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Widespread resistance of insect pests to insecticides has been widely reported in China and there is consequently an urgent need to adjust pest management strategies appropriately. This requires detailed information on the extent and causes of resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate levels of resistance to 5 insecticides among 12 strains of Culex tritaeniorhynchus, a major vector of Japanese encephalitis in China. Resistance to deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, permethrin, dichlorvos, and propoxur were measured using larval bioassays. The allelic frequency of knockdown resistance ( kdr) and acetylcholinesterase ( AChE) mutations were determined in all strains. Larval bioassay results indicated that the field strains collected from different sites were resistant to deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, permethrin, dichlorvos, and propoxur, with resistance ratio values ranging from 1.70- to 71.98-fold, 7.83- to 43.07-fold, 3.54- to 40.03-fold, 291.85- to 530.89-fold, and 51.32- to 108.83-fold, respectively. A polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific alleles method for individual was developed to detect genotypes of the AChE gene mutation F455W in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The frequency of the AChE gene mutation F455W was 100.00% in all strains, making this mutation of no value as a marker of resistance to organophosphorous and carbamate pesticides in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in China. The kdr allele was present in all strains at frequencies of 10.00-29.55%. Regression analysis indicated a significant correlation between kdr allele frequencies and levels of resistance to deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, and permethrin. These results highlight the need to monitor and map insecticide resistance in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and to adjust pesticide use to minimize the development of resistance in these mosquitoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aedes albopictus is the primary vector of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever in China. Although there are previous studies on the application of adulticides to control this species, the application methods have either been back-pack or vehicle-mounted systems. However, many sites are too large to be effectively treated with back-pack sprayers, and the lack of roads restricts the use of vehicle-mounted sprayers. This paper provides the first study of using unmanned aerial vehicles to conduct cold mist sprays on Ae. albopictus habitats. A spray containing 4% permethrin and 1% tetramethylfluthrin was applied at an effective application rate of 9.0 mg/m2. This method reduced Ae. albopictus populations by more than 90%. The results indicate this novel spray system is a powerful method to achieve a rapid decline of mosquito population in Ae. albopictus habitats in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a highly effective method of perceiving multimedia information, Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) has shown its potential in many areas. However, the outside interference in the monitoring environment brings severe noise to video images. Obviously, video image denoising becomes the key to ensuring the validity and reliability of WMSN video monitoring. To denoise WMSN video image, firstly, its features are analyzed and some pretreatment are done. Secondly, the K-SVD algorithm is employed to adaptively train DCT dictionary for reflecting the image characteristics and reconstruct the key frame through improved Batch-OMP algorithm with residual ratio as the iteration termination, while DCT dictionary is adopted to sparsely denoise the residual frames. Finally, the video image is reconstructed under the situation of low SNR. Experimental results show that, compared with its counterparts, the superiorities of the algorithm can be observed in both visual and some numerical guidelines, showing the suitability for the WMSN video image denoising in low SNR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]