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In the agricultural sector, fertilizer and animal waste are main pollutants to water course. Excessive phosphorus in water bodies may increase the growth of algae and aquatic plant in a pond which leads to eutrophication phenomena. Disposal of alum sludge in landfills can lead to contaminant issues thus, researchers are searching for ways to reduce excessive disposal of waste including alum sludge in landfills. This study provides available options in disposing alum sludge. In this study, continuous column tests were conducted with different initial pH and contact initial phosphate concentrations. The Scanning Electron Microscope indicates that rough alum sludge surface will accelerate the phosphate adsorption rate. This result shows that phosphate removal rate is higher in acidic condition but lower in alkaline condition. In wastewater treatment industries, changing wastewater to pH 4 needs a large amount of chemical additive and suggests that the pH 7 ±0.5 is more suitable in wastewater applications.

The amount of alum sludge produced at water treatment plant has become a problem where it is highly costly in order to dispose them. Various research was conducted to find the most suitable and economic alternative to recycle and reused of alum sludge. In this study, alum sludge was retrieved from Waterworks where it was dewatered, dried, grounded and sieved to obtain smallest particle sizes of alum sludge. The synthetic water was prepared at the laboratory in as it was used to imitate the properties of real water contaminated with chromium. This study was conducted to determine the percentage reduction of chromium concentration in synthetic water by using alum sludge as absorbent. The percentage reduction of chromium was observed under the effect of initial concentration of chromium and the height of alum sludge. The result indicates that chromium concentration reduction was the highest at the lowest initial concentration and at the highest height of alum sludge and vice versa.

Alum sludge contained a large portion amount of the aluminum derived from the coagulation process in secondary stage water treatment. Alum sludge is discharge to the landfill and it can affect on disposal management. This study investigates the treatment of wastewater using the low-cost adsorption material and also an innovation in green technology for the preservation of the environment. This finding attempts to determine the effectiveness of dewatered water treatment alum sludge as media to remove pollutant (phosphate) from wastewater. The continuous flow test approach with constant speed allocate is being used in this study. Alum sludge was prepared in 2.36 mm sieve size in dry condition and the initial synthetic water concentration (phosphate solution) was set in increasing order 2.6 mg/L to 30.5 mg/L. The test was monitored over 30 days with constant flow rate. The results indicated removal phosphate in beginning of contact time at 30% - 90%. The maximum percentage removal is 91% - 98% in various condition. The dewatered alum sludge from water treatment plant has great potential as phosphate removal.

A pilot study utilizing ornamental plants as a pollutant removal agent with varying attributes such as plant density and water conditions was conducted in Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Bangi, Malaysia. Lily canna was selected in this study for its abundance and suitable growth due to ideal Malaysian tropical climates. Lily cannas were placed on floating rafts through a 6-week experimental period in water samples collected from Ringlet Reservoir, Cameron Highlands, Pahang. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between density of lily canna plants with its corresponding pollutant removal efficiencies. The efficiency of pollutant removal was evaluated in terms of percentage removal of several parameters such as Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Turbidity and Nitrate Concentrations. The results obtained showed that removal efficiencies of up to 83.3% for TSS, 97.8% for Turbidity, 90.7% for Colour, and 85.7% for Nitrate Concentrations could be achieved within the experimental period. The tests were conducted with compliance to standard laboratory tests such as Total Suspended Solids Test, Turbidity Test and Nitrate Cadmium Reduction Method for the determination of nitrate concentrations. To conclude, the quality of treated water proved that lily canna has promising abilities to remove pollutants from water bodies in small communities.

This paper describes the development of a solar powered wireless landfill monitoring system. A remote data acquisition system was constructed for collecting data on the temperature and gas concentration in a mini landfill setup. The data acquisition setup is powered by solar power and data transmission conducted wirelessly. The system consists of temperature and methane sensors, wireless data acquisition system, solar charging system and graphical user interface via LabVIEW.

The Price-Earnings (P/E) Valuation Method estimates a firm's stock price as the product of its earnings and the P/E multiple determined from a set of comparable firms. This paper studies empirically the accuracy of the P/E valuation method when comparable firms are selected on the basis of the market, industry, total asset, earnings growth, beta, individually and in pairs. The effect of firm size on the valuation accuracy was also examined. Master of Business Administration (Accountancy)