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Osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP) are two skeletal disorders associated with joint structures. Occasionally, OA and OP occur in the same patient. However, the effect of OP changes on OA progression in patients with osteoporotic OA (OP‐OA) has not been reported, especially the potential association between subchondral bone and articular cartilage. Thus we investigated the alterations in the microstructure, biomechanical properties, and remodeling of subchondral bone as well as their association with cartilage damage in the hip joint of patients with OP‐OA. Thirty‐nine femoral head specimens were obtained from patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty (OA group, n = 19; OP‐OA group, n = 20), and healthy specimens from cadaver donors were used (control group, n = 10). The microstructure and biomechanical properties of subchondral bone were evaluated by micro–computed tomography and micro–finite‐element analysis. Histology, histomorphometric measurements, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess subchondral bone remodeling and cartilage damage. Linear regression analysis was performed to elucidate the relationship between subchondral bone and articular cartilage. In the subchondral bone of the OP‐OA group, compared with that of the OA group, aberrant bone remodeling leads to an inferior microstructure and worsening biomechanical properties, potentially affecting transmission of loading stress from the cartilage to the subchondral bone, and then resulting in accelerated OA progression in patients with OP‐OA. The results indicate that changes in subchondral bone could affect OA development and the improvement in subchondral bone with bone‐metabolism agents may help mitigate OA progression when OP and OA coexist in the same patients. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To enhance the bioactivity of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) while maintain its mechanical strengths., Methods: Suspension coating and melt bonding., Results: Silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 , SN) coating lead to higher surface roughness, hydrophilicity and protein absorption; SN coating could slowly release Si ion into simulated body fluid (SBF), which caused weak alkaline of micro-environment owing to the slight dissolution of SN; SN coating resulted in the improvements of adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and gene expressions of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro ; SN coating of PEEK with bioactive SN coating (CSNPK) obviously promoted bone regeneration and osseointegration in vivo ., Conclusions: CSNPK with SN coating as bone implant might be a promising candidate for orthopedic implants., The Translational Potential of This Article: The silicon nitride-coated polyetheretherketone (CSNPK) prepared in this article could induce MC3T3-E1 cells adhesion, proliferation and differentiation in vitro ; it could also induce bone regeneration in bone defect in vivo , which indicate its good cytocompatibility and biocompatibility. If the raw materials are medical grade, and preparation process as well as production process of this article are further improved, it will have great translational potential., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organisations that can inappropriately influence their work, and there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled., (© 2019 The Authors.)

Objective: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is recognized as a frequent cause of secondary osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose in this study was to compare structural and biomechanical properties of subchondral trabecular bone ​and its relationship with cartilage damage between patients with DDH and patients with primary hip OA., Methods: Forty-three femoral head specimens obtained from patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty [DDH, n ​= ​17; primary OA, n ​= ​16; and normal control (NC), n ​= ​10] were scanned by microcomputed tomography and analyzed by individual trabecula segmentation to obtain the microstructural types of subchondral trabecular bone. The biomechanical properties were analyzed by micro-finite element analysis, and cartilage damage was evaluated by histology. The linear regression analysis was used to indicate the association between microstructures, biomechanical property, and articular cartilage., Results: The DDH group showed the lowest total bone volume fractions (BV/TV) and plate BV/TV in the three groups (p ​< ​0.05). There were also different discrepancies between the three groups in plate/rod trabecular number, plate/rod trabecular thickness, trabecular plate surface area/trabecular rod length, and junction density with different modes (plate-plate, rod-rod, and plate-rod junction density). The micro-finite element analysis, histology, and linear regression revealed that the subchondral trabecular bone in the DDH group had inferior biomechanical properties ​and cartilage damage of patients with DDH was more serious with different subchondral trabecular bone microstructures., Conclusion: Our findings detected deteriorating subchondral trabecular bone microstructures in patients with DDH. The mass and type of subchondral trabecular bone play a key role in mechanical properties in DDH, which might be related to cartilage damage., The Translational Potential of This Article: Our findings suggested that changes of subchondral trabecular bone play a critical role ​in DDH progression and that the improvement on subchondral trabecular bone may be a sensitive and promising way in treatment of DDH., (© 2019 The Authors.)

The objective was to investigate the effect of kinsenoside (Kin) treatments on macrophage polarity and evaluate the resulting protection of chondrocytes to attenuate osteoarthritis (OA) progression. RAW264.7 macrophages were polarized to M1/M2 subtypes then administered with different concentrations of Kin. The polarization transitions were evaluated with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), confocal observation and flow cytometry analysis. The mechanism of Kin repolarizing M1 macrophages was evaluated by Western blot. Further, macrophage conditioned medium (CM) and IL-1 β were administered to chondrocytes. Micro-CT scanning and histological observations were conducted in vivo on anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) mice with or without Kin treatment. We found that Kin repolarized M1 macrophages to the M2 phenotype. Mechanistically, Kin inhibited the phosphorylation of I κ B α , which further reduced the downstream phosphorylation of P65 in nuclear factor- κ B (NF- κ B) signaling. Moreover, Kin inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling molecules p-JNK, p-ERK and p-P38. Additionally, Kin attenuated macrophage CM and IL-1 β -induced chondrocyte damage. In vivo , Kin reduced the infiltration of M1 macrophages, promoted M2 macrophages in the synovium, inhibited subchondral bone destruction and reduced articular cartilage damage induced by ACLT. All the results indicated that Kin is an effective therapeutic candidate for OA treatment., (© 2019 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.)

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of Bernese osteotomy for the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in adults., Methods: Between August 2012 and April 2014, 16 patients with DDH were treated with Bernese osteotomy by S-P approach, and the clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. There were 4 males and 12 females with an average age of 27.8 years (range, 18-35 years). The left side was involved in 6 cases and the right side in 10 cases. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score was 4.8 ± 0.5, and the Harris hip score was 81.2 ± 5.4. The lateral center edge (CE) angle (the angle between the vertical center of the femoral head and the lateral edge of the acetabulum) was (6.5 ± 8.7); the horizontal tilt angle was (25.6 ± 5.9); and the femoral head extrusion index was 36.5% ± 6.5%. According to the Tonnis osteoarthritis classification, 12 hips were rated as Grade 0, 3 hips as Grade I, and 1 hip as Grade II., Results: The operation time was 90-135 minutes; the intraoperative blood loss was 400-800 mL; 10 cases accepted blood transfusion and the amount of blood transfusion was 200-600 mL; the postoperative drainage volume was 100- 300 mL; and the hospitalization time was 7-12 days. All the cases achieved primary healing of incision with no early complications. Two cases had numb in the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervating area. All patients were followed up 12-26 months (mean, 20 months). The X-ray examination showed osseous healing at osteotomy site, and the healing time was 12-16 weeks (mean, 13.5 weeks). No acetabulum fracture, heterotopic ossification, osteonecrosis, and internal fixation loosening occurred during follow-up. No progression of osteoarthritis or acetabular cystic change was observed. At last follow-up, the lateral CE angle was (27.7 ± 6.8); the horizontal tilt angle was (16.2 ± 4.8)°; the femoral head extrusion index was 19.7% ± 5.3%; VAS score was 0.8 ± 0.3; the Harris hip score was 96.8 ± 6.7; and all showed significant differences when compared with preoperative ones (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: For DDH adults, Bernese osteotomy can effectively increase the acetabulum tolerance, improve the joint function, and slow progress in osteoarthritis, and the short-term effectiveness is satisfactory.