comprising the type strains of Mariniflexile species. Strain TYO-10(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 95.4-95.7 % to the type strains of Mariniflexile species and of less than 95.4 % to the type strains of other recognized species. Strain TYO-10(T) was found to contain MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and iso-C15:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain TYO-10(T) were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified lipid, which is similar to those of the type strains of Mariniflexile species, but different from those of other phylogenetically related species. The DNA G+C content of strain TYO-10(T) was determined to be 35.9 mol%. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain TYO-10(T) is separated from other Mariniflexile species. On the basis of the data presented, strain TYO-10(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Mariniflexile, for which the name Mariniflexile ostreae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TYO-10(T) (= KCTC 42113(T) = CECT 8622(T)).

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated YM-20(T), was isolated from a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in South Korea. Strain YM-20(T) was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain YM-20(T) clustered consistently with the type strains of 'Roseovarius marisflavi' and Roseovarius lutimaris, with which it exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 99.86 and 98.71 %, respectively. Strain YM-20(T) was found to contain Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18:1 ω7c as the predominant fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain YM-20(T) were identified as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain YM-20(T) was determined to be 60.9 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of 'R. marisflavi', R. lutimaris and Pelagicola litorisediminis were 53 ± 7.1, 22 ± 5.5 and 13 ± 4.7 %, respectively. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain YM-20(T) is separated from 'R. marisflavi', R. lutimaris, the other Roseovarius species and P. litorisediminis. On the basis of the data presented, strain YM-20(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Roseovarius, for which the name Roseovarius gaetbuli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YM-20(T) (= KCTC 32428(T) = CECT 8370(T)).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated SMS-12T, was isolated from marine sand in a firth on the western coast of South Korea. Strain SMS-12T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–7.5 and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SMS-12T fell within the clade comprising species of the genus Mucilaginibacter , forming a coherent cluster with the type strain of Mucilaginibacter lappiensis , with which it exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value of 97.5 %. Levels of sequence similarity to the type strains of the other species of the genus Mucilaginibacter and the other species used in the phylogenetic analysis were 93.3–96.4 % and T contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone, and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified aminophospholipid; sphingolipids were present. The DNA G+C content was 41.8 mol% and the mean DNA–DNA relatedness with M. lappiensis KACC 14978T was 13 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain SMS-12T is separate from other species of the genus Mucilaginibacter . On the basis of the data presented, strain SMS-12T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter , for which the name Mucilaginibacter sabulilitoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SMS-12T ( = KCTC 32111T = CCUG 62214T).

Purpose To evaluate the clinical and radiological results of patients that underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with a NexGen LPS-Flex implant using a Navigation system (Brain Lab). Materials and Methods Between January 2001 and December 2005, 55 knees in 46 patients which used the NexGen LPS-Flex implant with a Navigation system (Brain Lab) for primary TKA were clinically and radiologically evaluated after a minimum follow-up of 5 years. Evaluation included preoperative and postoperative range of motion (ROM), Knee Society Score (KSS), tibio-femoral angle and postoperative complications. Results Knee ROM was increased from 118.9° preoperatively to 126.9° at the last follow up. In addition, the preoperative flexion contracture improved from 6.5° to 1.8° postoperatively. The mean KSS and functional score were improved from 59.8 and 51.2 to postoperative scores of 86.4 and 85.2 respectively. The rate of appearance of radiolucency in X-ray was 21.8%. One case of superficial skin infection and one case of aseptic loosening were noted as complications but, did not require a revision surgery. Conclusions TKA with NexGen LPS-Flex implant using Navigation system (Brain Lab) showed satisfactory improvement in pain and function, but more long term follow up will be needed to complete verification.

The impacts influenced on the performance and safety of a repository are classified as units of Features, Events, and Processes (FEP), for the total system performance assessment (TSPA) related to the permanent disposal of HLW. The importance is evaluated in consideration of the frequency, consequence, regulation, suitability of a specific site, etc. and then these are grouped as a similar FEP. A scenario describing the migration of radionuclide from the repository to the biosphere is derived from understanding the interaction among these groups. KAERI has developed the KAERI FEP lists by review and collation of the foreign studies. The KAERI FEP list has been reviewed by several Korean experts. The five major scenarios describing possible future evolutions of the geological disposal system have been developed by RES and PID methods. Also the CYPRUS which is a KAERI integrated database management system for the total system performance assessment (TSPA) related to the permanent disposal of HLW has been developed and the results of the FEP and scenario development have been uploaded in this system.

A novel lipolytic enzyme was isolated from a metagenomic library obtained from tidal flat sediments on the Korean west coast. Its putative functional domain, designated MPlaG, showed the highest similarity to phospholipase A from Grimontia hollisae CIP 101886, though it was screened from an emulsified tricaprylin plate. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MPlaG is far from family I.6 lipases, including Staphylococcus hyicus lipase, a unique lipase which can hydrolyze phospholipids, and is more evolutionarily related to the bacterial phospholipase A 1 family. The specific activities of MPlaG against olive oil and phosphatidylcholine were determined to be 2,957 ± 144 and 1,735 ± 147 U mg −1 , respectively, which means that MPlaG is a lipid-preferred phospholipase. Among different synthetic esters, triglycerides, and phosphatidylcholine, purified MPlaG exhibited the highest activity toward p -nitrophenyl palmitate (C 16 ), tributyrin (C 4 ), and 1,2-dihexanoyl-phosphatidylcholine (C 8 ). Finally, MPlaG was identified as a phospholipase A 1 with lipase activity by cleavage of the sn -1 position of OPPC, interfacial activity, and triolein hydrolysis. These findings suggest that MPlaG is the first experimentally characterized phospholipase A 1 with lipase activity obtained from a metagenomic library. Our study provides an opportunity to improve our insight into the evolution of lipases and phospholipases.

A Gram-staining-variable, motile, endospore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain, IDS-20T, was isolated from a marine solar saltern in Korea and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Strain IDS-20T grew optimally at 37 °C, at pH 7.5–8.0 and in the presence of 4–5 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain IDS-20T belongs to the genus Virgibacillus. Strain IDS-20T exhibited 93.4–96.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strains of species of the genus Virgibacillus. Strain IDS-20T had MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and a cell-wall peptidoglycan based on meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 and major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 39.5 mol%. The phylogenetic distinctiveness and differential phenotypic characteristics of strain IDS-20T demonstrated that this strain can be distinguished from recognized species of the genus Virgibacillus. On the basis of the data presented, strain IDS-20T represents a novel species of the genus Virgibacillus, for which the name Virgibacillus campisalis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IDS-20T ( = KCTC 13727T = CCUG 59308T).

The development of Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycle (ANFC) technology is essential to meet the national mission for energy independence via a nuclear option in Korea. The action target is to develop environmentally friendly, cost-effective measures to reduce the burden of long term disposal. The proper scenarios regarding potential radionuclide release from a repository have been developed in this study based on the Advanced Korean Reference Disposal System (A-KRS). To predict safety for the various scenarios, a new assessment code based on the GoldSim software has also been developed. Deterministic analysis indicates an environmental benefit from the ANFC as long as the solid wastes from the ANFC act as a proper barrier.

Ulnar nerve palsy subsequent to a fracture of the distal radius is extremely rare compared to a median nerve injury. The lesion tends to occur in younger patents with a high-energy mechanism of injury and a severe injury pattern consisting of wide displacement, comminution, combined distal ulnar fracture and open fracture. The mechanism of injury can contribute to a direct contusion and traction, compression secondary to prolonged edema and tissue fibrosis, intraneural fibrosis and laceration. We report 2 cases of progressive ulnar nerve palsy subsequent to closed fractures of the distal radius. The neurological symptoms recovered in all cases who underwent nerve decompression and neurolysis at 2 or 3 months after the trauma. It is recommended that cases with high-energy, widely displaced or comminuted fractures of the distal radius be evaluated carefully for ulnar nerve as well as median nerve injury.

Purpose: Kimura’s disease is an uncommon benign lymphoproliferative inflammatory disorder with an unknown etiology. The recurrence rate after surgical excision is relatively high and renal involvement is its only systemic manifestation. The condition mainly involves the head and neck, and peripheral involvement is extremely rare. Materials and Methods: We encountered the case of a 28-year-old man who had a non-tender mass with mild brownish skin color changes and pruritus around the medial side of the distal arm and elbow. Results: The peripheral blood investigation revealed peripheral eosinophilia and elevated serum IgE levels. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an isointensity signal relative to the muscle on the T1-weighted images and hyperintensity signal relative to the muscle on the T2-weighted images. Conclusion: A marginal resection of the lesion was performed and there was no recurrence at 2 years postoperatively.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to introduce a new surgical technique and to evaluate the preliminary results after operative treatment with using TightRope for treating acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation. Material and Methods: We studies 10 patients who were followed up for more than 6 months after operative treatment with using an TightRope. A longitudinal incision approximately 4cm in length was made from 1cm medial to the acromioclavicular joint to the coracoid process, and then coracocalvicular ligament augmentation using TightRope was done after splitting the deltoid. For postoperative stability, two 1.6 mm Kirschner wires were inserted temporarily across the acromioclavicular joint in all cases. The radiologic results on the serial plain radiographs and the clinical results according to the UCLA score were analyzed. Results: Radiologically, 7 cases showed anatomical reduction, 2 cases showed a slightly loss of reduction and 1 case showed partial loss of reduction. Clinically, 6 cases were excellent, 3 cases were good and 1 case was fair. Conclusion: Coracoclavicular ligament augmentation using TightRope for treating acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation is a minimally invasive, safe procedure that provides satisfactory radiologic and clinical preliminary results. Yet the long-term results have to be analyzed to determine the final results of this procedure.

Background: Open reduction and internal fixation of a displaced unstable fracture of the lateral condyle of the humerus in a child usually produces a good result. Only a few reports have focused on closed reduction and internal fixation of these fractures. We prospectively studied closed reduction and internal fixation to determine its usefulness as the initial treatment for displaced unstable fractures of the lateral condyle of the humerus. Methods: We classified lateral condylar humeral fractures into five groups according to the degree of displacement and the fracture pattern as determined on four radiographic views and created an algorithm for the treatment of these fractures on the basis of this classification system. We prospectively treated sixty-three unstable fractures (in forty-two boys and twenty-one girls) and assessed the quality of closed reduction. Results: Thirteen of seventeen stage-3 fractures were reduced to ≤1 mm of residual displacement. Thirty of forty stage-4 fractures and three of six stage-5 fractures were reduced to ≤2 mm of displacement. In ten of forty stage-4 fractures and three of six stage-5 fractures, closed reduction to within 2 mm failed and open reduction and internal fixation was performed. There were no major complications such as osteonecrosis of the trochlea or capitellum, nonunion, malunion, or early physeal arrest. Conclusions: Closed reduction and internal fixation is an effective treatment for unstable displaced lateral condylar fractures of the humerus in many children. If fracture displacement after closed reduction exceeds 2 mm, open reduction and internal fixation is recommended. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

A compartment model, ACGEO, has been developed for the Korean reference Repository System (KRS) for an HLW disposal by utilizing AMBER, a general compartment modeling tool. ACGEO is a flexible and adaptable tool, by which a transient calculation of both a nuclide release and transport in the near- and the far-field of a repository system with various and complex shapes can be carried out. It is expected to be used for the treatment of nuclide transport of a decay chain for safety assessment, as well as for design feedback on the KRS both on a deterministic and a probabilistic bases. Some illustrative cases are also investigated in which the influence of varying the near-field system features on the release of selected nuclides for an HLW repository are examined, in order to demonstrate the usability of ACGEO for feedback to a refined repository concept and for establishing an appropriate safety margin for an HLW repository.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, DSSK2-12T, was isolated from the place where the ocean and a freshwater spring meet at Jeju island, South Korea. Strain DSSK2-12T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain DSSK2-12T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Alteromonas. Strain DSSK2-12T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.2–98.1 % to the type strains of Alteromonas litorea, Alteromonas marina, Alteromonas hispanica and Alteromonas genovensis and of 95.39–96.98 % to those of other species of the genus Alteromonas. Strain DSSK2-12T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain DSSK2-12T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain DSSK2-12T was 48.6 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of A. litorea, A. marina, A. hispanica and A. genovensis were 9–21 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain DSSK2-12T is separated from other species of the genus Alteromonas. On the basis of the data presented, strain DSSK2-12T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Alteromonas, for which the name Alteromonas confluentis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DSSK2-12T ( = KCTC 42603T = CECT 8870T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated GYSW-22T, was isolated from seawater off Geoje Island in the South Sea, South Korea. Strain GYSW-22T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 1.0–2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GYSW-22T and the type strains of Roseovarius crassostreae, Roseovarius halocynthiae and Roseovarius sediminilitoris form a coherent cluster, independent of phylogenetic lineages or clusters comprising the type strains of other species of the genus Roseovarius. Strain GYSW-22T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 97.2, 96.6 and 96.3 % to R. halocynthiae MA1-10T, R. crassostreae CV919-312T and R. sediminilitoris M-M10T, respectively, and of 92.6–94.7 % to the type strains of other species of the genus Roseovarius. Strain GYSW-22T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain GYSW-22T was 59.0 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness value with R. halocynthiae MA1-10T was 15 %. On the basis of the data presented, we propose strain GYSW-22T represents a novel species of a new genus, Aliiroseovarius pelagivivens gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of the type species is GYSW-22T ( = KCTC 42459T = CECT 8811T). In this study, it is also proposed that Roseovarius crassostreae, Roseovarius halocynthiae and Roseovarius sediminilitoris be reclassified into the new genus as Aliiroseovarius crassostreae comb. nov. (type strain CV919-312T = ATCC BAA-1102T = DSM 16950T), Aliiroseovarius halocynthiae comb. nov. (type strain MA1-10T = KCTC 23462T = CCUG 60745T) and Aliiroseovarius sediminilitoris comb. nov. (type strain M-M10T = KCTC 23959T = CCUG 62413T), respectively.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated AH-MY3T, was isolated from a tidal flat on Aphae island of the south-western sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain AH-MY3T grew optimally at 35 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AH-MY3T joined the cluster comprising the type strains of Yeosuana aromativorans, Snuella lapsa and Meridianimaribacter flavus, showing sequence similarities of 93.9, 93.7 and 92.6 %, respectively. Strain AH-MY3T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.0–94.7 % to the type strains of ‘Aestuariibaculum scopimerae’, Winogradskyella aquimaris, Winogradskyella poriferorum and Gaetbulibacter aestuarii. Strain AH-MY3T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone. The fatty acid and polar lipid profiles of strain AH-MY3T could be distinguished from those of the type strains of phylogenetically related taxa. The DNA G+C content of strain AH-MY3T was 37 mol%. The phylogenetic data and differential chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties revealed that strain AH-MY3T represents a novel genus and species within the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Aestuariivivens insulae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Aestuariivivens insulae is AH-MY3T ( = KCTC 42350T = NBRC 110723T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and pleomorphic bacterium, designated BS-W13T, was isolated from a tidal flat on the South Sea, South Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain BS-W13T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 1.0–2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BS-W13T clustered with the type strain of Seohaeicola saemankumensis , showing the highest sequence similarity (95.96 %) to this strain. Strain BS-W13T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 95.95, 95.91, 95.72 and 95.68 % to the type strains of Sulfitobacter donghicola , Sulfitobacter porphyrae , Sulfitobacter mediterraneus and Roseobacter litoralis , respectively. Strain BS-W13T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The polar lipid profile of strain BS-W13T, containing phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid as major components, was distinguishable from those of some phylogenetically related taxa. The DNA G+C content of strain BS-W13T was 58.1 mol%. The phylogenetic data and differential chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties revealed that strain BS-W13T constitutes a novel genus and species within family Rhodobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria , for which the name Pseudoseohaeicola caenipelagi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BS-W13T ( = KCTC 42349T = CECT 8724T).

Matrix diffusion into a rock matrix has been regarded to retard radionuclide migration in a fracture. Recent field findings on a fractured system indicate that only a small portion of the rock in a...

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated SSK1-4T, was isolated from the junction between the ocean and a freshwater spring at Jeju island, South Korea. Strain SSK1-4T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. In the neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain SSK1-4T was found to form an evolutionary lineage independent of those of other genera within the family Rhodobacteraceae. Strain SSK1-4T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values to the type strains of Ruegeria lacuscaerulensis (94.99 %), Ruegeria atlantica (94.98 %) and Rhodovulum marinum (94.97 %). Sequence similarities to the type strains of other recognized species were less than 94.87 %. Strain SSK1-4T was found to contain Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18:1 ω7c and cyclo-C19:0 ω8c as the major fatty acids. The polar profile of strain SSK1-4T was found to contain phosphatidylglycerol, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, an unidentified lipid and an unidentified aminolipid as major components, which distinguish it from those of the phylogenetically related taxa. The DNA G+C content of strain SSK1-4T was determined to be 58.4 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic data and the chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties, strain SSK1-4T is considered to represent a new genus and species within the class Alphaproteobacteria, for which the name Confluentimicrobium lipolyticum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of C. lipolyticum is SSK1-4T (=KCTC 42136T = CECT 8621T). In addition, an emended description of Actibacterium mucosum Lucena et al. 2012 is also proposed.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, curved-to-spiral-rod-shaped bacterium, designated AH-MY2T, was isolated from a tidal flat on Aphae island in the sea to the south-west of South Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain AH-MY2T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AH-MY2T clustered with the type strain of Terasakiella pusilla and that this cluster joined the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Thalassospira . Strain AH-MY2T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 90.6 % to the type strain of Terasakiella pusilla and of less than 91.0 % to the type strains of other species with validly published names. Strain AH-MY2T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain AH-MY2T were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and one unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain AH-MY2T was 56.0 mol%. The phylogenetic data and differential chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic properties revealed that strain AH-MY2T represented a novel genus and species within the family Rhodospirillaceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria , for which the name Aestuariispira insulae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Aestuariispira insulae is AH-MY2T ( = KCTC 32577T = CECT 8488T).

This paper presents the results of a structural analysis to determine design variables such as the inner basket array type, and thicknesses of the outer shell, and the lid and bottom of a spent nuclear fuel disposal canister. The canister construction type introduced here is a solid structure with a cast iron insert and a corrosion resistant overpack, which is designed for the spent nuclear fuel disposal in a deep repository in the crystalline bedrock, entailing an evenly distributed load of hydrostatic pressure from the ground water and high swelling pressure from the bentonite buffer. Hence, the canister must be designed to withstand these high pressure loads. Many design variables may affect the structural strength of the canister. In this study, among those variables, the array type of inner baskets and thicknesses of outer shell and lid and bottom are attempted to be determined through a linear structural analysis. Canister types studied here are one for the pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel and another for the Canadian deuterium and uranium reactor (CANDU) fuel.

The sealing performance of buffer material in a high-level waste repository depends largely upon the hydraulic conductivity, the swelling pressure, and the dissolution of organic carbon in the buffer material. Temperature effects on these properties were evaluated. The hydraulic conductivity and the swelling pressure of compacted bentonite increase with increasing temperature, but the effect of temperature elevation is not large. The dissolution of organic carbon in bentonite also increases with increasing temperature, but the resultant aqueous concentrations of organic carbon in bentonite suspensions are less than those of deep groundwater in granite. Therefore, the organic carbon dissolved from the bentonite will not cause a significant increase in the organic carbon content of deep groundwater in the repository environment. Overall, temperature effects on the sealing performance of buffer material in a waste repository is not important, if the maximum temperature is maintained below 100°C.

Korean energy security is dependent on the peaceful and safe utilization of nuclear energy. The Korean government’s policy on nuclear energy can be summarized with two principles: promoting the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and ensuring its safe use and storage. Since April 1978 Korea has strongly relied on nuclear energy for its electricity generation. As of today, 20 nuclear power plants, 16 pressurized water reactors PWRs and 4 Canada Deuterium Uranium CANDU reactors are in operation, and 4 PWRs are under construction. The installed nuclear capacity is 17.7 GWe, representing 27% of the nation’s total installed capacity. The nuclear share in electricity remains at around 37.8%, reaching a level of 146.8 TWh. New power reactors in Korea Standard Nuclear Power Plants are fully designed by domestic technologies. A more advanced reactor named AP1400 will be commissioned in 2020. The Achilles’ heel of nuclear energy is radioactive waste. Even though proper scientific management of radioactive waste has been found and proved safe for lowand intermediate-level waste LILW disposal and an interim storage of spent nuclear fuel and even the introduction of permanent disposal of high-level radioactive waste HLW is envisaged to be feasible, the public perception on these issues is not supportive. The public’s everlasting “not in my backyard” refrain has hindered the implementation of Korea’s radioactive waste management program for the last two decades. Overcoming the safety issues involved in radioactive waste management is not a simple scientific problem. It requires attention to both state-of-the-art science and technology and the psychology of the general and local public. In fact, it is a transscientific issue, a fusion of science and socioeconomic studies. The Korean Atomic Energy Commission provided clear milestones for constructing two key facilities: the LILW repository by 2008 and the centralized storage for spent fuel by 2016. With the full support of the Korean government, institutes, and general public, Korea Hydro Nuclear Power KHNP secured a site for the LILW repository in 2005. An underground repository with the capacity for 100,000 drums is under construction, and will be in commission by 2012. Long-term safe management of spent nuclear fuel is necessary not only to store spent fuel over a long period of time but also to potentially recycle it under full observance of the nuclear nonproliferation duties. The permanent disposal of HLW is the research and development R&D topic for a future generation and involves protecting the environment and minimizing the economic burden. Since 1997 Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute KAERI has been developing a permanent disposal facility for HLW and a total system performance assessment TSPA . Its current R&D activities are focused on the preliminary conceptual design of the Korean Reference Disposal System KRS , development of the

A simple approach was described to incorporate the Monte Carlo simulation technique into a fuel cycle cost estimate. As a case study, the once-through and recycle fuel cycle options were tested with some alternatives (ie. the change of distribution type for input parameters), and the simulation results were compared with the values calculated by a deterministic method. A three-estimate approach was used for converting cost inputs into the statistical parameters of assumed probabilistic distributions. It was indicated that the Monte Carlo simulation by a Latin Hypercube Sampling technique and subsequent sensitivity analyses were useful for examining uncertainty propagation of fuel cycle costs, and could more efficiently provide information to decisions makers than a deterministic method. It was shown from the change of distribution types of input parameters that the values calculated by the deterministic method were set around a 40 th ∼50 th percentile of the output distribution function calculated by probabilistic simulation. Assuming lognormal distribution of inputs, however, the values calculated by the deterministic method were set around an 85 th percentile of the output distribution function calculated by probabilistic simulation. It was also indicated from the results of the sensitivity analysis that the front-end components were generally more sensitive than the back-end components, of which the uranium purchase cost was the most important factor of all. It showed, also, that the discount rate made many contributions to the fuel cycle cost, showing the rank of third or fifth of all components. The results of this study could be useful in applications to another options, such as the DUPIC (Direct Use of PWR spent fuel In CANDU reactors) cycle with high cost uncertainty.

A Gram-staining-negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated DPS-8T, was isolated from coastal sediment of Geoje island in the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic study. Strain DPS-8T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–7.5 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DPS-8T joined the clade comprising the type strains of Winogradskyella species with a high bootstrap resampling value of 93.5 %. Phylogenetic trees constructed using maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony algorithms revealed that strain DPS-8T belonged to the genus Winogradskyella . Strain DPS-8T exhibited 94.1–96.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strains of species of the genus Winogradskyella . Strain DPS-8T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain DPS-8T were phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain DPS-8T was 34.7 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain DPS-8T is separate from recognized species of the genus Winogradskyella . On the basis of the data presented, strain DPS-8T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Winogradskyella , for which the name Winogradskyella litorisediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DPS-8T ( = KCTC 32110T = CCUG 62215T).

A Gram-staining-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated M-M3(T), was isolated from marine sand on the southern coast of South Korea and subjected to a polyphasic study. Strain M-M3(T) was observed to grow optimally at 25-30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain M-M3(T) fell within the clade comprising Nonlabens species, joining the type strain of Nonlabens ulvanivorans, with which it exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value of 99.4 %. Sequence similarity to the type strains of the other Nonlabens species was 93.0-95.2 % and92.2 % to those of other species used in the phylogenetic analysis. Strain M-M3(T) was found to contain MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15:0 and iso-C17:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were determined to be phosphatidylethanolamine, five unidentified lipids and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain M-M3(T) was determined to be 38.2 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with N. ulvanivorans DSM 22727(T) was 42 ± 6.2 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain M-M3(T) is separate from other Nonlabens species. On the basis of the data presented, strain M-M3(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Nonlabens, for which the name Nonlabens arenilitoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M-M3(T) (=KCTC 32109(T) = CCUG 62919(T)).

A Gram-staining-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain T-y7T, was isolated from seawater collected in an oyster farm in the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic study. Strain T-y7T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. In phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain T-y7T fell within a clade comprising Bizionia species. It formed a coherent cluster with the type strains of Bizionia algoritergicola , B. argentinensis , B. echini and B. myxarmorum , with which it exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 97.4–98.9 % and mean DNA–DNA relatedness values of 11–27 %. Strain T-y7T had MK-6 as its predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 1 G, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as its major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 37.1 mol%. Its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness and differential phenotypic properties revealed that strain T-y7T does not belong to any established Bizionia species. On the basis of the data presented, strain T-y7T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Bizionia , for which the name Bizionia hallyeonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T-y7T ( = KCTC 23881T = CCUG 62110T).

Background Among the vast microbial genomic resources now available, most microbes are unculturable in the laboratory. A culture-independent metagenomic approach is a novel technique that circumvents this culture limitation. For the screening of novel lipolytic enzymes, a metagenomic library was constructed from compost, and the clone of estCS2 was selected for lipolytic properties on a tributyrin-containing medium. Results The estCS2 sequence encodes a protein of 570 amino acid residues, with a predicted molecular mass of 63 kDa, and based on amino acid identity it most closely matches (45%) the carboxylesterase from Haliangium ochraceum DSM 14365. EstCS2 belong to family VII, according to the lipolytic enzyme classification proposed by Arpigny and Jaeger, and it retains the catalytic triad Ser245-Glu363-His466 that is typical of an α/β hydrolase. The Ser245 residue in the catalytic triad of EstCS2 is located in the consensus active site motif GXSXG. The EstCS2 exhibits strong activity toward p-nitrophenyl caproate (C6), and it is stable up to 60°C with an optimal enzymatic activity at 55°C. The maximal activity is observed at pH 9, and it remains active between pH 6-10. EstCS2 shows remarkable stability in up to 50% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethylformamide (DMF). The enzyme has the ability to cleave sterically hindered esters of tertiary alcohol, as well as to degrade polyurethanes, which are widely used in various industries. Conclusions The high stability of EstCS2 in organic solvents and its activity towards esters of ketoprofen and tertiary alcohols, and in polyurethane suggests that it has potential uses for many applications in biotransformation and bioremediation.

A new lipase, LipEH166, isolated from an intertidal flat metagenome, showed no amino acid similarity to any known lipolytic enzyme except in the consensus region. This suggested that LipEH166 and its homologues belong to a new family of lipolytic enzymes. Partial characterization indicated that LipEH166 is a novel cold-adapted alkaline lipase.

쇄골 골절은 모든 골절의 5%를 차지하는 흔한 손상이며, 이 중 원 위 쇄골 골절은 모든 쇄골 골절의 10%-15% 정도에서 발생한다. 대부분의 쇄골 골절은 일반적으로 보존적 치료로도 좋은 임상적 및 방사선학적 결과를 얻을 수 있는 것으로 알려져 있지만, 원위 쇄골 골절은 보존적 치료 시 불유합의 빈도가 28%-44% 정도로 높게 발생하는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 원위 쇄골 골절은 골절부의 불안정성을 나타낼 수 있는 골절의 형태가 다양하고 구별하기 힘든 경우가 많기 때문에 그 치료의 결정에 있어서도 어려움이 있다. 원위 쇄골 골절은 안전성에 따 라 Neer의 분류법에 의해 3가지로 분류되는데, 이 중 II 형 골절이 보존적 치료 후 불유합의 가능성이 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. Robinson 등은 나이가 많을수록, 골절의 전위가 심할수록 불유 합의 가능성이 높음을 보고하였다. 그러나 현재까지 골절 분류 이외의 불유합과 관련 있는 인자에 대한 연구는 드물며, 원위 쇄 골 골절의 불유합과 연관된 여러 인자들을 분석하는 것은 환자의 치료 방법을 결정하고 예후를 평가할 수 있는 중요한 정보를 제 공할 수 있을 것이다. 이에 본 연구의 목적은 보존적 치료를 시행 한 원위 쇄골 골절 환자의 방사선학적 및 임상적 결과를 알아보 고, 불유합과 관련된 인자를 분석하고자 하였다. pISSN : 1226-2102, eISSN : 2005-8918 137

산화인화석 결정이 경장근 건에 침착하는 드문 양성 질환으로 석 회 침착에 의한 염증반응으로 증상이 유발된다. 임상 증상으로 경부 강직을 동반한 급성 경부 통증과 연하통 그리고 그에 의한 연하 곤란 등이 나타나며 간혹 낮은 수준의 발열 및 검사실 소견 에서 경도의 백혈구 수치 상승과 적혈구 침강 속도 상승 등의 염 증 소견을 보일 수 있다. 위와 같은 임상 증상은 후인두 농양, 뇌 수막염, 감염성 척추염 등에서도 나타날 수 있으므로 경부통을 일으킬 수 있는 보다 심각한 질환들을 배제하는 것이 중요하다. 전형적인 경장근 석회화 건염의 영상 검사 소견은 경추 제1-2번 전방의 경장근 주위에 석회화 결정 및 후인두 공간의 부종이 관 찰되는 것으로, 이러한 영상 소견과 임상 양상을 종합하여 타 질 환과의 감별이 가능하나 저자들은 방사선학적으로 뚜렷한 석회 화를 보이지 않는 급성 경장근 건염 1예를 경험하였기에 이를 보 고하고자 한다. 증례보고

We evaluated the significance of the stem alignment in 98 consecutive primary total hip arthroplasties with a cementless CLS component (Zimmer, Winterthur, Switzerland) after a mean follow-up period of 7.7 years (range, 5-11 years) The patients were divided into 3 groups on the basis of stem alignment: neutral, 62 hips (63%); valgus, 20 hips (21%); and varus, 16 hips (16%). Clinical and radiographic results for the groups were compared. No significant clinical or radiographic differences were found between groups. There was no difference in the Harris hip scores and in the incidence of thigh pain between groups. For all hips, radiographs showed stable osseous fixation of the stem and the cup. A similar pattern of adaptive bone remodeling occurred in all 3 groups. Stem alignment of a tapered-wedge cementless femoral component does not compromise the clinical and radiographic results of total hip arthroplasty at a mean end point of 7.7 years.

Internal disc derangement (IDD) is characterized by chronic low-back pain and referred pain in the legs. This condition is easily misdiagnosed as a disc herniation, resulting in failed back surgery, or it could be ignored by a doctor as malingering or a psychological problem. The indication of surgery has been intractable low-back pain with or without leg pain in spite of conservative treatment over 6 months. Discography was performed before surgery, and painful disc(s) were identified by concordant pain provocation. Subtotal disc excision and posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) with posterior instrumentation were performed. A successful clinical and radiological result was obtained by these procedures. The cause of IDD and the mechanisms of pain are discussed.

In spite of improved surgical techniques and fixation devices, non-union still reportedly occurs in 10-30% of cases of femoral neck fracture. A variety of methods of treatment that preserve the femoral head have been described, yet there are few reports on the results of valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy in cases of femoral neck non-union. We treated 11 such cases with valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy performed at one centre and using a single surgical technique. The cases were evaluated clinically and radiographically at a mean of 4.9 years. All of the non-unions were shown radiographically to have healed by an average of 12.5 weeks. Functional outcome was excellent for nine patients and poor for two who underwent subsequent total hip arthroplasty for avascular necrosis of the femoral head. We conclude that valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy is an effective treatment for femoral neck non-union, but avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a possible complication.

We report a case of ceramic liner fracture in a 34-year-old man that occurred 1 year 9 months after total hip arthroplasty with a BiCONTACT (Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany) ceramic-on-ceramic prosthesis. The ceramic liner was found within the metal shell in 4 large pieces and multiple small fragments in the peripheral portions. Its condition indicated that the possible mechanism of late ceramic liner chip fracture was repeated episodes of impingement between the prosthetic neck and the edge of the ceramic liner. Squatting, kneeling, and sitting cross-legged caused impingement. These positions are more common in Asian populations than in Western populations. After the joint was thoroughly irrigated, a new modular ceramic liner and a 28-mm ceramic head were implanted.

Polyethylene liner failure of cementless acetabular components has been reported to be the most common complication of current modular cups. We performed a retrospective review of 128 consecutive primary total hip arthroplasties in 111 patients who had a second-generation Harris-Galante cup (Harris-Galante II, Zimmer, Warsaw, Ind). The mean length of the follow-up period was 8.0 years (range 5-12.9 years), with 26 cups (20.2%) having undergone revision by that time. Twenty-two hips (17.3%) had failure of the polyethylene liner. We found that polyethylene liner failure remains the main cause of revision of this modular cup. The main difference between our population of patients and other populations that have used this cup and liner is our population's cultural inclination toward squatting and leg crossing, body positions that increased the risk of impingement and eccentric wear.