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The ambient mass concentration and chemical composition of the were determined at the highland site with 1,100 m above sea level on Jeju Island from June 2013 to November 2014. Yearly averaged mass concentration of was . concentrations were highest during the spring, while they tended to be lowest during the summer. Eight water soluble ionic species attributed 45.5% to mass. , and were major ions, which occupied to 27.9%, 3.7% and 12.3%, respectively. The greatest contributors to total mass concentration of water-soluble ions contained in were sulfate, ammonium and nitrate. These three ions accounted for 96.6% in total ions mass concentration of . We could infer that these three secondary ions exist mostly in the form of and . and had a good relationship and with r=0.9. The molar ratio of in this study was lower than the value observed in sea water and higher than that in soil dust, indicating that these two ions originated from other sources rather than ocean and soil dust in this study.

This study was carried out to estimate the BVOCs emissions with the emission factors which reflected the native conditions of forests in Jeju Island. This study made effective use of the previous data for the weather data and the emission rate of each organic volatile component measured at 10 species of conifers and broad leaved trees. The CORINAIR method and the grid system of 1km×1km for whole area of Jeju Island were adopted in calculating the BVOCs emission emitted from forest. The vegetation information for Jeju Island was referred to GIS and a government report. By the results of BVOCs emission for Jeju Island, the 85% of monoterpene emission was emitted from conifers and the others was from broad leaved trees. Most of monoterpene emission was attributed to Pinus thunbergii and Cryptomeria japonica. The broad leaved trees greatly contributed to the isoprene emission and Quercus serrata played a dominant role in emission of isoprene. The total amount of BVOCs emission was estimated as 3612 ton yr -1 in Jeju Island. The 51.1% of total emission was contributed to conifers, the 44.9% to broad leaved trees, and the 4.0% to grassland. Of total emission of BVOCs, monoterpene accounted for 32.3%, isoprene for 28.0%, and OVOCs for 39.7%. The BVOCs emission estimated by this study was less than that estimated by other previous study. This means that it is important to survey the emission rate at native conditions and gather the detailed information for various species of vegetation on target region.

The number concentrations and the water soluble ionic concentrations of PM2.5 have measured at Gosan site in Jeju, Korea, from March 2010 to December 2010, to clarify their characteristics. PM2.5 number concentrations vary from 22.57 to 975.65 particles/㎝3 with an average value of 240.41 particles/㎝3, which have been recorded evidently high in spring season as compared with those in other season. And the concentrations in small size ranges are greatly higher than those in large size ranges, so the number concentration in the size range 0.25∼0.45 ㎛ has more than 94% of the total number concentration of PM2.5. The major ionic components in PM2.5 are SO4 2-, NH4 + and NO3 -, which are mainly originated from anthropogenic sources, on the other hand, the concentrations of Cl-, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ are recorded relatively lower levels. The concentrations of the major ionic components are very high in spring season, but the concentration levels of the other components are recorded significantly high in winter season. On the other hand, in summer season, the lowest concentration levels are observed for overall components as well as the sum of them. The concentration ratios of nss-SO4 2-/SO4 2- and nss-Ca2+/Ca2+ are 98.1% and 88.9%. And the concentration ratio of SO4 2-/NO3 -(3.64) is greatly higher than the value in urban area due to no large NOx emission sources in the measurement. In addition, the correlation and the factor analysis for the number and the ionic concentrations of PM2.5 are performed to identify their sources. From the Pearson correlation analysis and the factor analysis, it can be suggested that the smaller parts(

Real-time monitoring of hourly atmospheric radon (Rn-222) concentration was performed throughout 2011 at Gosan station, Jeju Island, one of the least polluted regions in Korea, in order to characterize the background levels, and temporal variations on diurnal to seasonal time-scales. The annual mean radon concentration for 2011 was mBq , and the seasonal cycle was characterized by a broad winter maximum, and narrow summer minimum. Mean monthly radon concentrations, in descending order of magnitude, were Oct > Sep > Feb > Nov > Jan > Dec > Mar > Aug > Apr > Jun > May > Jul. The maximum monthly mean value (3595 mBq , October), exceeded the minimum value (1243 mBq , July), by almost a factor of three. Diurnal composite hourly concentrations increased throughout the night to reach their maximum (2956 mBq ) at around 7 a.m., after which they decreased to their minimum value (2259 mBq ) at around 3 p.m. Back trajectory analyses indicated that the highest radon events typically exhibited long-term continental fetch over Asia before arriving at Jeju. In contrast, low radon events were generally correlated with air mass fetch over the North Pacific Ocean. Radon concentrations typical of predominantly continental, and predominantly oceanic fetch, differed by a factor of 3.8.

The number concentrations, the mass concentrations and the elemental concentrations of PM10 have measured at Gosan site in Jeju, Korea, from March 2010 to December 2010. And the correlation and the factor analysis for the number, the mass and the elemental concentrations of PM10 are performed to identify their relationships and sources. The average PM10 number concentration is observed 246 particles/cm(35.7∼1,017 particles/cm) and the average PM10 mass concentration is shown 50.1 μg/m3(16.7∼441.4 μg/m3) during this experimental period. The number concentrations are significantly decreased with increasing particle size, hence the concentrations for the smaller particles less than 2.5 μm(PM2.5) are contributed 99.6% to the total PM10 number concentrations. The highest concentration of the 20 elements in PM10 determined in this study is shown by S with a mean value of 1,497 ng/m3 and the lowest concentration of them is found by Cd with a mean value of 0.57 ng/m3. The elements in PM10 are evidently classified into two group based on their concentrations: In group 1, including S>Na> Al>Fe>Ca>Mg>K, the elemental mean concentrations are higher than several hundred ng/m3, on the other hand, the concentrations are lower than several ten ng/m3 in group 2, including Zn>Mn>Ni>Ti>Cr>Co>Cu>Mo>Sr>Ba>V >Cd. The size-separated number concentrations are shown positively correlated with the mass concentrations in overall size ranges, although their correlation coefficients, which are monotonously increased or decreased with size range, are not high. The concentrations of the elements in group 1 are shown highly correlated with the mass concentrations, but the concentrations in group 2 are shown hardly correlated with the mass concentrations. The elements originated from natural sources have been predominantly related to the mass concentrations while the elements from anthropogenic sources have mainly affected on the number concentrations of PM10.

Jeju Special Self-Governing Province has the natural assets resulting in UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve, World Heritage Listed and World Geopark Certification, so the principle of 'Conservation First Development Later' has been set up for the vision of environmental policy to preserve these assets. This case study has been carried out to investigate the realization of the principle of 'Conservation First Development Later' for the development projects performed environmental impact assessment from 1994 to 2012 in Jeju Province, using geographic information systems(GIS). The Jeju Province has its own ordinance to consult and operate an environmental impact assessment(EIA) system. In particular, the conservation area, such as, Absolute/Relative Conservation Area and Underground Water, Ecosystem and View Conservation Zone, has been assigned and managed specially to conserve the natural environment. The 179 projects has been performed EIA for last 18 years in Jeju Province, and then the Absolute Conservation Area has been included in 22 projects and the Relative Conservation Area has been included in 34 projects. However, the 2 projects only have included the Absolute Conservation Area for 7 years after 2005. This result suggests that the application of the principle for the Absolute Conservation Area is strengthened gradually.On the other hand, the 17 projects and the 24 projects have included the Underground Water Conservation Zone assigned grade 1 and 2, respectively, and the number has been increasing after 2004. The results show that it needs to strengthen the application of the principle for this Zone. And the Ecosystem Conservation Zone assigned grade 1 and 2 have been included in 1 project and 9 projects, respectively. It is considered from this result that the principle is realized successfully for the Ecosystem Conservation Zone. In addition, it could be known that the principle is applied well for the View Conservation Zone, in this study.

The aerosol number concentration have measured with an aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer(APS) at Gosan in Jeju Island, which is known as background area in Korea, from March 2010 to February 2011. The obtained results of asian dust events and non-asian dust period have been compared. The results show that the entire averaged aerosol number concentration from APS measurement during asian dust events and non-asian dust period are about 341 particles/ 3 and 240 particles/ 3 , respectively. During asian dust events, the number concentration in small size ranges( 0.4 ) are similar to non-asian dust period, however, those in large size ranges( 0.7 ) are very higher than non-asian dust period. The contributions of the size resolved number concentration(23 channel in 0.25 10.0 ) to total number concentration in that range are dramatically decreased with increased particle size. The contributions of smaller size ranges( 0.4 ) during asian dust events are very low compared with non-asian dust period, on the other hand, those of larger size ranges( 0.4 ) are higher than non-asian dust period. The number concentration in each size range are strongly correlated with the concentration in adjacent size range. And the total aerosol number concentration are depended on the number concentration in range of smaller than 0.58 during non-asian dust period and asian dust events. On the other hand, PM10 mass concentration has mainly affected with the number concentration in range of smaller than 1.0 during non-asian dust period, however, during asian dust events, the mass concentration has mainly affected with the number concentration in range of 0.65 3.0 .

The realtime monitoring of radon () concentrations has been carried out from Gosan site, Jeju Island for three years of 2006~2008, in order to evaluate the background level and timely variational characteristics of atmospheric radon. The mean concentration of radon measured during the studying period was with its annual mean values in the range of . The relative ordering of the seasonal mean concentrations was seemed to vary such as winter () > fall () > spring () > summer (). The monthly mean concentrations were in the order of Jan>Feb>Oct>Nov>Dec>Mar> Sep>Apr>May>Jun>Aug>Jul, so that the highest January value () exceeded almost twice as the July minimum (). The hourly concentrations in a day showed the highest level () at around 7 a.m., increasing during nighttime, while reaching the lowest () at around 3 p.m. From the backward trajectory analysis for a continental fetch of radon, the high concentrations (10%) of radon matched with the air mass moving from the Asia continent to Jeju area. In contrast, the low concentrations (10%) of radon were generally correlated with the air mass of the North Pacific Ocean. In comparison by sectional inflow pathways of air mass, the radon concentrations were relatively high from the north China and the Korean peninsula.

The aerosol number concentration have measured with an aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer(APS) at Gosan site, which is known as background area in Korea, from January to September 2011. The temporal variation and the size distribution of aerosol number concentration have been investigated. The entire averaged aerosol number concentration in the size range 0.25~32.0 is about 252 particles/. The number concentration in small size ranges() are very higher than those in large size ranges, such as, the number concentration in range of larger than 6.5 are almost zero particles/. The contributions of the number concentration to PM10 and/or PM2.5 are about 34%, 20.1% and 20.4% in the size range 0.25~0.28 , 0.28~0.30 and 0.30~0.35 , respectively, however, the contributions are below 1% in range of larger than 0.58 . The monthly variations in the number concentration in smaller size range() are evidently different from the variations in range of larger than 1.0 , but the variations are appeared similar patterns in smaller size range(), also the variations in range of larger than 1.0 are similar too. The diurnal variations in the number concentration for smaller particle() are not much, but the variations for larger particle are very evident. Size-fractioned aerosol number concentrations are dramatically decreased with increased particle size. The monthly differences in the size-fractioned number concentrations for smaller size range() are not observed, however, the remarkable monthly differences are observed for larger size than 0.7 .

The real-time monitoring of radon () concentrations has been carried out to evaluate the background concentration level of atmospheric radon in Gosan site, Jeju Island. The mean concentration of radon for the recent 10 years was 2831 (0.077 pCi/L), which was 19.5 time lower than that of indoor radon in Korea. The seasonal concentrations were 2657, 2071, 3249, 3384 respectively for spring, summer, fall, and winter seasons. In monthly comparison, the radon concentrations were high in October and low in July. The hourly concentrations have increased during the nighttime, showing 3666 at 7 a.m., and decreased relatively during the daytime, showing 2755 at 2~3 p.m. From the back trajectory analysis, the radon concentrations showed higher values when the air mass was moved from the Asia continent to Jeju area, on the other hand, it showed low values when it was moved from the North Pacific Ocean.

The aerosol number concentration have measured with an aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer(APS) at Gosan site in Jeju, Korea, from March 2010 to March 2011. And then the atmospheric aerosol number concentration, the temporal variation and the size distribution of aerosol number concentration have been investigated. The aerosol number concentration varies significantly from 748 particles/㎝ 3 to zero particles/㎝ 3 . The average number concentration in small size ranges are very higher than those in large size ranges. The number concentrations in the size range 0.25∼0.28 ㎛, 0.40∼0.45 ㎛ and 2.0∼2.5 ㎛ are about 84 particles/㎝ 3 , 2 particles/㎝ 3 and 0.4 particles/㎝ 3 , respectively. The number concentrations in range of larger than 7.5 ㎛ are below 0.001 particles/㎝ 3 . The seasonal variations in the number concentration for smaller particle(

The ionic compositions were analyzed from the TSP samples collected at Gosan site in Jeju Island between 2000 and 2008, in order to examine the characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in accordance with the meteorological conditions. For the Asian Dust influence on the ionic compositions, the concentration ratios of , nss-, , and were about 1.2~2.3 during Asian Dust over Non-Asian Dust periods, noticeably that of nss- was 6.8. Meanwhile the concentrations of nss-, , and have increased as 1.8~4.4 times during the haze event periods, and 1.0~1.6 times during the fog and mist events. The ion balance has resulted that the anionic concentrations are relatively lower than the cationic concentrations, and the discrepancy appears more decidedly as a strong Asian Dust effect. The ammonium ion balance has shown that it exists as a mixture of and . The concentration ratios of nss- for Asian Dust, haze, fog-mist, and non-event periods were respectively 1.8, 5.9, 4.6, and 2.9, which were higher values compared to those in urban areas of China as well as other domestic regions. Especially, the high ratios of sulfur oxides could be presumed by the fact that the longrange transport of air pollutants from Asia continent might affect the atmospheric aerosols of Jeju Island.

Contamination of butyltin compounds (BTs), namely tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), was evaluated in sediments collected inside Jeju Harbor in 2001. The concentrations of BTs in surface sediments were comparable to those in other sites of domestic and foreign countries. The high correlations between BTs in surface (r 2 = 0.83～ 0.91) and core (r 2 = 0.70～0.79) sediments and the significant correlations between BTs concentrations and the number of incoming and outgoing vessels indicated that DBT and MBT were mainly degraded from TBT based on antifouling paints of vessels etc. and other sources, such as DBT and MBT, could be ignored. The butyltin degradation indices ([DBT] + [MBT]/[TBT]) in surface sediments were in the range of 2.2～3.6 (mean 2.7), indicating that the parent compound, TBT, was inflowed into the surface sediments a long ago, degraded and deposited. The sedimentation age of BTs contaminated core sediments could not estimated because the content of 210 Pb activity was nearly all the same and so the sedimentation rate

Aerosol measurement were carried out to investigate the characteristics of its chemical composition directly affected by the local emissions of Jeju City, Jeju Island by using an eight-stage cascade impactor from Dec. 1999 to Aug. 2000. The ambient aerosol concentrations measured at Jeju City were generally very low but the fine particle concentrations were to be higher than the US standard of PM2.5. The majority of sulfate were non sea salt and contained in the fine particles. In the fine particles, the concentrations of Na+/, K+/, Mg2+/, Ca2+/, Cl-/ and NO3-/ had a tendency to increase during the springtime rather than the other seasons. However, the springtime sulfate and ammonium concentrations in the fine particles were slightly lower than those during the other seasons. On the other hand, associated with the coarse particles, the concentrations of ionic species except potassium and ammonium were elevated during the springtime. The calcium concentrations in the coarse particles were increased up to 8 times relative to the other seasons.

Samples of size-fractionated PM10 (airborne particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than ) were collected at an urban site in Jeju city from May to September 2002. The mass concentration and chemical composition of the samples were measured. The data sets were then applied to the CMB receptor model to estimate the source contribution of PM10 in Jeju area. The average PM10 mass concentration was 28.80 (), and the FP (fine particle with aerodynamic diameter less than fraction in PM10 was approximately 8% higher than the CP (coarse particle with aerodynamic diameter greater than and less than fraction in PM10. The CP composition was obviously different from the FP composition, that is, the most abundant water soluble species was nitrate ion in the FP, but sulfate ion in the CP. Also sulfur was the most dominant element in the FP, however, sodium was that in the CP. From CMB receptor model results, it was found that road dust was the largest contributor to the CP mass concentration (45% of the CP) and ammonium nitrate, domestic boiler, and marine aerosol were major sources to the CP mass. However, the secondary aerosol was the most significant contributor to the FP mass concentration (45% of the FP). In this study, it was suggested that the contributions of soil dust and gasoline vehicle became very low due to collinearity with road dust and diesel vehicle, respectively.