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Background: Previous studies have indicated that neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) could be used as a biomarker for detecting microstructural changes of brain.Purpose: To quantitatively evaluate the changes in basal ganglia (BG) and thalamus in Wilson's disease (WD) by NODDI and assess the correlation between parameters and disease severity.Study Type: Prospective case-control study.Population: In total, 24 WD patients and 25 age- and sex-matched normal controls were involved in this study.Field Strength/sequence: EPI diffusion-weighted MR images (b-values = 0, 1000, and 2000 with 30 diffusion gradient directions) were acquired on a 3T scanner.Assessment: Diffusion data were analyzed using voxel-based analysis. NODDI indices including intracellular volume fraction (Vic), orientation dispersion index (ODI), and isotropic volume fraction (Viso) were estimated from the BG and thalamus. The disease severity was assessed by two experienced neurologists based on the Global Assessment Scale (GAS). The relative importance of NODDI indices in diagnosing WD and predictive accuracy were also analyzed.Statistical Testing: The Shapiro-Wilk test, Student's t-test, χ2 test, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test, Spearman rank correlation coefficient analysis and random-forest analysis were used for statistical analyses.Results: The Vic and ODI in the BG and thalamus were significantly lower in WD patients than normal controls, while the Viso in the BG and thalamus were significantly higher (P < 0.01). The Vic in the putamen and ODI in the globus pallidus were negatively correlated with clinical severity (rvic = -0.727, P < 0.001; rodi = -0.705, P < 0.001). The Vic in the putamen was the most valuable predictor for diagnosing WD and the prediction accuracy of NODDI was 95.92%.Data Conclusion: NODDI can effectively evaluate the changes of microstructure and metabolism during copper deposition in WD, and thus, it is likely to be useful in detecting the changes in the brain of this disease and assessing its progression.Level Of Evidence: 2 Technical Efficacy Stage 2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2018;48:423-430. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purposes: Chlorotoxin can specifically bind to matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), which are overexpressed in the glioma. In this work, radiosynthesis of [ 18 F]-fluoropropionyl-chlorotoxin ([ 18 F]-FP-chlorotoxin) as a novel PET tracer was investigated, and biodistribution in vivo and PET imaging were performed in the C6 glioma model., Procedures: [ 18 F]-FP-chlorotoxin was prepared from the reaction of chlorotoxin with [ 18 F]-NFB (4-nitrophenyl 2-[ 18 F]-fluoropropionate), which was synthesized from multistep reactions. Biodistribution was determined in 20 normal Kunming mice. Small-animal PET imaging with [ 18 F]-FP-chlorotoxin was performed on the same rats bearing orthotopic C6 glioma at different time points (60 min, 90 min, and 120 min) after injection and compared with 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F] fluoro-D-glucose ([ 18 F]-FDG)., Results: [ 18 F]-FP-Chlorotoxin was successfully synthesized in the radiochemical yield of 41% and the radiochemical purity of more than 98%. Among all the organs, the brain had the lowest and stable uptake of [ 18 F]-FP-chlorotoxin, while the kidney showed the highest uptake. Compared with [ 18 F]-FDG, a low uptake of [ 18 F]-FP-chlorotoxin was detected in normal brain parenchyma and a high accumulation of [ 18 F]-FP-chlorotoxin was found in the gliomas tissue. The glioma to normal brain uptake ratio of [ 18 F]-FP-chlorotoxin was higher than that of [ 18 F]-FDG. Furthermore, the uptake of [ 18 F]-FP-chlorotoxin at 90 min after injection was better than that at 60 min after injection., Conclusions: Compared with [ 18 F]-FDG, [ 18 F]-FP-chlorotoxin has a low and stable uptake in normal brain parenchyma. [ 18 F]-FP-Chlorotoxin seems to be a potential PET tracer with a good performance in diagnosis of the glioma.