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Background: Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is a renal disease that leads to progressive renal failure across the world and it is among the most challenging of all renal diseases. The categorization of DN is centered on the lesions of glomeruli and exhibits varied morphological features. These patients outcome is also affected by evaluating the lesions of tubules, interstitium and renal vessels. Objective: The objective of this study was to apply the current pathological categorization of DN by Tervaert et al to evaluate the lesions of kidney in DN and to correlate clinical and histopathological features. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 10 years' duration from 2010-2019 at the Histopathology Department, Chughtai Institute of Pathology, Lahore. Fifty two cases of DN were included in the study. Parameters which were assessed included age, gender, duration of diabetes, 24 hours' urinary proteinuria, serum creatinine, histologic classes of diabetic nephropathy, Interstitial inflammation Score, interstitial fibrosis & tubular Atrophy (IFTA) score, Arteriolar Hyalinosis (AH) score and large vessel arteriolosclerosis. Results: Out of 52 cases, 28 were males and 24 were females. Mean age of patients was 51.40 years. Mean duration of diabetes was 11.54 years. Mean serum creatinine level was 5.42 mg/dl. Mean proteinuria was 4.72 g/24 hours. The most frequent glomerular lesions were in Class III comprising 48% of all classes. Conclusion: There was a significant correlation of glomerular classes with serum creatinine levels and also with proteinuria. There was also correlation of IFTA with rising serum levels of creatinine and proteinuria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World Health Organization (WHO) clinical case definition for the diagnosis of measles lacks diagnostic accuracy. We thus propose two separate scoring criteria for the diagnosis of acute and post measles cases. This study was conducted to determine the diagnostic accuracy of scoring criteria in confirmed cases of measles. This cross-sectional validation study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics Unit-I, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan, from March-August 2009. Sixty-one cases fulfilling the WHO clinical case definition of measles were included in the study, and divided into Group A (Acute measles) and Group B (Post measles). A separate criterion was used for each. Positive Serology (IgM) was taken as confirmed cases. At scores = 3, = 4 and = 5, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were calculated. Appropriate statistical tests were applied. In Group A, out of 36 cases, 28 (78%) had total score = 4, whereas IgM was positive in 24 (67%). The scoring criteria had sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 100%, 66.7%, 86% and 100% respectively. In Group B, out of 25 cases, 23 (92%) had a total score = 4 whereas IgM was positive in 22 (88%) cases. The scoring criteria had sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 100%, 66.7%, 96% and 100% respectively. The measure and strength of association were statistically significant for both Groups. At scores = 3 and = 5, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were not statistically significant in either group. This study has shown that the criteria for the diagnosis of acute and post measles cases at a score = 4 are valid to make a clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paragangliomas (PGs) are rare tumors that most commonly occur in the head and neck region and along the sympathetic chain. Fine-needle aspiration cytology is not commonly used for the diagnosis of PG due to the potential risk of hemorrhage and hypertensive crisis. As a result, limited studies describe the cytological features of PGs. In this case series, we will discuss the fine-needle aspiration features of three cases of extra-adrenal PGs. The cellular arrangement in smears was either singly scattered or loosely cohesive clusters. The cells were polygonal with pleomorphic nuclei, abundant granular cytoplasm, and bland chromatin. Cellblock showed two types of cells with focal acinar formation. Immunohistochemistry also confirmed the diagnosis. These results were also in keeping with radiological findings. Fine-needle aspiration cytology, along with clinicoradiological findings, can help in making an accurate preoperative diagnosis of PG., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)