183 results on '"Chrysanthy Ikonomidou"'
Search Results
2. Safety, tolerability and feasibility of remotely-instructed home-based transcranial direct current stimulation in children with cerebral palsy
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Preston Christopher, Ellen N. Sutter, Marissa Gavioli, Daniel H. Lench, Gwendolyn Nytes, Veronika Mak, Emma A. Simpson, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Melissa A. Villegas, Catarina Saiote, and Bernadette T. Gillick
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Cerebral palsy (CP) ,Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) ,Teleneuromodulation ,Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) ,At-home ,Pediatrics ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Published
- 2023
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3. Remotely monitored transcranial direct current stimulation in pediatric cerebral palsy: open label trial protocol
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Emma A. Simpson, Catarina Saiote, Ellen Sutter, Daniel H. Lench, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Melissa A. Villegas, and Bernadette T. Gillick
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Cerebral palsy ,Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) ,Remotely supervised tDCS ,Non-invasive brain stimulation ,Children ,Motor function ,Pediatrics ,RJ1-570 - Abstract
Abstract Background Pediatric applications of non-invasive brain stimulation using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have demonstrated its safety with few adverse events reported. Remotely monitored tDCS, as an adjuvant intervention to rehabilitation, may improve quality of life for children with cerebral palsy (CP) through motor function improvements, reduced treatment costs, and increased access to tDCS therapies. Our group previously evaluated the feasibility of a remotely monitored mock tDCS setup in which families and children successfully demonstrated the ability to follow tDCS instructional guidance. Methods and design Here, we designed a protocol to investigate the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of at-home active transcranial direct current stimulation in children with CP with synchronous supervision from laboratory investigators. Ten participants will be recruited to participate in the study for 5 consecutive days with the following sessions: tDCS setup practice on day 1, sham tDCS on day 2, and active tDCS on days 3-5. Sham stimulation will consist of an initial 30-second ramp up to 1.5 mA stimulation followed by a 30-second ramp down. Active stimulation will be delivered at 1.0 - 1.5 mA for 20 minutes and adjusted based on child tolerance. Feasibility will be evaluated via photographs of montage setup and the quality of stimulation delivery. Safety and tolerability will be assessed through an adverse events survey, the Box and Blocks Test (BBT) motor assessment, and a setup ease/comfort survey. Discussion We expect synchronous supervision of at-home teleneuromodulation to be tolerable and safe with increasing stimulation quality over repeated sessions when following a tDCS setup previously determined to be feasible. The findings will provide opportunity for larger clinical trials exploring efficacy and illuminate the potential of remotely monitored tDCS in combination with rehabilitation interventions as a means of pediatric neurorehabilitation. This will demonstrate the value of greater accessibility of non-invasive brain stimulation interventions and ultimately offer the potential to improve care and quality of life for children and families with CP. Trial Registration October 8, 2021( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05071586 )
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- 2022
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4. Mild hypothermia fails to protect infant macaques from brain injury caused by prolonged exposure to Antiseizure drugs
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Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Sophie H. Wang, Nicole A. Fuhler, Shreya Larson, Saverio Capuano, III, Kevin R. Brunner, Kristin Crosno, Heather A. Simmons, Andres F. Mejia, and Kevin K. Noguchi
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Antiseizure ,Sedative ,Brain injury ,Apoptosis ,Development ,Barbiturate ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are GABAA-receptor agonists and potent antiseizure medications. We reported that exposure of neonatal macaques to combination of phenobarbital and midazolam (Pb/M) for 24 h, at clinically relevant doses and plasma levels, causes widespread apoptosis affecting neurons and oligodendrocytes. Notably, the extent of injury was markedly more severe compared to shorter (8 h) exposure to these drugs. We also reported that, in the infant macaque, mild hypothermia ameliorates the apoptosis response to the anesthetic sevoflurane. These findings prompted us explore whether mild hypothermia might protect infant nonhuman primates from neuro- and gliotoxicity of Pb/M. Since human infants with seizures may receive combinations of benzodiazepines and barbiturates for days, we opted for 24 h treatment with Pb/M.Neonatal rhesus monkeys received phenobarbital intravenously, followed by midazolam infusion over 24 h under normothermia (T > 36.5 °C-37.5 °C; n = 4) or mild hypothermia (T = 35 °C-36.5 °C; n = 5). Medication doses and blood levels measured were comparable to those in human infants. Animals were euthanized at 36 h and brains examined immunohistochemically and stereologically.Treatment was well tolerated. Extensive degeneration of neurons and oligodendrocytes was seen at 36 h in both groups within neocortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus and brainstem. Mild hypothermia over 36 h (maintained until terminal perfusion) conferred no protection against the neurotoxic and gliotoxic effects of Pb/M. This is in marked contrast to our previous findings that mild hypothermia is protective in the context of a 5 h-long exposure to sevoflurane in infant macaques.These findings demonstrate that brain injury caused by prolonged exposure to Pb/M in the neonatal primate cannot be ameliorated by mild hypothermia.
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- 2022
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5. Quantitative ultrasound and apoptotic death in the neonatal primate brain
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Ivan M. Rosado-Mendez, Kevin K. Noguchi, Laura Castañeda-Martinez, George Kirvassilis, Sophie H. Wang, Francesca Manzella, Brant S. Swiney, Kobe Masuoka, Saverio Capuano, III, Kevin G. Brunner, Kristin Crosno, Quinton W. Guerrero, Hayley Whitson, Ansgar Brambrink, Heather S. Simmons, Andres F. Mejia, James A. Zagzebski, Timothy J. Hall, and Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
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Apoptosis ,Sevoflurane ,Quantitative ultrasound ,Thalamus ,Brain injury ,Neonatal ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Apoptosis is triggered in the developing mammalian brain by sedative, anesthetic or antiepileptic drugs during late gestation and early life. Whether human children are vulnerable to this toxicity mechanism remains unknown, as there are no imaging techniques to capture it. Apoptosis is characterized by distinct structural features, which affect the way damaged tissue scatters ultrasound compared to healthy tissue. We evaluated whether apoptosis, triggered by the anesthetic sevoflurane in the brains of neonatal rhesus macaques, can be detected using quantitative ultrasound (QUS).Neonatal (n = 15) rhesus macaques underwent 5 h of sevoflurane anesthesia. QUS images were obtained through the sagittal suture at 0.5 and 6 h. Brains were collected at 8 h and examined immunohistochemically to analyze apoptotic neuronal and oligodendroglial death.Significant apoptosis was detected in white and gray matter throughout the brain, including the thalamus. We measured a change in the effective scatterer size (ESS), a QUS biomarker derived from ultrasound echo signals obtained with clinical scanners, after sevoflurane-anesthesia in the thalamus. Although initial inclusion of all measurements did not reveal a significant correlation, when outliers were excluded, the change in the ESS between the pre- and post-anesthesia measurements correlated strongly and proportionally with the severity of apoptotic death.We report for the first time in vivo changes in QUS parameters, which may reflect severity of apoptosis in the brains of infant nonhuman primates. These findings suggest that QUS may enable in vivo studies of apoptosis in the brains of human infants following exposure to anesthetics, antiepileptics and other brain injury mechanisms.
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- 2019
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6. Effects of Soy-Based Infant Formula on Weight Gain and Neurodevelopment in an Autism Mouse Model
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Cara J. Westmark, Mikolaj J. Filon, Patricia Maina, Lauren I. Steinberg, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, and Pamela R. Westmark
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fragile X ,Fmr1KO ,obesity ,soy-based infant formula ,Cytology ,QH573-671 - Abstract
Mice fed soy-based diets exhibit increased weight gain compared to mice fed casein-based diets, and the effects are more pronounced in a model of fragile X syndrome (FXS; Fmr1KO). FXS is a neurodevelopmental disability characterized by intellectual impairment, seizures, autistic behavior, anxiety, and obesity. Here, we analyzed body weight as a function of mouse age, diet, and genotype to determine the effect of diet (soy, casein, and grain-based) on weight gain. We also assessed plasma protein biomarker expression and behavior in response to diet. Juvenile Fmr1KO mice fed a soy protein-based rodent chow throughout gestation and postnatal development exhibit increased weight gain compared to mice fed a casein-based purified ingredient diet or grain-based, low phytoestrogen chow. Adolescent and adult Fmr1KO mice fed a soy-based infant formula diet exhibited increased weight gain compared to reference diets. Increased body mass was due to increased lean mass. Wild-type male mice fed soy-based infant formula exhibited increased learning in a passive avoidance paradigm, and Fmr1KO male mice had a deficit in nest building. Thus, at the systems level, consumption of soy-based diets increases weight gain and affects behavior. At the molecular level, a soy-based infant formula diet was associated with altered expression of numerous plasma proteins, including the adipose hormone leptin and the β-amyloid degrading enzyme neprilysin. In conclusion, single-source, soy-based diets may contribute to the development of obesity and the exacerbation of neurological phenotypes in developmental disabilities, such as FXS.
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- 2022
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7. Brain pathology caused in the neonatal macaque by short and prolonged exposures to anticonvulsant drugs
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Kevin K. Noguchi, Nicole A. Fuhler, Sophie H. Wang, Saverio Capuano, III, Kevin R. Brunner, Shreya Larson, Kristin Crosno, Heather A. Simmons, Andres F. Mejia, Lauren D. Martin, Gregory A. Dissen, Ansgar Brambrink, and Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
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Antiepileptic ,Anticonvulsant ,Sedative ,Brain injury ,Apoptosis ,Development ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are potent GABAA receptor agonists and strong anticonvulsants. In the developing brain they can cause neuronal and oligodendroglia apoptosis, impair synaptogenesis, inhibit neurogenesis and trigger long-term neurocognitive sequelae. In humans, the vulnerable period is projected to extend from the third trimester of pregnancy to the third year of life.Infants with seizures and epilepsies may receive barbiturates, benzodiazepines and their combinations for days, months or years. How exposure duration affects neuropathological sequelae is unknown. Here we investigated toxicity of phenobarbital/midazolam (Pb/M) combination in the developing nonhuman primate brain.Neonatal rhesus monkeys received phenobarbital intravenously, followed by infusion of midazolam over 5 (n = 4) or 24 h (n = 4). Animals were euthanized at 8 or 36 h and brains examined immunohistochemically and stereologically.Treatment was well tolerated, physiological parameters remained at optimal levels. Compared to naïve controls, Pb/M exposed brains displayed widespread apoptosis affecting neurons and oligodendrocytes. Pattern and severity of cell death differed depending on treatment-duration, with more extensive neurodegeneration following longer exposure. At 36 h, areas of the brain not affected at 8 h displayed neuronal apoptosis, while oligodendroglia death was most prominent at 8 h. A notable feature at 36 h was degeneration of neuronal tracts and trans-neuronal death of neurons, presumably following their disconnection from degenerated presynaptic partners.These findings demonstrate that brain toxicity of Pb/M in the neonatal primate brain becomes more severe with longer exposures and expands trans-synaptically. Impact of these sequelae on neurocognitive outcomes and the brain connectome will need to be explored.
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- 2021
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8. Mild hypothermia ameliorates anesthesia toxicity in the neonatal macaque brain
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Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, George Kirvassilis, Brant S. Swiney, Sophie H. Wang, Jacob N. Huffman, Sasha L. Williams, Kobe Masuoka, Saverio Capuano, III, Kevin R. Brunner, Kristin Crosno, Heather S. Simmons, Andres F. Mejia, Christopher A. Turski, Ansgar Brambrink, and Kevin K. Noguchi
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Anesthesia ,Brain injury ,Apoptosis ,Development ,Neuroprotection ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Sedatives and anesthetics can injure the developing brain. They cause apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes, impair synaptic plasticity, inhibit neurogenesis and trigger long-term neurocognitive deficits. The projected vulnerable period in humans extends from the third trimester of pregnancy to the third year of life. Despite all concerns, there is no ethically and medically acceptable alternative to the use of sedatives and anesthetics for surgeries and painful interventions. Development of measures that prevent injury while allowing the medications to exert their desired actions has enormous translational value.Here we investigated protective potential of hypothermia against histological toxicity of the anesthetic sevoflurane in the developing nonhuman primate brain.Neonatal rhesus monkeys underwent sevoflurane anesthesia over 5 h. Body temperature was regulated in the normothermic (>36.5 °C), mild hypothermic (35–36.5 °C) and moderately hypothermic (
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- 2019
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9. Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Childhood Leukemias
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Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
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central nervous system ,CNS leukemia ,neurotoxicity ,synaptic plasticity ,cell death ,neurocognitive outcome ,Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,RC254-282 - Abstract
Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in childhood leukemias remains a major cause of treatment failures. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid constitutes the most important diagnostic pillar in the detection of CNS leukemia and relies primarily on cytological and flow-cytometry studies. With increasing survival rates, it has become clear that treatments for pediatric leukemias pose a toll on the developing brain, as they may cause acute toxicities and persistent neurocognitive deficits. Preclinical research has demonstrated that established and newer therapies can injure and even destroy neuronal and glial cells in the brain. Both passive and active cell death forms can result from DNA damage, oxidative stress, cytokine release, and acceleration of cell aging. In addition, chemotherapy agents may impair neurogenesis as well as the function, formation, and plasticity of synapses. Clinical studies show that neurocognitive toxicity of chemotherapy is greatest in younger children. This raises concerns that, in addition to injury, chemotherapy may also disrupt crucial developmental events resulting in impairment of the formation and efficiency of neuronal networks. This review presents an overview of studies demonstrating that cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers can be utilized in tracing both CNS disease and neurotoxicity of administered treatments in childhood leukemias.
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- 2021
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10. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 regulates cell death following pilocarpine-induced seizures in the developing brain
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Yvonne Hoehna, Ortrud Uckermann, Hella Luksch, Vanya Stefovska, Jenny Marzahn, Marlen Theil, Tomasz Gorkiewicz, Maciej Gawlak, Grzegorz M. Wilczynski, Leszek Kaczmarek, and Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
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Development ,Seizure ,Cell death ,Gelatinase ,MMP ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in tissue repair, cell death and morphogenesis. We investigated the role of the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the pathogenesis of neuronal death induced by prolonged seizures in the developing brain.Seven-day-old rats, MMP-9 knockout mice and transgenic rats overexpressing MMP-9 received intraperitoneal injections of pilocarpine, 250 mg/kg, to induce seizures. After 6–72 h pups were sacrificed, tissue from different brain regions was isolated and expression of MMP-9 mRNA and protein was analyzed by real-time PCR or Western blot. Additionally, brains were fixed and processed for TUNEL-staining, immunohistochemistry and in situ zymography.We found increased numbers of TUNEL-positive cells 24 h after pilocarpine-induced seizures, most pronounced in cortical areas and the dentate gyrus, and less pronounced in thalamus. At 6–24 h, MMP-9 mRNA levels showed significant elevation compared to sham-treated controls; this effect resolved by 48 h, whereas MMP-2 mRNA levels remained stable. Cortical gelatinolytic activity, monitored by in situ zymography, was enhanced following pilocarpine-induced seizures.The MMP inhibitor GM 6001 ameliorated cell death following pilocarpine-induced seizures in infant rats. MMP-9 knockout mice were less susceptible to seizure-induced brain injury. Transgenic rats overexpressing MMP-9 were equally susceptible to seizure-induced brain injury as wild type rats.Our results suggest a significant contribution of MMP-9 to cell death after pilocarpine-induced seizures in the developing brain. As indicated by Western blot analysis, MMP-9 activation may be linked to activation of the Erk/CREB-pathway. The findings implicate involvement of MMP-9 in the pathophysiology of brain injury following seizures in the developing brain.
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- 2012
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11. Activation of caspase-1 dependent interleukins in developmental brain trauma
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Marco Sifringer, Vanya Stefovska, Stefanie Endesfelder, Philip F. Stahel, Kerstin Genz, Mark Dzietko, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, and Ursula Felderhoff-Mueser
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Apoptosis ,Infant brain trauma ,Interleukin-1β ,Interleukin-18 ,Caspase-1 ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Focal mechanical cortical trauma triggers diffuse apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain which is associated with invasion of brain tissue with inflammatory mediators. We hypothesized that caspase-1 and the two caspase-1-processed cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, are involved in trauma-induced neuronal cell death in the developing brain. 7-day-old Wistar rats or C57/BL6 mice were subjected to head trauma using a weight drop device. Animals were sacrificed at defined time points following trauma and brains were processed for histology and molecular analyses. Neuronal cell death in the immature brain peaked at 12–24 h and was accompanied by a marked increase of mRNA and protein levels for caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 within 2 to 12 h following the injury. Caspase-1 levels were elevated for 72 h, whereas IL-1β decreased earlier at 48 h. IL-18 remained high over a period of 3 days and decreased to normal levels by day 7 after the injury. Intraperitoneal injection of recombinant human IL-18-binding protein (IL-18BP), a specific inhibitor of IL-18, attenuated traumatic brain injury. Mice deficient in IL-18 (IL-18−/−) were protected against trauma-induced brain damage. These findings indicate that IL-18 is involved in trauma-induced neuronal cell death in the immature rodent brain and might serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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- 2007
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12. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in infant traumatic brain injury
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Marco Sifringer, Vanya Stefovska, Ingo Zentner, Berglind Hansen, Andrzej Stepulak, Christiane Knaute, Jenny Marzahn, and Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
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Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an essential role in tissue repair, cell death and morphogenesis and may constitute therapeutic targets for acute brain injuries. In this study, we investigated the expression of 72 kDa and 92 kDa collagenases MMP-2 and MMP-9 at transcriptional, functional and protein expression level following traumatic brain injury in infant rats. Seven-day-old Wistar rats were subjected to head trauma using a weight drop device. Pups were sacrificed at defined time points (2–72 h) after trauma and brains were processed for molecular studies (semiquantitative and real-time PCR, Western blot, gelatin zymography) and histology. Trauma triggered widespread cell death in the cortex, basal ganglia and white matter. mRNA levels for MMP-2 and -9 were increased in the brain at 12–72 h after trauma. Protein expression of the analyzed MMPs and activity of MMP-2 were increased at 12 h and peaked at 24 h after trauma. Intraperitoneal injection of GM6001 (Ilomastat), an MMP inhibitor, 2 h after trauma, substantially attenuated traumatic brain injury in a dose-dependent manner. These findings causally link the MMPs to trauma-induced neuronal cell death in the immature rodent brain. MMPs might serve as useful targets for therapeutic approaches aimed at preserving neuronal function in the immature brain in the context of mechanical injury.
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- 2007
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13. Oxygen causes cell death in the developing brain
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Ursula Felderhoff-Mueser, Petra Bittigau, Marco Sifringer, Bozena Jarosz, Elzbieta Korobowicz, Lieselotte Mahler, Turid Piening, Axel Moysich, Tilman Grune, Friederike Thor, Rolf Heumann, Christoph Bührer, and Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
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Apoptosis ,Development ,Infant rat ,Oxidative stress ,Survival ,Oxygen ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Substantial neurologic morbidity occurs in survivors of premature birth. Premature infants are exposed to partial oxygen pressures that are fourfold higher compared to intrauterine conditions, even if no supplemental oxygen is administered. Here we report that short exposures to nonphysiologic oxygen levels can trigger apoptotic neurodegeneration in the brains of infant rodents. Vulnerability to oxygen neurotoxicity is confined to the first 2 weeks of life, a period characterized by rapid growth, which in humans expands from the sixth month of pregnancy to the third year of life.Oxygen caused oxidative stress, decreased expression of neurotrophins, and inactivation of survival signaling proteins Ras, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2), and protein kinase B (Akt). The synRas-transgenic mice overexpressing constitutively activated Ras and phosphorylated kinases ERK1/2 in the brain were protected against oxygen neurotoxicity. Our findings reveal a mechanism that could potentially damage the developing brain of human premature neonates.
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- 2004
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14. Mechanisms leading to disseminated apoptosis following NMDA receptor blockade in the developing rat brain
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Henrik H Hansen, Tim Briem, Mark Dzietko, Marco Sifringer, Alexander Voss, Wojciech Rzeski, Barbara Zdzisinska, Friederike Thor, Rolf Heumann, Andrzej Stepulak, Petra Bittigau, and Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
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MK801 ,NMDA receptor ,Apoptosis ,Neurodegeneration ,Development ,BDNF ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
The developing rodent brain is vulnerable to pharmacological blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors which can lead to severe and disseminated apoptotic neurodegeneration. Here, we show that systemic administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 to 7-day-old rats leads to impaired activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and reduces levels of phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) in brain regions which display severe apoptotic neurodegeneration. Impaired ERK1/2 and CREB activity were temporally paralleled by sustained depletion of neurotrophin expression, particularly brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF supplementation fully prevented MK801-induced neurotoxicity in immature neuronal cultures and transgenic constitutive activation of Ras was associated with marked protection against MK801-induced apoptotic neuronal death. These data indicate that uncoupling of NMDA receptors from the ERK1/2-CREB signaling pathway in vivo results in massive apoptotic deletion of neurons in the developing rodent brain.
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- 2004
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15. Erythropoietin protects the developing brain against N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist neurotoxicity
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Mark Dzietko, Ursula Felderhoff-Mueser, Marco Sifringer, Birte Krutz, Petra Bittigau, Friederike Thor, Rolf Heumann, Christoph Bührer, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, and Henrik H Hansen
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NMDA receptor ,Apoptosis ,Neurodegeneration ,Development ,Neuroprotection ,Neurotrophin ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptor function induces apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain. However, the use of NMDA receptor antagonists as anesthetics and sedatives represents a difficult-to-avoid clinical practice in pediatrics. This warrants the search for adjunctive neuroprotective measures that will prevent or ameliorate neurotoxicity of NMDA receptor antagonists.The NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 triggered apoptosis in the neonatal rat forebrain, most notably in cortex and thalamus. MK801 exposure reduced mRNA levels of erythropoietin (EPO) and the EPO receptor, suggesting that loss of endogenous EPO activity may contribute to MK801-induced apoptosis. Coadministration of recombinant EPO (rEPO) conferred 50% neuroprotection, partially restored MK801-induced reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) mRNA, and prevented decreased phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt. These observations indicate that rEPO partly rescues newborn rats from MK801-mediated brain damage by enhancing neurotrophin-associated signaling pathways.
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- 2004
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16. Pathways Leading to Apoptotic Neurodegeneration Following Trauma to the Developing Rat Brain
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Ursula Felderhoff-Mueser, Marco Sifringer, Stefanie Pesditschek, Heike Kuckuck, Axel Moysich, Petra Bittigau, and Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
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trauma ,caspase ,cytochrome c ,death receptor ,Fas ,neurotrophin ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Trauma triggers diffuse apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain. To explore the pathogenesis of this phenomenon we investigated the involvement of three possible mechanisms: death receptor activation, activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm, and changes in trophic support provided by endogenous neurotrophins. We detected a decrease in the expression of bcl-2 and bcl-xL, two antiapoptotic proteins that decrease mitochondrial membrane permeability, an increase in cytochrome c immunoreactivity in the cytosolic fraction, and an activation of caspase-9 in brain regions which show apoptotic neurodegeneration following percussion brain trauma in 7-day-old rats. Increase in the expression of the death receptor Fas was revealed by RT-PCR analysis, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, as was activation of caspase-8 in cortex and thalamus. Apoptotic neurodegeneration was accompanied by an increase in the expression of BDNF and NT-3 in vulnerable brain regions. The pancaspase inhibitor z-VAD.FMK ameliorated apoptotic neurodegeneration with a therapeutic time window of up to 8 h after trauma. These findings suggest involvement of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in neurodegeneration following trauma to the developing rat brain. Upregulation of neurotrophin expression may represent an endogenous mechanism that limits this apoptotic process.
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- 2002
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17. Top-down proteomics with mass spectrometry imaging: a pilot study towards discovery of biomarkers for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Hui Ye, Rakesh Mandal, Adam Catherman, Paul M Thomas, Neil L Kelleher, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, and Lingjun Li
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
In the developing mammalian brain, inhibition of NMDA receptor can induce widespread neuroapoptosis, inhibit neurogenesis and cause impairment of learning and memory. Although some mechanistic insights into adverse neurological actions of these NMDA receptor antagonists exist, our understanding of the full spectrum of developmental events affected by early exposure to these chemical agents in the brain is still limited. Here we attempt to gain insights into the impact of pharmacologically induced excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in infancy on the brain proteome using mass spectrometric imaging (MSI). Our goal was to study changes in protein expression in postnatal day 10 (P10) rat brains following neonatal exposure to the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK801). Analysis of rat brains exposed to vehicle or MK801 and comparison of their MALDI MS images revealed differential relative abundances of several proteins. We then identified these markers such as ubiquitin, purkinje cell protein 4 (PEP-19), cytochrome c oxidase subunits and calmodulin, by a combination of reversed-phase (RP) HPLC fractionation and top-down tandem MS platform. More in-depth large scale study along with validation experiments will be carried out in the future. Overall, our findings indicate that a brief neonatal exposure to a compound that alters excitatory/inhibitory balance in the brain has a long term effect on protein expression patterns during subsequent development, highlighting the utility of MALDI-MSI as a discovery tool for potential biomarkers.
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- 2014
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18. Apoptosis in the in Vivo Mammalian Forebrain
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Krikor Dikranian, Masahiko J. Ishimaru, Tatyana Tenkova, Joann Labruyere, Y.Q. Qin, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, and John W. Olney
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Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
Apoptosis is a word originally introduced by Kerr, Wyllie, and colleagues for a cell death process they defined in terms of its ultrastructural appearance in nonneuronal cells from various tissues. There are very few studies providing detailed ultrastructural criteria for recognizing neuronal apoptosis in the in vivo mammalian brain. In the absence of such criteria, the Kerr/Wyllie description pertaining to nonneuronal cells has served as a reference standard. However, contemporary neurobiologists typically rely on cell culture models for studying neuronal apoptosis, and these models are rarely validated ultrastructurally; rather they are assumed to be appropriate models based on unvalidated biochemical tests for apoptosis. Relying on evidence generated in such cell culture models or on nonspecific cytochemical tests applied to brain tissue, many authors have recently suggested that an apoptotic mechanism may mediate neuronal death in a wide variety of human neurodegenerative diseases. Whether the cell death process in neurodegenerative diseases meets ultrastructural criteria for apoptosis has been given very little consideration. Recently, several methods have been described for triggering extensive apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing in vivo mammalian brain. These methods include head trauma or treatment with several types of drugs (NMDA antagonists, GABAA agonists, or ethanol). We have performed an ultrastructural analysis of the neuronal cell death process triggered in the cerebral cortex and thalamus by these several methods and compared it with physiological cell death (PCD), a prototypic example of neuronal apoptosis that occurs naturally in the developing brain. Our findings, which are reviewed herein, demonstrate that the types and sequence of changes induced by each of the above methods are identical to those that characterize PCD. This confirms that each of these methods produces bona fide in vivo apoptotic neurodegeneration, and it signifies that our description of this neuronal apoptotic process, which differs in some respects from the Kerr/Wyllie description of nonneuronal apoptosis, can serve as a useful reference standard for recognizing the characteristic changes that in vivo neurons undergo when they are dying by an apoptotic mechanism.
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- 2001
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19. Impact of chemotherapy for childhood leukemia on brain morphology and function.
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Marina Genschaft, Thomas Huebner, Franziska Plessow, Vasiliki N Ikonomidou, Nasreddin Abolmaali, Franziska Krone, Andre Hoffmann, Elisabeth Holfeld, Peter Vorwerk, Christof Kramm, Bernd Gruhn, Elisabeth Koustenis, Pablo Hernaiz-Driever, Rakesh Mandal, Meinolf Suttorp, Thomas Hummel, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Clemens Kirschbaum, and Michael N Smolka
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Using multidisciplinary treatment modalities the majority of children with cancer can be cured but we are increasingly faced with therapy-related toxicities. We studied brain morphology and neurocognitive functions in adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood acute, low and standard risk lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which was successfully treated with chemotherapy. We expected that intravenous and intrathecal chemotherapy administered in childhood will affect grey matter structures, including hippocampus and olfactory bulbs, areas where postnatal neurogenesis is ongoing. METHODS: We examined 27 ALL-survivors and 27 age-matched healthy controls, ages 15-22 years. ALL-survivors developed disease prior to their 11th birthday without central nervous system involvement, were treated with intrathecal and systemic chemotherapy and received no radiation. Volumes of grey, white matter and olfactory bulbs were measured on T1 and T2 magnetic resonance images manually, using FIRST (FMRIB's integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Memory, executive functions, attention, intelligence and olfaction were assessed. RESULTS: Mean volumes of left hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and nucleus accumbens were smaller in the ALL group. VBM analysis revealed significantly smaller volumes of the left calcarine gyrus, both lingual gyri and the left precuneus. DTI data analysis provided no evidence for white matter pathology. Lower scores in hippocampus-dependent memory were measured in ALL-subjects, while lower figural memory correlated with smaller hippocampal volumes. INTERPRETATION: Findings demonstrate that childhood ALL, treated with chemotherapy, is associated with smaller grey matter volumes of neocortical and subcortical grey matter and lower hippocampal memory performance in adolescence and adulthood.
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- 2013
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20. A companion to the preclinical common data elements and case report forms for neuropathology studies in epilepsy research. A report of the <scp>TASK3</scp> <scp>WG2</scp> Neuropathology Working Group of the <scp>ILAE</scp> / <scp>AES</scp> Joint Translational Task Force
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Eleonora Aronica, Devin K. Binder, Meinrad Drexel, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Shilpa D. Kadam, Guenther Sperk, and Christian Steinhäuser
- Subjects
Neurology ,Neurology (clinical) - Published
- 2022
21. Glutamate as a Neurotoxin
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Gabrielle N. Turski and Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
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Biochemistry ,Chemistry ,Glutamate receptor ,Neurotoxin - Published
- 2022
22. Isobaric Labeling Strategy Utilizing 4-Plex N,N-Dimethyl Leucine (DiLeu) Tags Reveals Proteomic Changes Induced by Chemotherapy in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children with B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
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Christian M. Capitini, Miriam Kim, Kimberly Janko, Neha Patel, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Yu Feng, Xiaofang Zhong, Michael J. Burke, Kenneth B. DeSantes, Min Ma, Margo Hoover-Regan, Julie Voeller, Lingjun Li, Qinying Yu, Carol Diamond, Diane Puccetti, and Bingming Chen
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Proteomics ,0301 basic medicine ,Biochemistry ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Platelet degranulation ,Leucine ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Humans ,Medicine ,Longitudinal Studies ,Child ,B-Lymphocytes ,030102 biochemistry & molecular biology ,Neuronal growth regulator 1 ,business.industry ,Neuron projection ,Neurotoxicity ,General Chemistry ,Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ,medicine.disease ,Isobaric labeling ,030104 developmental biology ,Proteome ,Cancer research ,Neural cell adhesion molecule ,business ,Neuron death - Abstract
The use of mass spectrometry for protein identification and quantification in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is at the forefront of research efforts to identify and explore biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of neurologic disorders. Here we implemented a 4-plex N,N-dimethyl leucine (DiLeu) isobaric labeling strategy in a longitudinal study aiming to investigate protein dynamics in children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-cell ALL) undergoing chemotherapy. The temporal profile of CSF proteome during chemotherapy treatment at weeks 5, 10-14, and 24-28 highlighted many differentially expressed proteins, such as neural cell adhesion molecule, neuronal growth regulator 1, and secretogranin-3, all of which play important roles in neurodegenerative diseases. A total of 63 proteins were significantly altered across all of the time points investigated. The most over-represented biological processes from gene ontology analysis included platelet degranulation, complement activation, cell adhesion, fibrinolysis, neuron projection, regeneration, and regulation of neuron death. We expect that results from this and future studies will provide a means to monitor neurotoxicity and develop strategies to prevent central nervous system injury in response to chemotherapy in children.
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- 2020
23. A companion to the preclinical common data elements and case report forms for neuropathology studies in epilepsy research. A report of the TASK3 WG2 Neuropathology Working Group of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force
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Eleonora, Aronica, Devin K, Binder, Meinrad, Drexel, Chrysanthy, Ikonomidou, Shilpa D, Kadam, Guenther, Sperk, and Christian, Steinhäuser
- Abstract
The International League Against Epilepsy/American Epilepsy Society (ILAE/AES) Joint Translational Task Force initiated the TASK3 working group to create common data elements (CDEs) for various aspects of preclinical epilepsy research studies, which could help improve the standardization of experimental designs. This article addresses neuropathological changes associated with seizures and epilepsy in rodent models of epilepsy. We discuss CDEs for histopathological parameters for neurodegeneration, changes in astrocyte morphology and function, mechanisms of inflammation, and changes in the blood-brain barrier and myelin/oligodendrocytes resulting from recurrent seizures in rats and mice. We provide detailed CDE tables and case report forms (CRFs), and with this companion manuscript, we discuss the rationale and methodological aspects of individual neuropathological examinations. The CDEs, CRFs, and companion paper are available to all researchers, and their use will benefit the harmonization and comparability of translational preclinical epilepsy research. The ultimate hope is to facilitate the development of rational therapy concepts for treating epilepsies, seizures, and comorbidities and the development of biomarkers assessing the pathological state of the disease.
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- 2021
24. Effects of Soy-Based Infant Formula on Obesity and Neurodevelopment in an Autism Mouse Model
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Cara Westmark, Mikolaj Filon, Patricia Maina, Lauren Steinberg, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, and Pamela Westmark
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Nutrition and Dietetics ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Food Science - Published
- 2022
25. Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Childhood Leukemias
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Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
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Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Central nervous system ,Review ,Bioinformatics ,neurocognitive outcome ,lcsh:RC254-282 ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cerebrospinal fluid ,neurotoxicity ,medicine ,CNS leukemia ,Chemotherapy ,synaptic plasticity ,business.industry ,Neurogenesis ,Neurotoxicity ,lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,medicine.disease ,central nervous system ,Cytokine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,cell death ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,business ,Neurocognitive ,Cell aging ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Simple Summary In childhood leukemias the central nervous system (CNS) can be invaded by leukemic cells, leading to disease recurrence and treatment failures. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which surrounds the brain and spinal cord, is crucial for detection of leukemia in that compartment. Despite advances made in treatments for childhood leukemias, therapies continue to adversely affect the developing brain with resulting neurocognitive deficits in many survivors. This review presents an overview of studies demonstrating that CSF proteins, nucleic acids and metabolites, so called biomarkers, can be utilized in tracing both CNS disease and neurotoxicity of treatments in childhood leukemias. Abstract Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in childhood leukemias remains a major cause of treatment failures. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid constitutes the most important diagnostic pillar in the detection of CNS leukemia and relies primarily on cytological and flow-cytometry studies. With increasing survival rates, it has become clear that treatments for pediatric leukemias pose a toll on the developing brain, as they may cause acute toxicities and persistent neurocognitive deficits. Preclinical research has demonstrated that established and newer therapies can injure and even destroy neuronal and glial cells in the brain. Both passive and active cell death forms can result from DNA damage, oxidative stress, cytokine release, and acceleration of cell aging. In addition, chemotherapy agents may impair neurogenesis as well as the function, formation, and plasticity of synapses. Clinical studies show that neurocognitive toxicity of chemotherapy is greatest in younger children. This raises concerns that, in addition to injury, chemotherapy may also disrupt crucial developmental events resulting in impairment of the formation and efficiency of neuronal networks. This review presents an overview of studies demonstrating that cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers can be utilized in tracing both CNS disease and neurotoxicity of administered treatments in childhood leukemias.
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- 2020
26. Optimization of Ultrasound Backscatter Spectroscopy to assess neurotoxic effects of anesthesia in the newborn non-human primate brain
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Kevin K. Noguchi, Timothy J. Hall, Ivan M. Rosado-Mendez, James A. Zagzebski, Laura Castañeda-Martinez, and Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
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Acoustics and Ultrasonics ,Biophysics ,Apoptosis ,Sevoflurane ,Article ,Thalamus ,In vivo ,Interquartile range ,medicine ,Animals ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Spectroscopy ,Anesthetics ,Ultrasonography ,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,business.industry ,Scattering ,Spectrum Analysis ,Ultrasound ,Macaca mulatta ,Animals, Newborn ,Anesthetic ,business ,Preclinical imaging ,Biomedical engineering ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Studies in animal models have demonstrated that long exposures to anesthetics can induce apoptosis in the newborn and young developing brain. These effects have not been confirmed in humans due to the lack of a non-invasive, practical in vivo imaging tool with the ability to detect these changes. Following the success of using Ultrasound Backscatter Spectroscopy (UBS) to monitor in vivo cell death in breast tumors, we aimed at applying UBS to assess neurotoxicity of the anesthetic Sevoflurane (SEVO) in a non-human primate (NHP) model. Sixteen 2–7 day-old Rhesus macaques were exposed for 5 hours to SEVO. Ultrasound scanning was done with a phased array transducer on a clinical ultrasound scanner operated at 10 MHz. Data consisting of 10–15 frames of radiofrequency (RF) echo signals from coronal views of the thalamus were obtained at 0.5 and 6.0 h after initiating exposure. The UBS parameter “Effective Scatterer Size” (ESS) was estimated by fitting a scattering form factor (FF) model to the FF measured from RF echo signals. The approach involved analyzing the frequency-dependence of the measured FF to characterize scattering sources and selecting the FF model based on a χ(2) goodness of fit criterion. To assess data quality, a rigorous acceptance criterion based on the analysis of prevalence of diffuse scattering (an assumption in the estimation of ESS) was established. ESS changes after exposure to SEVO were compared to changes in a control group of 5 primates for which ultrasound data were acquired at 0 min and 10 min (no apoptosis expected). Over the entire data set, the average measured FF at 0.5 h and 6.0 h monotonically decreased with frequency, justifying fitting a single form factor over the analysis bandwidth. χ(2) values of an (inhomogeneous continuum) Gaussian FF model were one fifth those of the discrete fluid sphere model, suggesting that a continuum scatterer model better represents ultrasound scattering in the young Rhesus brain. After applying the data quality criterion, only 5 out of 16 subjects from the apoptotic group, and 5 out of 5 subjects from the control group, fulfilled the acceptance criteria. All of the subjects in the apoptotic group that passed the acceptance criterion showed a significant ESS reduction at 6.0 h. These changes (−6.4% [95% Confidence Interval −14.3% to −3.3%]) were larger than those in the control group (−0.8% [95% Confidence Interval −2.0% to 1.5%]). Data with low prevalence of diffuse scattering corresponded to possibly biased results. Thus, ESS has potential to detect changes in brain microstructure related to anesthesia-induced apoptosis.
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- 2020
27. AMPA Receptor Antagonist CFM-2 Decreases Survivin Expression in Cancer Cells
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Christian Staufner, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Wojciech Rzeski, Marco Sifringer, Achim Temme, Jenny Marzahn, Aneta Grabarska, Domingo Sanchez Ruiz, Hella Luksch, and Andrzej Stepulak
- Subjects
Cancer Research ,Cell Survival ,Antineoplastic Agents ,AMPA receptor ,01 natural sciences ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Survivin ,Tumor Cells, Cultured ,medicine ,Humans ,Receptors, AMPA ,Receptor ,Cell Proliferation ,Pharmacology ,Benzodiazepinones ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Molecular Structure ,Chemistry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Glutamate receptor ,Cancer ,medicine.disease ,0104 chemical sciences ,A549 Cells ,Cell culture ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer cell ,Cancer research ,Molecular Medicine ,Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ,Ionotropic effect - Abstract
Background: Glutamate receptors are widely expressed in different types of cancer cells. α-Amino-3- hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors are ionotropic glutamate receptors which are coupled to intracellular signaling pathways that influence cancer cell survival, proliferation, and migration. Blockade of AMPA receptors by pharmacologic compounds may potentially constitute an effective tool in anticancer treatment strategies. Method: Here we investigated the impact of the AMPA receptor antagonist CFM-2 on the expression of the protein survivin, which is known to promote cancer cell survival and proliferation. We show that CFM-2 inhibits survivin expression at mRNA and protein levels and decreases the viability of cancer cells. Using a stably transfected cell line which overexpresses survivin, we demonstrate that over-expression of survivin enhances cancer cell viability and attenuates CFM-2–mediated inhibition of cancer cell growth. Result: These findings point towards suppression of survivin expression as a new mechanism contributing to anticancer effects of AMPA antagonists.
- Published
- 2018
28. Case 1: Term Infant with Intractable Seizures and Bilateral Hydronephrosis
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Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Gregory M. Rice, C. Lydia Wraight, and Adam S. Bauer
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0301 basic medicine ,Polyhydramnios ,Pregnancy ,Subarachnoid hemorrhage ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Vaginal delivery ,Birth trauma ,medicine.disease ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Term Infant ,Anesthesia ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,medicine ,Amniocentesis ,Hypernatremia ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
A male neonate is born via vaginal delivery at 37 1/7 weeks’ gestation to a healthy 30-year-old gravida 3, para 2 mother. The pregnancy had been complicated by polyhydramnios, severe fetal hydronephrosis, anti-Kell antibodies, and questionable fetal mega cisterna magna. Labor is induced secondary to worsening bilateral fetal hydronephrosis. The delivery is uncomplicated and Apgar scores are 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Initial physical examination findings are significant only for left-sided club foot, and the infant is admitted to the well-newborn nursery. State newborn screening is performed 24 hours after birth, results of which are normal. There is no significant familial history of congenital neurologic or urologic abnormalities, and both previous children of these parents are healthy. Amniocentesis performed during this pregnancy secondary to the bilateral fetal hydronephrosis had revealed a normal fetal microarray. The infant is admitted to the NICU 3 days after birth secondary to hypernatremia (150 mEq/L [150 mmol/L]) and severe (grade 4) bilateral hydronephrosis confirmed with postnatal ultrasonography. While in the NICU, the neonate is noted to have episodes of lateral eye deviation, bilateral arm and leg twitching, and episodes of apnea. Electrolytes (excluding hypernatremia), glucose, and cranial ultrasonography findings are normal. A sepsis evaluation is completed and the infant is treated for 48 hours with ampicillin, cefotaxime, and acyclovir until blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures return negative. Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (EEG) findings are concerning for seizure activity and video EEG shows frequent multifocal epileptiform activity in both hemispheres indicative of abnormal cortical hyperexcitability, lowering the threshold for seizures. Following consultation with pediatric neurology he receives a loading dose of levetiracetam and maintenance therapy is initiated. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals trace right occipital subarachnoid hemorrhage and trace infratentorial posterior fossa subdural hematoma thought to be secondary to birth trauma and …
- Published
- 2018
29. Non-functionalized soft alginate hydrogel promotes locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury in a rat hemimyelonectomy model
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Roberta Galli, Robert Later, Ortrud Uckermann, Kerim Hakan Sitoci-Ficici, Gabriele Schackert, Matthias Kirsch, Elke Leipnitz, Michael Gelinsky, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, and Marina Matyash
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Alginates ,Motor Activity ,Matrix (biology) ,medicine.disease_cause ,Open field ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Cicatrix ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Rats, Wistar ,Spinal cord injury ,Spinal Cord Injuries ,Swimming ,business.industry ,Hydrogels ,Histology ,Recovery of Function ,Spinal cord ,medicine.disease ,Rats ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Spinal Cord ,Self-healing hydrogels ,Female ,Surgery ,Neurology (clinical) ,Implant ,business ,Locomotion ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Oxidative stress - Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) and the consecutive devastating neurological sequelae have an enormous individual and economic impact. Implantation of functionalized hydrogels is a promising approach, because they can serve as a matrix for the regenerating tissue, carry and release bioactive molecules and various cell types. We already demonstrated that non-functionalized soft alginate hydrogel supported axonal outgrowth and protected neurons against oxidative stress in vitro. Here, we investigated the effects of such soft alginate hydrogels on locomotor recovery in small and large spinal cord lesions. Hemimyelonectomy of 2 mm or 4 mm length was performed in rats and soft alginate hydrogel was implanted. Functional recovery of the hindlimbs was assessed in the open field [Batto Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) score] and using swimming test [Louisville Swim score (LSS)] for 140 days post injury (DPI). Reference histology was performed. Rats that received an alginate implant into 2 mm spinal cord lesions demonstrated significantly improved locomotor recovery compared to controls detectable already at 10 DPI. At 140 DPI, they reached higher LSS and BBB scores in swimming and open field tests, respectively. However, this beneficial effect of alginate was lacking in animals with larger (4 mm) lesions. Histological examination suggested that fibrous scarring in the spinal cord was reduced after alginate implantation in comparison to controls. Implantation of soft alginate hydrogel in small spinal cord lesions improved functional recovery. Possible underlying mechanisms include the mechanical stabilization of the wound, reduction of secondary damage and inhibition of fibrous scarring.
- Published
- 2017
30. Quantitative ultrasound in obstetrics and perinatal care
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Hassan Rivaz, Helen Feltovich, Mark L. Palmeri, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Laura Castañeda-Martinez, Lindsey C. Carlson, James A. Zagzebski, Timothy J. Hall, Ivan M. Rosado-Mendez, Abel Torres, and Francisco Torres-Arvizu
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Effective size ,Acoustics and Ultrasonics ,business.industry ,Obstetrics ,Perinatal care ,Gestational age ,CERVICAL SOFTENING ,Quantitative ultrasound ,Uterine cervix ,Animal model ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Medicine ,business ,Cervix - Abstract
This talk will present recent results from our multi-institutional effort to advance the application of Quantitative Ultrasound in obstetrics and in perinatal care. In the field of obstetrics, we are investigating the use of shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) to predict the risk of preterm birth based on assessing the viscoelastic properties of the uterine cervix. Longitudinal studies in non-human primates (NHP) and humans showed a similar rate of decrease of the shear wave speed, SWS (1.6% and 1.5%/% gestational age, respectively), validating the animal model and indicating the value of SWS change as a biomarker for cervical softening. We are currently optimizing the analysis of shear wave dispersion to assess changes in viscosity. In the field of perinatal care, results from a pilot study in NHP neonates suggest that the effective size of diffuse scatterers can be used as a biomarker for thalamic apoptosis induced by long exposures to anesthesia. We are currently investigating the use of coherent scattering features to increase the sensitivity and specificity to neuroapoptosis and to improve attenuation and backscatter coefficient estimations in complex tissues such as the cervix and the neonate brain. [Acknowledgments: All protocols have been IRB- and/or IACUC-approved, and are HIPAA compliant. Equipment loan and technical support from Siemens Healthcare. Funded by: NIH Grant Nos. T32CA009206, F31HD082911, R01HD072077, UL1TR000427, P51OD011106, and R01HD083001; NSERC Grant No. RGPIN-2015-04136; and UNAM-PAPIIT IA104518 and IN107916.This talk will present recent results from our multi-institutional effort to advance the application of Quantitative Ultrasound in obstetrics and in perinatal care. In the field of obstetrics, we are investigating the use of shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) to predict the risk of preterm birth based on assessing the viscoelastic properties of the uterine cervix. Longitudinal studies in non-human primates (NHP) and humans showed a similar rate of decrease of the shear wave speed, SWS (1.6% and 1.5%/% gestational age, respectively), validating the animal model and indicating the value of SWS change as a biomarker for cervical softening. We are currently optimizing the analysis of shear wave dispersion to assess changes in viscosity. In the field of perinatal care, results from a pilot study in NHP neonates suggest that the effective size of diffuse scatterers can be used as a biomarker for thalamic apoptosis induced by long exposures to anesthesia. We are currently investigating the use of coherent scat...
- Published
- 2019
31. 2784. Increased Frontal Lobe Volume and Density in Macaques Exposed to Zika Virus In Utero
- Author
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Vivek Prabhakaran, Andres Mejia, Leandro B. C. Teixeira, Kathryn M. Bach, Andrea M. Weiler, Nancy Schultz-Darken, T Michael Nork, Emma L. Mohr, Xiankun Zeng, Sarah Kohn, Jennifer M. Hayes, M. Shahriar Salamat, Christina M. Newman, Thaddeus G. Golos, Dawn M. Dudley, Thomas C. Friedrich, Karla Ausderau, Alex Katz, Ann Mitzey, Michele L Schotzko, Amy Hartman, Kevin K. Noguchi, C. B. Y. Kim, James N. Ver Hoeve, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Jiancheng Hou, Matt Semler, Heather A. Simmons, Meghan E. Breitbach, Matthew T. Aliota, Elaina Razo, Saverio Capuano, Laurel M. Stewart, Carol A. Rasmussen, Mary L. Schneider, Michelle R Koenig, Kathleen M. Antony, Mariel S. Mohns, David H. O’Connor, and Sierra Rybarczyk
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,business.industry ,Viremia ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Fetal brain ,Zika virus ,Abstracts ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Oncology ,Frontal lobe ,In utero ,Poster Abstracts ,Brain mri ,Vertical Disease Transmission ,Medicine ,business ,Motor cortex - Abstract
Background In utero Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes birth defects and neurodevelopmental deficits in neonates. We reasoned that a translational macaque model of congenital ZIKV infection could define disease pathophysiology not possible in human clinical studies. Methods We inoculated 5 pregnant rhesus macaques with a Puerto Rican isolate of ZIKV (ZIKV-PRVABC59) during the first trimester, monitored infection with plasma viral RNA (vRNA) loads, and evaluated infants for birth defects and neurodevelopmental deficits during their first week of life. Assessments included neurobehavioral assessments, ophthalmic examinations, optical coherence tomography, electroretinography with visual evoked potentials, hearing examinations, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and tissue histopathological analyses. Results All five pregnant dams demonstrated plasma viremia and seroconversion following ZIKV inoculation. One of the five pregnancies resulted in a stillbirth. All liveborn infants had decreased feeding volumes and weight gain compared with control infants. A comprehensive voxel-based morphometric comparison of ZIKV-exposed and control infant brain MRIs identified increased gray matter volume and density in the frontal lobe in the ZIKV-exposed infant group, which corresponds to the pharyngeal motor cortex responsible for coordinating swallowing. Ocular studies identified differences between ZIKV-exposed and control infants in retinal layer thicknesses (inner plexiform, outer nuclear layers, photoreceptor outer segment) and visual evoked potentials (increased amplitude of waveforms). While ZIKV vRNA was detected in the decidua of 2/5 pregnancies, no ZIKV vRNA was identified in infant tissues and none of the infants developed an anti-ZIKV IgM response. Conclusion In utero ZIKV exposure resulted in decreased feeding volumes and weight gain, which may be related to the gray matter changes identified in the pharyngeal motor cortex. Changes in retinal layer thicknesses and increased cortical visual pathway waveform amplitude suggest vision may be impaired. These changes occurred despite the lack of evidence of vertical transmission, suggesting that ZIKV exposure without measurable vertical transmission affects fetal brain development. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
- Published
- 2019
32. Amplitude-integrated EEG use in neonatal abstinence syndrome: a pilot study
- Author
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Jamie Limjoco, Lucyna Zawadzki, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Meghan Belden, and Jens C. Eickhoff
- Subjects
Central nervous system ,Aftercare ,Pilot Projects ,Neonatal Drug Withdrawal ,Electroencephalography ,Irritability ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Neonatal abstinence ,030225 pediatrics ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Brain function ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Infant ,Patient Discharge ,stomatognathic diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Anesthesia ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Morphine ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Objective: Though central nervous system irritability is a well-established consequence of neonatal drug withdrawal, brain function in infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is not well un...
- Published
- 2019
33. Mild hypothermia ameliorates anesthesia toxicity in the neonatal macaque brain
- Author
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Saverio Capuano, Ansgar M. Brambrink, Kevin K. Noguchi, Kevin R. Brunner, Jacob Huffman, George Kirvassilis, Andres Mejia, Kobe Masuoka, Heather S. Simmons, Kristin Crosno, Brant S. Swiney, Sasha L. Williams, Sophie H. Wang, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, and Christopher A. Turski
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Apoptosis ,Development ,Neuroprotection ,Sevoflurane ,Article ,lcsh:RC321-571 ,White matter ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Hypothermia, Induced ,medicine ,Animals ,Anesthesia ,Brain injury ,lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,Neurons ,business.industry ,Neurogenesis ,Brain ,Hypothermia ,Macaca mulatta ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Neurology ,Animals, Newborn ,Toxicity ,Anesthetic ,Synaptic plasticity ,Anesthetics, Inhalation ,medicine.symptom ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Sedatives and anesthetics can injure the developing brain. They cause apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes, impair synaptic plasticity, inhibit neurogenesis and trigger long-term neurocognitive deficits. The projected vulnerable period in humans extends from the third trimester of pregnancy to the third year of life. Despite all concerns, there is no ethically and medically acceptable alternative to the use of sedatives and anesthetics for surgeries and painful interventions. Development of measures that prevent injury while allowing the medications to exert their desired actions has enormous translational value. Here we investigated protective potential of hypothermia against histological toxicity of the anesthetic sevoflurane in the developing nonhuman primate brain. Neonatal rhesus monkeys underwent sevoflurane anesthesia over 5hrs. Body temperature was regulated in the normothermic (>36.5°C), mild hypothermic (35–36.5°C) and moderately hypothermic (
- Published
- 2019
34. Isobaric Multiplex Labeling Reagents for Carbonyl-Containing Compound (SUGAR) Tags: A Probe for Quantitative Glycomic Analysis
- Author
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Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Dustin C. Frost, Qinying Yu, Bingming Chen, Xuefei Zhong, Lingjun Li, and Yu Feng
- Subjects
Glycan ,Acetonitriles ,biology ,Chemistry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Computational biology ,Blood Proteins ,010402 general chemistry ,Mass spectrometry ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,0104 chemical sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,Glycomics ,Isobaric labeling ,Polysaccharides ,Reagent ,Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ,biology.protein ,Isobaric process ,Humans ,Multiplex ,Indicators and Reagents ,Sugar - Abstract
Glycans are highly complex entities with multiple building units and different degrees of branched polymerization. Intensive research efforts have been directed to mass spectrometry (MS)-based qualitative and quantitative glycomic analysis due to the important functions of glycans. Among various strategies, isobaric labeling has become popular because of its higher multiplexing capacity. Over the past few years, several isobaric chemical tags have been developed for quantitative glycomics. However, caveats also exist for these tags, such as relatively low reporter ion yield for aminoxyTMT-labeled complex glycans. To overcome the limitations of existing isobaric chemical tags, we designed a class of novel isobaric multiplex reagents for carbonyl-containing compound (SUGAR) tags that can be used to label glycans for quantitative glycomic analysis. The quantitative performance including labeling efficiency, quantification accuracy, and dynamic range of these SUGAR tags has been evaluated, showing promising results. Finally, the 4-plex SUGAR tags have been utilized to investigate N-glycan changes of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) pediatric patients before and after chemotherapy.
- Published
- 2019
35. Autoimmune Ataxia During Maintenance Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
- Author
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Julie Voeller, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Carol Diamond, Justin Brucker, Neha Patel, and Sharon Frierdich
- Subjects
Ganciclovir ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Ataxia ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Congenital cytomegalovirus infection ,acute lymphoblastic leukemia ,Gastroenterology ,lcsh:RC346-429 ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Maintenance therapy ,Autoimmune Process ,Internal medicine ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,medicine ,lcsh:Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system ,Autoimmune encephalitis ,Chemotherapy ,business.industry ,maintenance chemotherapy ,lcsh:RJ1-570 ,lcsh:Pediatrics ,General Medicine ,Immunotherapy ,medicine.disease ,autoimmune encephalitis ,pediatric ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Original Article ,medicine.symptom ,business ,autoimmune ataxia ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Neurologic dysfunction during acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment is commonly associated with chemotherapy. Nonchemotherapy contributions should be considered for persistent atypical symptoms. We describe a boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who developed recurrent fevers, diarrhea, progressive ataxia, and neuropsychiatric impairment during maintenance chemotherapy. He was found to have cytomegalovirus in his serum and colon, but not in his cerebrospinal fluid. Instead, his cerebrospinal fluid revealed oligoclonal bands not present in the serum, suggesting an autoimmune process. Prompt treatment with ganciclovir and immunotherapy resulted in marked clinical improvement. Early recognition and treatment of an autoimmune encephalitis is paramount for optimal clinical outcome.
- Published
- 2018
36. Chemotherapy and the pediatric brain
- Author
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Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
- Subjects
Chemotherapy ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Mini Review ,Central nervous system ,Neurogenesis ,Synaptogenesis ,Neurotoxicity ,Cancer ,Bioinformatics ,medicine.disease ,Disease mechanisms ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cognition ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,medicine ,Brain injury ,business ,Neurocognitive ,Cell aging ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Survival rates of children with cancer are steadily increasing. This urges our attention to neurocognitive and psychiatric outcomes, as these can markedly influence the quality of life of these children. Neurobehavioral morbidity in childhood cancer survivors affects diverse aspects of cognitive function, which can include attention, memory, processing speed, intellect, academic achievement, and emotional health. Reasons for neurobehavioral morbidity are multiple with one major contributor being chemotherapy-induced central nervous system (CNS) toxicity. Clinical studies investigating the effects of chemotherapy on the CNS in children with cancer have reported causative associations with the development of leukoencephalopathies as well as smaller regional grey and white matter volumes, which have been found to correlate with neurocognitive deficits. Preclinical work has provided compelling evidence that chemotherapy drugs are potent neuro- and gliotoxins in vitro and in vivo and can cause brain injury via excitotoxic and apoptotic mechanisms. Furthermore, chemotherapy triggers DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) damage directly or through increased oxidative stress. It can shorten telomeres and accelerate cell aging, cause cytokine deregulation, inhibit hippocampal neurogenesis, and reduce brain vascularization and blood flow. These mechanisms, when allowed to operate on the developing brain of a child, have high potential to not only cause brain injury, but also alter crucial developmental events, such as myelination, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, cortical thinning, and formation of neuronal networks. This short review summarizes key publications describing neurotoxicity of chemotherapy in pediatric cancers and potential underlying pathomechanisms.
- Published
- 2018
37. Coherent Ultrasound Scattering in the Young Rhesus Macaque Brain: Effects of Exposure to Anesthetics
- Author
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Timothy J. Hall, Ivan M. Rosado-Mendez, James A. Zagzebski, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, and Laura Castañeda-Martinez
- Subjects
Physics ,Number density ,biology ,Scattering ,business.industry ,Phase (waves) ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Rhesus macaque ,0302 clinical medicine ,Diffuse scattering ,Optics ,Ultrasound scattering ,030202 anesthesiology ,Histogram ,0103 physical sciences ,Specular reflection ,business ,010301 acoustics - Abstract
We report the characterization of the thalamus of fourteen newborn Rhesus macaques using incoherent and coherent ultrasound scattering. Particularly, we study whether sources of coherent scattering could contribute to variability of estimates of the effective scatterer size, ESS, used to detect neurotoxic effects of anesthesia. This characterization is performed by computing the generalized spectrum, the echo-amplitude signal-to-noise ratio, and the echo phase histogram nonuniformity, and comparing their values to those obtained from a reference material with diffuse scattering conditions. Results show that scattering conditions in the thalamus can be described mostly as originating from a low scatterer number density (38% of data) and the presence of specular reflectors (36%). Only 23 % of the data presented diffuse scattering conditions. Specular reflectors were more likely found in data that showed inconclusive results in a previous ESS analysis of the effects of anesthesia. Future work will be focused on implementing coherent scattering descriptors to characterize the thalamus, as well as developing strategies to reduce the effects of this scattering scenario in the estimation of the ESS.
- Published
- 2018
38. Brain pathology caused in the neonatal macaque by short and prolonged exposures to anticonvulsant drugs
- Author
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Lauren D. Martin, Shreya Larson, Kevin K. Noguchi, Saverio Capuano, Kevin R. Brunner, Ansgar M. Brambrink, Andres Mejia, Gregory A. Dissen, Sophie H. Wang, Kristin Crosno, Nicole A. Fuhler, Heather A. Simmons, and Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Barbiturate ,medicine.drug_class ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Synaptogenesis ,Physiology ,Apoptosis ,Development ,Article ,Drug Administration Schedule ,lcsh:RC321-571 ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Antiepileptic ,Anticonvulsant ,medicine ,Animals ,Brain injury ,lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,Benzodiazepine ,business.industry ,Sedative ,Neurodegeneration ,Brain ,medicine.disease ,Macaca mulatta ,030104 developmental biology ,Animals, Newborn ,Neurology ,Toxicity ,Anticonvulsants ,Phenobarbital ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are potent GABAA receptor agonists and strong anticonvulsants. In the developing brain they can cause neuronal and oligodendroglia apoptosis, impair synaptogenesis, inhibit neurogenesis and trigger long-term neurocognitive sequelae. In humans, the vulnerable period is projected to extend from the third trimester of pregnancy to the third year of life. Infants with seizures and epilepsies may receive barbiturates, benzodiazepines and their combinations for days, months or years. How exposure duration affects neuropathological sequelae is unknown. Here we investigated toxicity of phenobarbital/midazolam (Pb/M) combination in the developing nonhuman primate brain. Neonatal rhesus monkeys received phenobarbital intravenously, followed by infusion of midazolam over 5 (n = 4) or 24 h (n = 4). Animals were euthanized at 8 or 36 h and brains examined immunohistochemically and stereologically. Treatment was well tolerated, physiological parameters remained at optimal levels. Compared to naive controls, Pb/M exposed brains displayed widespread apoptosis affecting neurons and oligodendrocytes. Pattern and severity of cell death differed depending on treatment-duration, with more extensive neurodegeneration following longer exposure. At 36 h, areas of the brain not affected at 8 h displayed neuronal apoptosis, while oligodendroglia death was most prominent at 8 h. A notable feature at 36 h was degeneration of neuronal tracts and trans-neuronal death of neurons, presumably following their disconnection from degenerated presynaptic partners. These findings demonstrate that brain toxicity of Pb/M in the neonatal primate brain becomes more severe with longer exposures and expands trans-synaptically. Impact of these sequelae on neurocognitive outcomes and the brain connectome will need to be explored.
- Published
- 2021
39. Quantitative Glycomic Analysis by Mass-Defect-Based Dimethyl Pyrimidinyl Ornithine (DiPyrO) Tags and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
- Author
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Lingjun Li, Dustin C. Frost, Meng Xu, Diane Puccetti, Xuefei Zhong, Jillian Johnson, Yu Feng, Carol Diamond, Bingming Chen, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Amanda R. Buchberger, and Miriam Kim
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Glycosylamine ,Ornithine ,Glycan ,Electrospray ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Mass spectrometry ,Orbitrap ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Mass Spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,law.invention ,Glycomics ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,law ,Polysaccharides ,Humans ,Child ,Chromatography ,biology ,Chemistry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ,Blood proteins ,Orders of magnitude (mass) ,0104 chemical sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,biology.protein - Abstract
We recently developed a novel amine-reactive mass-defect-based chemical tag, dimethyl pyrimidinyl ornithine (DiPyrO), for quantitative proteomic analysis at the MS(1) level. In this work, we further extend the application of the DiPyrO tag, which provides amine group reactivity, optical detection capability, and improved electrospray sensitivity, to quantify N-linked glycans enzymatically released from glycoproteins in the glycosylamine form. Duplex DiPyrO tags that differ in mass by 45.3 mDa were used to label the glycosylamine moieties of freshly released N-glycosylamines from glycoprotein standards and human serum proteins. We demonstrate that both MALDI-LTQ-Orbitrap and nano-HILIC LC/MS/MS Fusion Lumos Orbitrap platforms are capable of resolving the singly or multiply charged N-glycans labeled with mass-defect DiPyrO tags. Dynamic range of quantification, based on MS(1) peak intensities, was evaluated across 2 orders of magnitude. With optimized N-glycan release conditions, glycosylamine labeling conditions, and MS acquisition parameters, the N-glycan profiles and abundances in human serum proteins of cancer patients before and after chemotherapy were compared. Moreover, this study also opens a door for using well-developed amine-reactive tags for relative quantification of glycans, which could be widely applied.
- Published
- 2018
40. Caffeine Augments Anesthesia Neurotoxicity in the Fetal Macaque Brain
- Author
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John W. Olney, Sasha L. Williams, Lauren Drew Martin, Katie J. Schenning, Ansgar M. Brambrink, Gregory A. Dissen, Kevin K. Noguchi, Kobe L. Masuoka, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Francesca M. Manzella, and Stephen A. Johnson
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.drug_class ,lcsh:Medicine ,Apoptosis ,Macaque ,Article ,Fetal Development ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,030202 anesthesiology ,Caffeine ,030225 pediatrics ,biology.animal ,Animals ,Medicine ,Anesthesia ,lcsh:Science ,Neurons ,Fetus ,Multidisciplinary ,Cell Death ,Isoflurane ,biology ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Neurotoxicity ,Brain ,medicine.disease ,Macaca mulatta ,3. Good health ,Oligodendroglia ,Animals, Newborn ,chemistry ,In utero ,Sedative ,Anesthetics, Inhalation ,Anesthetic ,Female ,lcsh:Q ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Caffeine is the most frequently used medication in premature infants. It is the respiratory stimulant of choice for apnea associated with prematurity and has been called the silver bullet in neonatology because of many proven benefits and few known risks. Research has revealed that sedative/anesthetic drugs trigger apoptotic death of neurons and oligodendrocytes in developing mammalian brains. Here we evaluated the influence of caffeine on the neurotoxicity of anesthesia in developing nonhuman primate brains. Fetal macaques (n = 7–8/group), at a neurodevelopmental age comparable to premature human infants, were exposed in utero for 5 hours to no drug (control), isoflurane, or isoflurane + caffeine and examined for evidence of apoptosis. Isoflurane exposure increased apoptosis 3.3 fold for neurons and 3.4 fold for oligodendrocytes compared to control brains. Isoflurane + caffeine caused neuronal apoptosis to increase 8.0 fold compared to control levels but did not augment oligoapoptosis. Neuronal death was particularly pronounced in the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Higher blood levels of caffeine within the range considered therapeutic and safe for human infants correlated with increased neuroapoptosis. Caffeine markedly augments neurotoxicity of isoflurane in the fetal macaque brain and challenges the assumption that caffeine is safe for premature infants.
- Published
- 2018
41. Extended Multiple-Field High-Definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) is well tolerated and safe in healthy adults
- Author
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Mélanie Boly, Rick Chappell, Bruce P. Hermann, Alanna Kessler-Jones, Christopher A. Turski, Susanne Seeger, David Hsu, Jana E. Jones, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, and Clara Chow
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Stimulation ,Neurological examination ,Pilot Projects ,Electroencephalography ,Audiology ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ,050105 experimental psychology ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Electrocardiography ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cognition ,Developmental Neuroscience ,Sequential stimulation ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Adverse effect ,Brain Mapping ,Transcranial direct-current stimulation ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Brain ,Healthy Volunteers ,Neurology ,Tolerability ,Anesthesia ,High definition ,Feasibility Studies ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
BACKGROUND High definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) has been administered over single brain regions for small numbers of sessions. Safety, feasibility and tolerability of HD-tDCS over multiple brain regions, multiple daily stimulations and long periods are not established. OBJECTIVE We studied safety, feasibility and tolerability of daily HD-tDCS over 2-4 brain regions for 20 sessions in healthy adults. METHODS Five healthy adults underwent physical and neurological examination, electrocardiogram (EKG), electroencephalogram (EEG) and cognitive screening (ImpACT) before, during and after HD-tDCS. Four networks (left/right temporoparietal and frontal) were stimulated in sequence (20 min each) using HD-tDCS in 20 daily sessions. Sessions 1-10 included sequential stimulation of both temporoparietal networks, sessions 11-15 stimulations of 4 networks and sessions 16-20 two daily stimulation cycles of 4 networks/cycle (1.5 mA/network). Side effects, ImpACT scores and EEG power spectrum were compared before and after HD-tDCS. RESULTS All subjects completed the trial. Adverse events were tingling, transient redness at the stimulation site, perception of continuing stimulation after end of session and one self-resolving headache. EEG power spectrum showed decreased delta power in frontal areas several days after HD-tDCS. While at the group level ImpACT scores did not differ before and after stimulations, we found a trend for correlation between decreased EEG delta power and individual improvements in ImpACT scores after HD-tDCS. CONCLUSION Prolonged, repeat daily stimulation of multiple brain regions using HD-tDCS is feasible and safe in healthy adults. Preliminary EEG results suggest that HD-tDCS may induce long lasting changes in excitability in the brain.
- Published
- 2017
42. Clemastine effects in rat models of a myelination disorder
- Author
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Hauhui Wang, Bingming Chen, Kevin K. Noguchi, Moones Heidari, Gabrielle N. Turski, Ian D. Duncan, Cara J. Westmark, Lingjun Li, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, and Christopher A. Turski
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Central Nervous System ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Genotype ,Injections, Subcutaneous ,Central nervous system ,Luxol fast blue stain ,Article ,Animals, Genetically Modified ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Central Nervous System Diseases ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Clemastine Fumarate ,Animals ,Clemastine ,Remyelination ,Myelin Sheath ,biology ,business.industry ,Oligodendrocyte differentiation ,Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease ,Brain ,Cell Differentiation ,Myelin Basic Protein ,Optic Nerve ,medicine.disease ,Myelin basic protein ,Rats ,Disease Models, Animal ,Oligodendroglia ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,Phenotype ,Animals, Newborn ,Spinal Cord ,Blood-Brain Barrier ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,biology.protein ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,medicine.drug ,Demyelinating Diseases - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a dysmyelinating disorder of the central nervous system caused by impaired differentiation of oligodendrocytes. This study was prompted by findings that antimuscarinic compounds enhance oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination in vitro. One of these compounds, clemastine fumarate, is licensed for treatment of allergic conditions. We tested whether clemastine fumarate can promote myelination in two rodent PMD models, the myelin-deficient and the PLP transgenic rat. METHODS: Pups were treated with daily injections of clemastine (10–30 mg/kg/day) on postnatal days 1–21. Neurologic phenotypes and myelination patterns in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cords were assessed using histological techniques. RESULTS: No changes in neurological phenotype or survival were observed even at the highest dose of clemastine. Postmortem staining with Luxol fast blue and myelin basic protein immunohistochemistry revealed no evidence for improved myelination in the CNS of treated rats compared to vehicle-treated littermates. Populations of mature oligodendrocytes were unaffected by the treatment. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate lack of therapeutic effect of clemastine in two rat PMD models. Both models have rapid disease progression consistent with the connatal form of the disease. Further studies are necessary to determine whether clemastine bears a therapeutic potential in milder forms of PMD.
- Published
- 2017
43. Feasibility and Dose Tolerability of High Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in healthy adults
- Author
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Rick Chappell, David Hsu, Jana E. Jones, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Bruce P. Hermann, Christopher A. Turski, Susanne Seeger, and Alanna Kessler-Jones
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Transcranial direct-current stimulation ,business.industry ,General Neuroscience ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Biophysics ,lcsh:RC321-571 ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Tolerability ,medicine ,Physical therapy ,High definition ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Published
- 2017
44. Riluzole Inhibits Proliferation, Migration and Cell Cycle Progression and Induces Apoptosis in Tumor Cells of Various Origins
- Author
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Katarzyna Sawa-Wejksza, Wojciech Rzeski, Arkadiusz Czerwonka, Marta Kinga Lemieszek, Andrzej Stepulak, and Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Cancer Research ,Cell cycle checkpoint ,Cell Survival ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Apoptosis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cell Movement ,Neuroblastoma ,medicine ,Tumor Cells, Cultured ,Animals ,Humans ,Receptor ,Cell Proliferation ,Pharmacology ,Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 ,Riluzole ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Molecular Structure ,business.industry ,Cell Cycle ,Cancer ,medicine.disease ,Rats ,030104 developmental biology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer cell ,Cancer research ,Molecular Medicine ,Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 ,Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background: Regardless of contemporary improvements in cancer treatment, the results of drug treatment are not always efficacious. Thus, the development of novel approaches that affect cancer cell-specific metabolic pathways is needed. Since much evidence has shown that tumor cell proliferation and motility are stimulated by glutamate via activation of its receptors, use of antagonists to these receptors may be the key to control cancer cell progression. Riluzole noncompetitive metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) antagonist, commonly used to treat patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), has shown some antineoplastic properties against melanoma, breast and prostate cancer. Yet little is known about its molecular mode of action. Aims: The current study aims at evaluating the abilities of Riluzole to inhibit proliferation of several cancer cell lines, as well as resolve the mechanism of its action. Method: We demonstrated antiproliferative and antimigrative properties of Riluzole in rhabdomyosarcomamedulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, astrocytoma, glioma, colon cancer, lung cancer, thyroid carcinoma, leukemia, erythroleukemia and multiple myeloma. Our studies revealed apoptosis induction and G2-M cell cycle arrest in Riluzole treated A549, C6 and HT-29 cells. Result: At the molecular level, we found that these cells treated with Riluzole had a decrease of Cyclin B and an increase of p21 Waf1/Cip1 and p53 expression. We also observed an enhancement of CDK1 and Chk2 phosphorylation. Reported changes may suggest the involvement of these proteins in G2-M arrest, observed in flow cytometry analysis. These data indicated the potential use of Riluzole in the treatment of different types of cancers.
- Published
- 2017
45. Swelling and Mechanical Properties of Alginate Hydrogels with Respect to Promotion of Neural Growth
- Author
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Michael Gelinsky, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Florian Despang, Marina Matyash, and MDC Library
- Subjects
Wistar Rats ,Neurite ,Alginates ,Biomedical Engineering ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Ionic bonding ,570 Life Sciences ,Bioengineering ,macromolecular substances ,Buffers ,Sodium Chloride ,610 Medical Sciences, Medicine ,Calcium Chloride ,Glucuronic Acid ,In vivo ,Elastic Modulus ,Neurites ,medicine ,Humans ,Animals ,Neural Growth ,Rats, Wistar ,Elastic modulus ,Cells, Cultured ,Cell Proliferation ,Mechanical Phenomena ,Cerebral Cortex ,Neurons ,Chemistry ,Hexuronic Acids ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Hydrogels ,Cultured Cells ,Rats ,Solutions ,Chemical engineering ,Ionic strength ,Self-healing hydrogels ,Swelling ,medicine.symptom ,Function and Dysfunction of the Nervous System ,Rheology ,Biomedical engineering - Abstract
Soft alginate hydrogels support robust neurite outgrowth, but their rapid disintegration in solutions of high ionic strength restricts them from long-term in vivo applications. Aiming to enhance the mechanical stability of soft alginate hydrogels, we investigated how changes in pH and ionic strength during gelation influence the swelling, stiffness, and disintegration of a three-dimensional (3D) alginate matrix and its ability to support neurite outgrowth. Hydrogels were generated from dry alginate layers through ionic crosslinks with Ca(2+) (≤ 10 mM) in solutions of low or high ionic strength and at pH 5.5 or 7.4. High- and low-viscosity alginates with different molecular compositions demonstrated pH and ionic strength-independent increases in hydrogel volume with decreases in Ca(2+) concentrations from 10 to 2 mM. Only soft hydrogels that were synthesized in the presence of 150 mM of NaCl (Ca-alginate NaCl) displayed long-term volume stability in buffered physiological saline, whereas analogous hydrogels generated in NaCl-free conditions (Ca-alginate) collapsed. The stiffnesses of Ca-alginate NaCl hydrogels elevated from 0.01 to 19 kPa as the Ca(2+)-concentration was raised from 2 to 10 mM; however, only Ca-alginate NaCl hydrogels with an elastic modulus ≤ 1.5 kPa that were generated with ≤ 4 mM of Ca(2+) supported robust neurite outgrowth in primary neuronal cultures. In conclusion, soft Ca-alginate NaCl hydrogels combine mechanical stability in solutions of high ionic strength with the ability to support neural growth and could be useful as 3D implants for neural regeneration in vivo.
- Published
- 2014
46. Glutamate and its receptors in cancer
- Author
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Andrzej Stepulak, Radoslaw Rola, Krzysztof Polberg, and Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
- Subjects
Clinical Neurology ,Glutamic Acid ,Class C GPCR ,Biology ,Neoplasms ,Animals ,Humans ,Translational Neurosciences - Review article ,Biological Psychiatry ,Cancer ,Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 ,Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 ,Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 ,Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 ,Glutamate receptor ,Growth factor ,Prognosis ,Cell biology ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Receptors, Glutamate ,Neurology ,Biochemistry ,Metabotropic glutamate receptor ,Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 ,Neurology (clinical) ,Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 - Abstract
Glutamate, a nonessential amino acid, is a major bioenergetic substrate for proliferating normal and neoplastic cells on one hand and an excitatory neurotransmitter that is actively involved in biosynthetic, bioenergetic, metabolic, and oncogenic signaling pathways on the other. It exerts its action through a family of receptors consisting of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), both of which have been implicated previously in a broad spectrum of acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss existing data on the role of glutamate as a growth factor for neoplastic cells, the expression of glutamate receptors in various types of benign and malignant neoplasms, and the potential roles that GluRs play in cancer development and progression along with their clinical significance. We conclude that glutamate-related receptors and their signaling pathways may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for a variety of malignant human diseases.
- Published
- 2014
47. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 regulates cell death following pilocarpine-induced seizures in the developing brain
- Author
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Hella Luksch, Marlen Theil, Chrysanthy Ikonomidou, Jenny Marzahn, Leszek Kaczmarek, Yvonne Hoehna, Ortrud Uckermann, Maciej Gawlak, Grzegorz M. Wilczynski, Vanya Stefovska, and Tomasz Gorkiewicz
- Subjects
Cell death ,MAPK/ERK pathway ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,Programmed cell death ,Blotting, Western ,Apoptosis ,Convulsants ,Development ,Matrix metalloproteinase ,Biology ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,lcsh:RC321-571 ,Mice ,Western blot ,Seizures ,Internal medicine ,In Situ Nick-End Labeling ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,RNA, Messenger ,Rats, Wistar ,lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,Mice, Knockout ,MMP ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Dentate gyrus ,Pilocarpine ,Brain ,Immunohistochemistry ,Seizure ,Rats ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Blot ,Endocrinology ,Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ,Neurology ,Gelatinase ,Nerve Degeneration ,Knockout mouse ,Rats, Transgenic ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in tissue repair, cell death and morphogenesis. We investigated the role of the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the pathogenesis of neuronal death induced by prolonged seizures in the developing brain. Seven-day-old rats, MMP-9 knockout mice and transgenic rats overexpressing MMP-9 received intraperitoneal injections of pilocarpine, 250 mg/kg, to induce seizures. After 6-72 h pups were sacrificed, tissue from different brain regions was isolated and expression of MMP-9 mRNA and protein was analyzed by real-time PCR or Western blot. Additionally, brains were fixed and processed for TUNEL-staining, immunohistochemistry and in situ zymography. We found increased numbers of TUNEL-positive cells 24 h after pilocarpine-induced seizures, most pronounced in cortical areas and the dentate gyrus, and less pronounced in thalamus. At 6-24 h, MMP-9 mRNA levels showed significant elevation compared to sham-treated controls; this effect resolved by 48 h, whereas MMP-2 mRNA levels remained stable. Cortical gelatinolytic activity, monitored by in situ zymography, was enhanced following pilocarpine-induced seizures. The MMP inhibitor GM 6001 ameliorated cell death following pilocarpine-induced seizures in infant rats. MMP-9 knockout mice were less susceptible to seizure-induced brain injury. Transgenic rats overexpressing MMP-9 were equally susceptible to seizure-induced brain injury as wild type rats. Our results suggest a significant contribution of MMP-9 to cell death after pilocarpine-induced seizures in the developing brain. As indicated by Western blot analysis, MMP-9 activation may be linked to activation of the Erk/CREB-pathway. The findings implicate involvement of MMP-9 in the pathophysiology of brain injury following seizures in the developing brain.
- Published
- 2012
48. Triggers of Cell Death in the Developing Brain
- Author
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Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
- Subjects
Programmed cell death ,biology ,business.industry ,Glutamate receptor ,Pharmacology ,Proinflammatory cytokine ,Apoptosis ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Anesthetic ,biology.protein ,medicine ,NMDA receptor ,Receptor ,business ,Neurotrophin ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Cell death occurs physiologically in the mammalian brain during the period of the growth spurt. In humans, this period starts in the 3rd trimester of gestation and ends by the third year of life. Environmental factors can interact with programmed cell death mechanisms to pathologically increase the numbers of neurons undergoing self elimination (apoptosis) and potentially lead to brain injury. It has been shown that classes of drugs which block glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, activate γ- aminobutyric-acid (GABA A ) receptors or block voltage gated sodium channels, when administered to immature rodents during susceptible developmental periods, trigger profound apoptotic cell death in the brain. Sedative, anesthetic and anticonvulsant drugs utilize these mechanisms to exert their actions. In addition, short exposures to non-physiologic oxygen levels can also trigger apoptotic cell death in the brains of infant rodents. Pathomechanisms involved in the neurotoxic actions of sedatives, anesthetics, anticonvulsants and oxygen include decreased expression of neurotrophins, inactivation of survival signaling proteins, activation of inflammatory cytokines as well as oxidative stress. These findings raise concerns regarding treatment of pregnant women, infants and young children with sedatives, anesthetics and anticonvulsants and premature infants with oxygen. Modified approaches should be developed for patients within these vulnerable age groups.
- Published
- 2011
49. RNA interference targeting survivin exerts antitumoral effects in vitro and in established glioma xenografts in vivo
- Author
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Matthias Kirsch, Marc Cartellieri, Achim Aigner, Gabriele Schackert, Daniel Martin, Sandy Hendruschk, Ralf Wiedemuth, Katrin Töpfer, Achim Temme, and Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
- Subjects
Cancer Research ,Survivin ,Blotting, Western ,Protein Array Analysis ,Fluorescent Antibody Technique ,Apoptosis ,Cell Separation ,Biology ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Inhibitor of apoptosis ,Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ,Mice ,Downregulation and upregulation ,Transduction, Genetic ,RNA interference ,Glioma ,In Situ Nick-End Labeling ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Cytotoxic T cell ,RNA, Small Interfering ,neoplasms ,Gene knockdown ,Brain Neoplasms ,glioblastoma ,Genetic Therapy ,Flow Cytometry ,medicine.disease ,Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays ,nervous system diseases ,Oncology ,RNAi ,Basic and Translational Investigations ,Cancer research ,RNA Interference ,Neurology (clinical) - Abstract
Malignant glioma represents the most common primary adult brain tumor in Western industrialized countries. Despite aggressive treatment modalities, the median survival duration for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the highest grade malignant glioma, has not improved significantly over past decades. One promising approach to deal with GBM is the inactivation of proteins essential for survival or progression of glioma cells by means of RNA interference (RNAi) techniques. A likely candidate for an RNAi therapy of gliomas is the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin. Survivin is involved in 2 main cellular processes-cell division and inhibition of apoptosis. We show here that stable RNAi of survivin induced polyploidy, apoptosis, and impaired proliferation of human U343-MG, U373-MG, H4, and U87-MG cells and of primary glioblastoma cells. Proteome profiler arrays using U373-MG cells identified a novel set of differentially expressed genes upon RNAi-mediated survivin knockdown. In particular, the death receptor TRAIL R2/DR5 was strongly upregulated in survivin-depleted glioma cells, inducing an enhanced cytotoxic response of allogeneic human NK cells. Moreover, an experimental in vivo therapy using polyethylenimine (PEI)/siRNA complexes for survivin knockdown efficiently blocked tumor growth of established subcutaneous U373-MG tumors and enhanced survival of NMRI(nu/nu) mice orthopically transplanted with U87-MG cells. We conclude that survivin is functionally relevant in gliomas and that PEI-mediated exogenous delivery of siRNA targeting survivin is a promising strategy for glioblastoma therapy.
- Published
- 2011
50. Levetiracetam: Safety and efficacy in neonatal seizures
- Author
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Dietz Rating, Juergen Dinger, Georgia Ramantani, Beate Walter, and Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
- Subjects
Male ,Levetiracetam ,Antiepileptic drug ,Administration, Oral ,Hypoglycemia ,Seizures ,Humans ,Medicine ,Hypocalcaemia ,Prospective Studies ,Prospective cohort study ,Cognitive impairment ,Neuronal apoptosis ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Piracetam ,Anesthesia ,Injections, Intravenous ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Feasibility Studies ,Anticonvulsants ,Female ,Phenobarbital ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,Infant, Premature ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Neonatal seizures are common, especially in prematurity. Phenobarbital (PB) currently represents the antiepileptic drug (AED) of choice, despite being related to increased neuronal apoptosis in animal models and cognitive impairment in human subjects. Levetiracetam (LEV) may have a more favorable profile since it does not cause neuronal apoptosis in infant rodents.In a prospective feasibility study, LEV was applied as first-line treatment in 38 newborns with EEG-confirmed seizures, after ruling out hypoglycemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia and pyridoxin dependency. Initial intravenous doses of 10 mg/kg LEV were gradually increased to 30 mg/kg over 3 days with a further titration to 45-60 mg/kg at the end of the week. Acute intervention with up to 2 intravenous doses of PB 20 mg/kg was tolerated during LEV titration. LEV was switched to oral as soon as the infants' condition allowed. Based on clinical observation, EEG tracings (aEEG/routine EEGs), and lab data, drug safety and anticonvulsant efficacy were assessed over 12 months.In 19 newborns a single PB dose of 20 mg/kg was administered, while 3 newborns received 2 PB doses. 30 infants were seizure free under LEV at the end of the first week and 27 remained seizure free at four weeks, while EEGs markedly improved in 24 patients at 4 weeks. In 19 cases, LEV was discontinued after 2-4 weeks, while 7 infants received LEV up to 3 months. No severe adverse effects were observed.These results illustrate the safety of LEV treatment in neonatal seizures, including prematurity and suggest LEV anticonvulsant efficacy. Additional PB treatment admittedly constitutes a methodological shortcoming due to the prolonged anticonvulsive efficacy of PB. Double blind prospective controlled studies and long-term evaluation of cognitive outcome are called for.
- Published
- 2011
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