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Objective To elucidate the key targets and the mechanism of Jiegeng Decoction in treating chronic pharyngitis through an integrated approach of network pharmacology and molecular docking, and to verify the predicted results through animal experiments. Methods A rat model of chronic pharyngitis was induced by β-hemolytic streptococcus to assess the impact of Jiegeng Decoction on serum inflammatory factors and the pathological alterations in pharyngeal tissues. Key targets associated with chronic pharyngitis were identified through databases such as OMIM, DrugBank, and GeneCards. The chemical constituents of Jiegeng Decoction were characterized by UHPLC-QE-MS coupled to the TCMSP and swisstarget Predicition databases. Subsequently, STRING database was applied to construct protein-protein interaction network of key targets, and the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID)was utilized to perform Gene Ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Furthermore, molecular docking of the active components with the core targets was performed by using AutoDock Tools1.5.6. Western Blot was carried out to verify prediction results. Results In vivo studies revealed that Jiegeng Decoction significantly decreased the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, ICAM-1, and MCP-1 in rats with chronic pharyngitis (P＜0.05), and ameliorated the pathological damage in pharyngeal tissues. A total of 94 principal bioactive components were obtained, which acted synergistically on 311 targets, participated in responses to exogenous stimuli, drug metabolism, and protein tyrosine kinase activities, and played a significant regulatory role in the PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and Ras signaling pathways. The results of molecular docking showed that there was a strong binding ability between the key targets and the active ingredients. Western Blot analysis indicated that Jiegeng Decoction notably reduced the expression of the TLR4 protein and the phosphorylation level of P38 MAPK. Conclusion Jiegeng Decoction exerts its therapeutic effect on chronic pharyngitis by modulating the TLR4/P38 MAPK signaling pathway, attenuating serum inflammatory factors, and reversing the pathological changes in pharyngeal tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In clinical practice, antibiotics and/or inhaled or oral hormone preparations are the first line of treatment for chronic pharyngitis. However, this therapeutic regimen is not satisfactory enough. At present, medicinal plants as dietary supplements or functional foods are widely recognized for the treatment and prevention of different diseases. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the botanical lozenge made from several medicinal plant extracts in the treatment of chronic pharyngitis and its effects on patients' illness perception and adherence to treatment. Methods: Patients with chronic pharyngitis were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 52) or the control group (n = 51). Patients were given botanical lozenges prepared from the extracts of medicinal plants such as Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey ex A.M.Lu and Zhi Y. Zhang [Cucurbitaceae; Siraitiae fructus], Lonicera japonica Thunb [Caprifoliaceae; Lonicerae japonicae flos], Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC [Campanulaceae; Platycodon radix], and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC [Fabaceae; Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma] or placebos made of starch for 15 days. The improvement of pharyngeal symptoms and signs, illness perception, and adherence to treatment were evaluated at the end of the intervention. Results: The total score of pharyngeal symptoms of patients in the experimental group (3.33 ± 2.33) was significantly lower than that in the control group (5.20 ± 2.93) (p < 0.01). In comparison to the control group (3.43 ± 1.43), the total pharyngeal signs score of patients in the experimental group (2.69 ± 1.59) was considerably lower (p < 0.01). The improvement rates of pharyngeal itching, dry throat, pharyngeal foreign body sensation, aggravation due to excessive speaking, and congestion of pharyngeal mucosa in the experimental group were 73.81%, 67.50%, 67.57%, 65.22% and 44%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, patients taking botanical lozenges had better illness perception and adherence to treatment than those taking placebos (p < 0.05). Patients with low adherence to treatment showed less personal control, concerns, and understanding of chronic pharyngitis (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Botanical lozenges not only aided patients in recovering from chronic pharyngitis but also improved their positive perceptions of the disease, which helped them adhere to their treatment regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of patients with chronic pharyngitis in Suzhou, China toward laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with chronic pharyngitis in Suzhou, China at the otolaryngology outpatient clinic of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University between November, 2022, and May, 2023. Data was collected through a self-designed online questionnaire encompassing the sociodemographic characteristics and three dimensions of KAP. The questionnaire was administered using SoJump, and data were exported from this platform. Subsequently, statistical analysis, including Structural Equation Modeling, was performed using SPSS 22 software to evaluate the KAP scores. Results A total of 487 valid questionnaires were collected, with 275 (56.35%) female patients. The mean score of KAP were 4.76 ± 2.93 (possible range: 0–11), 33.10 ± 4.46 (possible range: 8–40), 31.29 ± 6.04 (possible range: 8–40), respectively. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between knowledge and attitude dimensions (r = 0.413, P

Despite the National Occupational Safety and Legislation Act 2020's implementation, reports of workplace accidents are rising in India. Various ear, nose, and throat conditions have been linked to a wide range of physico-chemical variables. Due to a lack of training, inadequate knowledge, a lack of awareness of occupational health and safety risks, or a lack of accessibility to or use of personal protective equipment (PPE), sculptors are frequently exposed to a variety of physical, compound and unplanned risks, chemical, and accidental hazards. The study aimed to assess the various ear, nose and throat manifestations like noise induced hearing loss, occupational rhinitis and non-infectious pharyngitis among the sculptors working in the southern part of Chennai. This observational study was performed in a total of 110 sculptors. Demographic data like age, education, duration of occupation, use of PPE like face mask, ear plug during work hours, whether sculpting is a family occupation or first generation sculptor. A detailed history and thorough ENT examination was performed with pure tone audiometry (PTA), diagnostic nasal endoscopy (DNE) and videolaryngoscopy (VLS). If any problem is detected they will be treated accordingly. Most of them (70%) were in the age group of 21–40 years but 71% of them are sculptors for more than 15 years which infers introduction to the occupation at an early age. The reason for this could be more than 80% of them possessed the heritage of sculpting as their family occupation. Duration of occupation was significantly associated with chronic rhinitis (P value was 0.002) and NIHL (P value was 0.002) whereas education and use of PPE like face mask or ear plugs were not associated with ENT manifestations. This study focuses on the sculptors' working habits, their ignorance of safety precautions, and an assessment of the numerous ENT ailments. These manifestations showed a strong correlation to exposure time. To prevent the issues from becoming more severe, regular medical monitoring is required for early detection and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective： Based on the Janus kinase 2(JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) signaling pathway, to explore the influences of Liyan syrup on pharyngeal tissue injury and pharyngeal mucosal repair in rats with chronic pharyngitis. Methods： SD rats were randomly separated into control group, model group, Liyan syrup group, RO8191(JAK2/STAT3 activator) group, Liyan syrup+RO8191 group, the model group and drug intervention group were treated with ammonia water to stimulate the pharynx to build a chronic pharyngitis model, while rats in control group were injected with an equal dose of normal saline into the pharynx. After the intervention of Liyan Syrup and RO8191, the general condition of rats and the apparent state of pharynx were detected, and the apparent state of pharynx was scored； the pathological changes of pharynx of rats were measured by HE staining； the proportions of CD4+ T and CD8+ T and the ratio of CD4+ T/CD8+ T in peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets of rats were measured by flow cytometry； the levels of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-10, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were measured by kits； the expressions of JAK2/STAT3 pathway-related proteins in rat pharyngeal tissues were measured by immunoblotting. Results： Compared with control group, the pharyngeal tissue of model group showed obvious pathological morphological damage, the peripheral blood CD4+ T proportion and CD4+ T/CD8+ T, IL-10 and serum TAOC level decreased (P<0.05), the pharyngeal appearance state score, CD8+ T ratio, serum TNF-α, IL-6,MDA and ROS levels, and pharyngeal tissue p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 levels increased (P<0.05)； compared with model group and Liyan syrup+ RO8191 group, the pathological and morphological damage of the pharynx of rats in Liyan syrup group was alleviated, the peripheral blood CD4+ T and CD4+ T/CD8+ T, IL-10, and serum T-AOC level all increased (P<0.05), and the pharyngeal appearance state score, CD8+, serum TNF-α, IL-6, MDA and ROS levels, and pharyngeal tissue p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 levels all decreased (P<0.05)； the change trend of each index in RO8191 group was opposite to that in Liyan syrup group. Conclusion： Liyan syrup can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress by inhibiting the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signal, enhance anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity, relieve throat tissue damage and repair pharyngeal mucosa in rats with chronic pharyngitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of patients with chronic pharyngitis in Suzhou, China toward laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with chronic pharyngitis in Suzhou, China at the otolaryngology outpatient clinic of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University between November, 2022, and May, 2023. Data was collected through a self-designed online questionnaire encompassing the sociodemographic characteristics and three dimensions of KAP. The questionnaire was administered using SoJump, and data were exported from this platform. Subsequently, statistical analysis, including Structural Equation Modeling, was performed using SPSS 22 software to evaluate the KAP scores. Results: A total of 487 valid questionnaires were collected, with 275 (56.35%) female patients. The mean score of KAP were 4.76 ± 2.93 (possible range: 0–11), 33.10 ± 4.46 (possible range: 8–40), 31.29 ± 6.04 (possible range: 8–40), respectively. Pearson's correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between knowledge and attitude dimensions (r = 0.413, P < 0.001), knowledge and practice dimensions (r = 0.355, P < 0.001), and attitude and practice dimensions (r = 0.481, P < 0.001). Structural equation modeling revealed that education exhibited positive effect on knowledge (β = 0.476, P < 0.001) and attitude (β = 0.600, P < 0.001), and having family history of chronic pharyngitis showed positive effect on knowledge (β = 0.580, P = 0.047), experienced with reflux symptoms showed positive effect on knowledge (β = 0.838, P = 0.001) and attitude (β = 0.631, P = 0.085). Moreover, knowledge showed positive effect on attitude (β = 0.555, P < 0.001) and practice (β = 0.351, P < 0.001). Attitude, in turn, showed positive effect on practice (β = 0.511, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients with chronic pharyngitis had inadequate knowledge, positive attitudes and suboptimal practices toward LPR. Education, family history of chronic pharyngitis, experienced with reflux symptoms might have effect on their KAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhihong Zha,1,&ast; Shuang Gao,2,&ast; Shaofeng Liu,3 Guoqin Hu1 1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China; 2Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University North District, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Guoqin Hu, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China, Email huguoqin2010@yeah.netObjective: Chronic pharyngitis (CP) is a common disease, which has a long duration and a wide range of onset. Anxiety is considered to be a common complication in patients with CP. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anxiety level and potentially influencing factors in patients with CP, to provide insights for the management of anxiety in patients with CP.Methods: A total of 104 adult patients with CP meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria were enrolled from a single center in Wuhu, China between October 2015 and December 2016. A Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) was used to measure the status of anxiety. The relationship between SAS scores and illness period in patients with CP was analyzed by Pearson correlation test. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were performed to analyze the risk factors of anxiety in patients with CP.Results: The average SAS score of 104 patients with CP was (44.17 ± 8.38), including 82 cases (78.85%) without anxiety and 22 cases (21.15%) with anxiety. Moreover, the illness period was found to be positively related to SAS scores in patients with CP (r = 0.378, P = 0.001). Furthermore, the results of univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in anxiety state among CP patients with different age, illness period, source of treatment payment, and marital status (P < 0.05). Additionally, the results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that age, source of treatment payment, and marital status were the independent risk factors affecting the anxiety status of patients with CP (P < 0.05).Conclusion: These results suggested that CP patients with advanced age, self-pay, and unmarried status had higher risk for anxiety.Keywords: chronic pharyngitis, risk factor, self-rating anxiety scale, anxiety, prevalence

Chronic pharyngitis persistently afflicts a large population and accounts for approximately one-third of otolaryngology patients. Currently, the treatment of CP remains controversial because of the poor outcomes. Dendrobium officinale is a well-used "Yin-nourishing" traditional Chinese medicinal and edible herb used for thousands of years in China. The flowers of D. officinale are often used in folk of China to make tea for voice protection on and throat clearing. This study was to evaluate beneficial effects of polysaccharides from D. officinale flower (DOFP) on CP and its potential mechanisms. Chemical characterization of DOFP, including polysaccharide content and monosaccharide composition, structural characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed. A CP model was established in rats by administering a mixture of Chinese Baijiu and chili pepper liquid, combined with low-concentration ammonia spraying. The general states, amount of oral secretion, and apparent state of the pharynx of CP rats were observed during the period of DOFP administration. Furthermore, hemorheological parameters were measured using an automatic hematology analyzer. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (1L-1β), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and D-lactate (D-LA) in the serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Morphological changes in the pharynx and colon were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression of nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65), p -NF-κB p65, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin 1β（IL-1β）and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in the pharynx,Claudin-1, Occludin, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the colon was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western Blot. The mRNA expression of TLR4, COX-2, and IL-1β in the pharynx were determined using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR. In this study, DOFP with a total polysaccharide content of 71.44% and a composition of D-mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 3.95:2.19:1.00:0.74:1.30, was isolated from the flowers of D. officinale. DOFP improved the general state and exhibited significant effects on reducing oral secretion, alleviating pharyngeal injury, suppressing inflammatory cell infiltration in the pharynx, decreasing the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and reducing the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes in the model rats. Moreover, the expressions of TLR4, p -NF-κB p65, COX-2, IL-1β and MUC5AC in the pharynx of model rats were obviously inhibited. In addition, the levels of LPS, D-LA in the serum and the protein expression of IL-6 in the colon were downregulated when the protein expression of Occludin and Claudin-1 in the colon were upregulated. DOFP exerts significant ameliorating effects on CP and it likely acts by inhibiting LPS/TLR4-associated inflammatory mediator activation and reducing excessive secretion of mucus by repairing the intestinal barrier in CP rats. [Display omitted] • Chronic pharyngitis afflicts a large population; this study aimed to provide a safe and effective solution. • D. officinale flower is an edible medicinal herb, and its polysaccharides demonstrate potential against chronic pharyngitis. • The polysaccharides are likely to ameliorate chronic pharyngitis through the "gut-airway axis". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic pharyngitis is a chronic inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa due to infection, allergy or chronic irritation. Signs and symptoms of chronic pharyngitis include a dry or scratchy feeling in the throat, pain when swallowing and a feeling like a foreign body. Fast food can be described as food that can be prepared, served, and consumed in the shortest amount of time or as food that is consumed quickly. Food that is not prohibited by religious law must be consumed by Muslims. We must also consume good food, which is defined in this context as food that is healthy for the body. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between fast food consumption and the incidence of chronic pharingitis symptoms. Method: This study employs a cross-sectional research design and an analytical observational method to collect all data. The study population consisted of 252 students from the Faculty of Medicine class of 2021 at YARSI University. Data analysis was performed by univariate and bivariate analysis. Result: According to the results of the questionnaire filled out by the 252 respondents who were students in the Faculty of Medicine at YARSI University class of 2021, 43 respondents (19.5%) had the highest percentage of symptoms of chronic pharyngitis after eating fast food. The results of the Chi-square statistical test showed the Continuity Correction value = 0.026 with a pvalue <0.05, result shows a correlation between the frequency of symptoms of chronic pharyngitis and the habit of eating fast food. Conclusion: There is a correlation between fast food consumption and the incidence of chronic pharingitis symptoms in medical student of YARSI university class of 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo explore the effect and mechanism of pharyngeal refreshing pills on an animal model of chronic pharyngitis.MethodsA total of 42 healthy New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into seven groups: control, model, manyanshuning granules (9 g/kg), pharyngeal refreshing pills at low- (0.025 g/kg), medium- (0.05 g/kg), high- (0.1 g/kg) doses, and atomization (0.025 g/kg) groups. Animal models of chronic pharyngitis were established by chemical stimulation in all rabbits except the control group. From the second day after successful modeling, the five treatment groups were administered with manyanshuning granules and different doses of pharyngeal refreshing pills every day, while the control and model groups were fed with white sugar (0.025 g/kg) for 7 days. From the third day after successful modeling, the local condition of the pharyngeal wall of each rabbit was observed every day. Blood samples were collected at the end of drug administration and examined. Histopathological changes in the pharyngeal wall mucosa were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ were detected by flow cytometry. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Western blotting was used to detect the expression of IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α, nuclear factor-κappa B (NF-κB) p65 and NF-κB inhibitor (IκB-α) at the protein level in the pharyngeal wall mucosa. qRT-PCR was used to detect NF-κB p65 and IκB-α mRNA expression in the pharyngeal wall mucosa.ResultsCompared with the control group, the pathological tissues of the posterior pharyngeal mucosa of rabbits with chronic pharyngitis were significantly damaged; the levels of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, and T-AOC were significantly decreased, while the levels of CD8+, IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α, CRP, NF-κB p65, and IκB-α were significantly increased (all P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the pathological injury of pharyngitis could be alleviated to different degrees in the treatment group; the levels of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, and T-AOC in the pharyngeal refreshing pills at high dose and atomization groups were significantly increased, while the levels of CD8+, IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α, CRP, NF-κB p65, and IκB-α were significantly decreased (all P < 0.05). The effect of high-dose pharyngeal refreshing pill administration was better than that of low-dose and middle-dose pharyngeal refreshing pills, and manyanshuning granules.ConclusionThe pharyngeal refreshing pills can significantly improve the inflammatory index of chronic pharyngitis, reduce pathological injury, affect the expression of NF-κB signaling pathway-related factors, and the effect of atomization dose is more obvious.

In modern otorhinolaryngology the use of herbal remedies, so-called clinical homeopathy, is widely used both as a basic and as part of complex therapy. A special place among this category belongs to medicines with secretolytic and mucolytic properties. This is due to the developed mucociliary system of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, which primarily suffers in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Most chemical mucoactive preparations have only one of the three mucosecretolytic effects and have a large number of contraindications. Herbal preparations, such as those containing Myrtol standardized, have secretolytic and mucolytic properties at the same time. Phytopreparations have deservedly occupied a leading place in the treatment of otorhinolaryngological diseases, as they have practically no contraindications and are successfully used in patients with comorbid pathology, children of all age groups and pregnant women. The efficacy of using preparations containing Myrtol standardized in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs and chronic atrophic diseases of the upper respiratory tract has been studied in a number of randomized clinical trials. The authors analysed 21 literature sources, reflecting the results of using mucosecretolytic drugs in otorhinolaryngology. In the complex treatment of acute rhinosinusitis and rhinopharyngitis the use of natural mucosecretolytic drugs significantly reduces the period of disability and avoids bacterial complications in both adult and paediatric practice. Mucolytic and antioxidant properties of preparations containing Myrtol allow for long-term effective therapy of subatrophic and atrophic processes of pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa in elderly patients with comorbid pathology. An analysis of randomised trials has proven the efficacy of plant-based mucosecretolytics in the treatment of not only acute but also chronic upper respiratory tract diseases

Abstract Background Ganluyin (GLY) is a famous classical prescription with a long history of use as a treatment for inflammatory conditions such as chronic pharyngitis (CP) in many parts of China. However, it has not been developed as a modern pharmaceutic and its anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory efficacy of GLY and potential mechanisms in a rat model of CP. Methods The chemical profile of GLY was analyzed by HPLC-UV. We used a mouse model of ear edema and a rat model of paw edema. Specifically, xylene was used to induce edema on the surface of one ear in mice, and carrageenan was injected subcutaneously into the right hind paws of rats to induce paw edema. The paw thickness, ear weight, and ear perfusion were measured and recorded. The CP model in rats was induced by irritating the throat with 5% ammonia and was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of GLY. Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by ELISA in serum, and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65) in the throat were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot to evaluate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of GLY. Hematological assays were also conducted. Results There were four flavonoids identified in GLY: naringin, neohesperidin, baicalin, and wogonoside. The oral administration of GLY showed a significant inhibitory effect on xylene-induced ear swelling and ear blood flow in mice and significantly ameliorated rat right hind paw edema at doses of 6.2 and 12.4 g/kg. Mechanistic studies found that the anti-inflammatory activity of GLY was related to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE2 and that GLY reduced the expression of COX-2 and NF-κB p65 proteins in the throat, attenuated throat injury, and reduced inflammatory exudates. Hematological analysis showed that treatment with GLY prevented increases in white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (NEUT), lymphocyte (LYMPH) and monocyte (MONO) levels. Conclusions These studies indicated that GLY has beneficial anti-inflammatory effects on CP and that it acts through reducing pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE2, as well as decreasing WBC, NEUT, LYMPH and MONO levels and decreasing the expression of COX-2 and NF-κB p65 proteins. These findings may lay the groundwork for further studies of GLY as a suitable candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as CP.

The article covers the new method of diagnostics — microbial markers mass spectrometry in chronic pharyngitis (CPH) with recurrent course. This method is based on quantitative definition of microorganism markers: fatty acids, aldehydes, alcohols and sterols directly in the clinical material (throat smears) in CPH. The technology allows to define, by the level of microbial markers, concentration of 57 microorganisms in the clinical material, within 3 hours after it gets to the laboratory.

The work discusses modern issues of etiopathogenesis, treatment of chronic pharyngitis. The results of the application of a modern method for the diagnosis of mass spectrometry of microbial markers (MSMM), which allows to detect the microorganisms in a biofilm, in a “sleeping state” under the protection of mucin are presented. With the help of this express method, it is possible to conduct a determination of the content in a smear from the pharynx 57 biomarkers of microorganisms at the same time 2 hours after delivery to the laboratory. It was found that 100% of the examined patients with a recurring course of HF (n = 62) increased the total content of microorganisms, which indicates the need for antibacterial therapy; 87% of patients have elevated levels of endotoxin, which is a sign of general intoxication; 71% of patients have reduced plasmalogene content and these patients may be at increased risk for lipid metabolic disturbances; in 100% of the examined patients with frequent exacerbations of CP in the pharynx the nasopharyngeal microflora (coccal) is determined, as well as new etiopathogenetically significant microorganisms (not detected by PCR and cultures), among which there are 7 transient microorganisms (normally in the orifice their level = 0), 11 resident (6- found in the throat in the norm in the minimum level and 5 in the high content). Also, with the help of MSMM, a significant or moderate increase in the content of herpes, cytomegalovirus was detected in the majority (75%) of patients, which indicates the important role of the viruses of the herpes group in the etiopathogenesis in the recurrent course of CP; level of Candida spp. elevated in half of patients; the content of normal microflora is increased in 71% of patients, which indicates the preservation of local resistance in patients with chronic HF, examined by the authors. Thus, the use of MSMM for chronic fever allows to identify new etiopathogenetic microorganisms, on this basis to prescribe a more effective therapy. Thus? it is possible to carry out personified, more effective treatment.

Chronic pharyngitis (CP) is a common disease that is not associated with infections and does not require administration of any systemic antibiotic therapy. Many non-infectious factors cause CP. Despite diversity and variability of factors, the inflammatory process of the pharyngeal mucosa lie at the root of the pathogenesis of CP. A sore throat is the main symptom of this process, which can be successfully relieved with local drugs.

We present results on a time-series study that analyzed the acute effects of six criteria air pollutants on hospital outpatient with chronic pharyngitis (CP) in Xinxiang, China. Data on the concentration of air pollutants and CP outpatient records were collected daily in Xinxiang, China, from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018. This study identified 62,823 outpatients with CP. The annual average concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3 are 75.7, 132.1, 33.2, 48.4, 1377, and 59.4 μg/m3, respectively. Further, a 10 μg/m3 increment in the concentration of PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO corresponds to an increase of 0.28% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03–0.53%), 1.10% (95% CI: 0.09–2.11%), 1.82% (95% CI: 0.84–2.80%), and 0.03% (95% CI: 0.01–0.06%) in daily CP hospital outpatients, respectively. Furthermore, results indicated that outpatients under the age of 15 are more susceptible to the air pollutants, excluding O3. Meanwhile, males might be more susceptible, and effect estimates appear slightly stronger in the cool season. Therefore, we should implement effective measures to manage air pollutants and reinforce protection of the high-risk population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article gives characteristics to the problem of chronic pharyngitis. It describes the lack of modern etiopathogenetic classification, subjective approach to diagnosis, estimates the role of allergic inflammation in the formation of chronic pharyngitis. It was offered a questionnaire revealing the influence of a patient's somatic status on the development of anxiety disorder and depression. We used a diagnostic algorithm for chronic pharyngitis, which includes not only the clinical examination and history, but also a psychosomatic condition questionnaire; CBC, cytological examination of nasal and pharyngeal mucosal secretions, concentration of general and specific IgE; and if necessary, allergy consultation. It can allow an individual approach to the treatment of patients with chronic pharyngitis depending on etiopathogenesis, which will improve their quality of life [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the status of the problem of chronic pharyngitis - the lack of modern etiopathogenetic classification, subjective review approach to diagnosis, etc. The role of allergic inflammation in the formation of chronic pharyngitis was evaluated and the diagnostic algorithm was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To assess the impact of chronic pharyngitis on oral health related quality of life.Methods Consecutive patients with chronic pharyngitis were recruited. 130 patients and 362 healthy controls were investigated by the questionnaire according to the Chinese version of the oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14). Spearman correlation anaylsis and multiple linear regression were performed to analyze the association between OHIP-14 and variables.Results The total OHIP-14 scores of patients with chronic pharyngitis (9.52±7.41) was higher than controls (7.45±7.90), including functional limitations, physical pain subscale, psychological discomfort. Spearman correlation analysis showed that OHIP-14 scores were correlated with age, visual analogue scale (VAS) and the index of decayed-missed-filled teeth (DMFT) (rs=0.238, P=0.01; rs=0.473, P

The results of a prospective open cohort study of the use of platelet-rich plasma (platelet-rich plasma - PRP) in patients with chronic pharyngitis during the exacerbation of the disease are presented., Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of autologous PRP in the treatment of chronic pharyngitis., Material and Methods: Autologous PRP was injected into the posterior pharyngeal wall as a course of endopharyngeal blockages as part of the complex therapy of chronic pharyngitis. Patients in the control group received standard therapy, without the use of autologous PRP. The effectiveness of the studied technique was evaluated by statistical analysis of the intensity of symptoms of the disease, determined by patients throughout the entire period of treatment in the patient's diary, as well as by analyzing data from mass spectrometry of microbial markers and bacteriological examination of the pharyngeal mucosa, collected at the beginning of the study and 14 days after completion of the course of therapy., Conclusion: The use of a course of endopharyngeal blockades with autologous platelet-rich plasma as part of the complex therapy of chronic pharyngitis, according to our estimates, provides a significant effect in the form of higher rates of reduction in the severity of symptoms of the disease, a significant reduction in the number of microorganisms deviating from the reference values (by 2 times or more), a decrease in the duration of the disease compared with the control group.

Aim: This study investigated the molecular action mechanism of a compound herb, also known as the Dendrobium officinale throat-clearing formula (QYF), by using network pharmacology and animal experimental validation methods to treat chronic pharyngitis (CP)., Methods: The active ingredients and disease targets of QYF were determined by searching the Batman-TCM and GeneCards databases. Subsequently, the drug-active ingredient-target and protein-protein interaction networks were constructed, and the core targets were obtained through network topology. The Metascape database was screened, and the core targets were enriched with Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes., Results: In total, 1403 and 241 potential targets for drugs and diseases, respectively, and 81 intersecting targets were yielded. The core targets included TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β, and the core pathways included PI3K-Akt. The QYF treatment group exhibited effectively improved general signs, enhanced anti-inflammatory ability in vitro , reduced serum and tissue expressions of TNF- α, IL-6, and IL-1β inflammatory factors, and decreased blood LPS levels and Myd88, TLR4, PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB p65 protein expression in the tissues., Conclusion: QYF could inhibit LPS production, which regulated the expression of the TLR4/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway to suppress the expression of the related inflammatory factors (i.e., TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), thereby alleviating the CP process., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Chronic pharyngitis (CP) is one of the most common diseases of the oropharynx. The number of referrals from patients with CP reaches 70% of the total number of referrals to an otorhinolaryngologist. The development of this disease is facilitated by the neuro-reflex factor and a violation of trophic and metabolic processes. It should be noted that of all forms of CP, the greatest impact on the quality of life is noted precisely in atrophic pharyngitis (AP), due to the presence of pronounced subjective sensations from the oropharynx. Many of the modern methods of treatment do not provide a lasting effect due only to the application, superficial local effect on the altered mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall, without taking into account the changes caused by a violation of trophic processes in the tissue. A promising direction in the treatment of atrophic pharyngitis is the use of a combined technique - ozone therapy and low-intensity laser therapy. The article presents the results of the application of fine-drip irrigation of the mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall with Ozonide oil in combination with low-intensity laser radiation on the projection of vessels supplying blood to the middle parts of the oropharynx., Objective: Improving the effectiveness of treatment of patients with atrophic pharyngitis through the use of ozone therapy and low-intensity laser therapy., Material and Methods: A single-center experimental controlled randomized open-label study of 90 patients with AP aged 18 and over was conducted. All patients were randomly divided into three groups depending on the treatment performed: group I - traditional treatment method (rinsing the oropharynx with antiseptic solutions, the use of tablets for resorption), group II - treatment with ozone therapy (fine drip irrigation of the mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall with Ozonide oil), group III - treatment with ozone therapy and laser therapy. During the examination of patients, anamnesis collection, examination of ENT organs, cytological and microbiological examination of the mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall, contact endoscopy of the mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall were performed. 5-point visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to assess complaints and pharyngoscopic signs., Results: Our results showed a statistically significant improvement in the quality of life of patients with AP ( p =0.012), an improvement in the pharyngoscopic picture ( p =0.003). The results obtained by us indicate an improvement in microcirculation under the influence of ozone therapy and low-intensity laser radiation. The technique using ozone therapy and low-intensity laser therapy is characterized by a bactericidal and fungicidal effect. There is a decrease in the total contamination of the posterior wall of the oropharynx with pathogenic and saprophytic microflora (there is a decrease in the contamination of the posterior wall of the pharynx with saprophytic and pathogenic microflora ( p ≤0.05), the differences are statistically significant). The technique using ozone therapy and low-intensity laser therapy has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, which was expressed in a decrease in the severity of dyskeratosis and hyperkeratosis. Thus, the use of ozone therapy in combination with laser therapy opens up new prospects for pathogenetically sound and effective treatment of AP.

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According to the Guidelines for clinical comprehensive evaluation of Chinese patent medicine(2022 version), this study comprehensively compared the clinical value of Jinsang Liyan Pills/Capsules with that of another commonly used Chinese patent medicine(drug A).(1)Effectiveness: Jinsang Liyan Pills/Capsules had antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and pain-relieving effects and can improve the total response rate in the treatment of chronic pharyngitis. Moreover, they took effect faster than the control group.(2)Safety: Jinsang Liyan Pills/Capsules did not cause acute toxicity and long-term toxicity, with low incidence of adverse reactions, which were mild and alleviated after drug withdrawal. Therefore, the risk of Jinsang Liyan Pills/Capsules was under control.(3)Economy: Jinsang Liyan Pills/Capsules had lower cost per course of treatment than drug A. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER) of Jinsang Liyan Pills combined with Jinsang Qingyin Pills was-39.97 yuan compared with conventional treatment. The ICER of Jinsang Liyan Pills compared with amoxicilin was 0.01 yuan. The results meant that Jinsang Liyan Pills/Capsules had a cost-effectiveness advantage.(4)Innovation: Jinsang Liyan Pills/Capsules had reasonably formula and wide indications, meeting the clinical needs. Moreover, they had been authorized four patents of advanced manufacturing technology.(5)Suitability: the storage and administration of Jinsang Liyan Pills/Capsules were convenient, with clear instruction of medication.(6) Accessibility: Jinsang Liyan Pills/Capsules had sufficient drug reserve, caused low economic burden of patients, and presented environmental bearing capacity. Finally, Jinsang Liyan Pills/Capsules were scored 79.10 points, and drug A 67.93 points. The experts reached the consensus of grade A for Jinsang Liyan Pills/Capsules, which can be directly converted into decision making. The result of this comprehensive evaluation of Jinsang Liyan Pills/Capsules highlight the clinical advantages in the treatment of chronic pharyngitis and lay a foundation for the standardized research on the clinical basic research of the drug in the future.

Chronic pharyngitis is one of the most common diseases in ENT practice. [1] Experts have not yet come to a consensus on how to treat chronic pharyngitis. The search for combination drugs which are effective in the treatment of chronic pharyngitis is determined, first, by an attempt to prevent polypharmacy and complications caused by treatment, and, second, by the problem of antibiotic resistance. The role of medications with combined action, including the immunomodulating effect, cannot be overestimated. One of the most commonly used drugs today is Tonsilgon® N (Bionorica SE, Germany). [2]

Objective: to study trends in the incidence and prevalence of chronic pharyngitis, nasopharyngitis, sinusitis, and rhinitis (CPNSR) in differentage groups in Moscow and the Russian Federation (RF) in the period 1996 to 2009.Materials and methods. The epidemic significance of CPNSR in Moscow and the RF was estimated, by analyzing the records available in the annual official statistical sources (Form No. 12).Results. The incidence of CPNSR in Moscow in the study period remains lower than those in the RF. Its prevalence among the population in the city and in the country as a whole shows a significant increasing trend. Among the adolescents in both Moscow and the RF, the incidence of CPNSR is higher than that in children and constitutes 24.4 and 31.6 versus 3.3 and 21.8 per 10,000 population, respectively. The childrenand adolescents in the RF are the highest risk groups in the incidence of CPNSR. In 2009, its prevalence rates in Moscow and the RF were 99.5 and 121.3 per 10,000, respectively; which were well above those in 2007 (81.2 and 117.5 per 10,000, respectively).Conclusion. The high incidence and prevalence rates for CPNSR remain high in all population strata in Moscow and the RF, which may be associated with decreased diagnostic alertness and inadequate treatment for upper airway diseases.

Chronic pharyngitis, a common inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa, is often caused by bacteria, viruses, alcohol abuse, overuse of the voice and cigarettes. This study aimed to explore the effects of polysaccharides of Citrus grandis L. Osbeck (PCG) in relieving chronic pharyngitis and illustrate the underlying mechanisms. Polysaccharides were obtained from PCG by column chromatographic extraction. Six clinical symptom scores, such as the severity of itchy throat, hoarseness, pain, odynophagia, cough and otalgia were evaluated in chronic pharyngitis patients after the oral intake of PCG. The effects of polysaccharides on chronic pharyngitis were investigated in ammonia-stimulated rabbits through pathology analysis. The levels of inflammatory markers in the peripheral blood T cells were analyzed by ELISA. The total and phosphorylated levels of ERK1/2, JNK and p38 were assessed by Western blot. Protein amount of IKKα and p65, IKKα/β activity and p65 activity were evaluated by Western blot and luciferase assay. The clinical studies presented that PCG significantly relieved the six symptoms of chronic pharyngitis patients. Pathology analysis of chronic pharyngitis animals showed that the PCG treatment groups showed a significant decrease in the number of pathologic cells and the reduction of pathologic cells was dose-dependent (p < 0.01). ELISA analysis showed that PCG significantly inhibited the αCD3-induced increase of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, Western blot and luciferase assay suggested that the phosphorylation of IKKα/β in peripheral blood T cells was inhibited by the administration of PCG. These results indicate that polysaccharides exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IKKs, subsequently suppressing the NF-κB pathway activation and decreasing the expression of inflammatory mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, doctors of various specialities have been focusing on the problem of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), including its extraesophageal manifestations. GERD can cause recurrent rhinosinusitis, exudative otitis media and pharyngitis which cannot be treated with routine methods. Based on our data, the role of acid-dependent pathology in the pathogenesis of chronic pharyngitis seems undeniable: chronic diseases of the pharynx are found in 58,2% of children suffering from GERD. At the same time, comorbid ENT pathology mainly develops in patients with extraesophageal manifestatoins of GERD, i.e., it is probably conditioned by the penetration of acid refluxate past the common area. This of course should be taken into account when assigning complex treatment which includes not only antireflux but also local elimination and anti-inflammatory therapy.

Copyright of Nursing of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relevance of the problem of chronic inflammatory diseases of the pharynx is due to the significant prevalence of this pathology. Among all forms of chronic pharyngitis, the most adverse effect on the quality of life is observed in chronic athrophic pharyngitis. According to the literature, in this category of patients there are no clear criteria for assessing the functional state and morphological picture of the mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall. Most of the described signs of atrophic pharyngitis are insufficienyly informative, which necessitates further improvement of existing and possible search for new diagnostic methods. Many of the modern methods of treatment do not provide a lasting effect due to the presence of only a local effect on the altered mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall, without taking into account the changes that are caused by a violation of trophic processes in the tissue, which necessitates the search for new effective methods of treating this disease.The review article outlines modern ideas about the methods of diagnosis and treatment of chronic pharyngitis, presents promising areas in the treatment of patients with atrophic pharyngitis. In foreign countries, the term «chronic tonsillopharyngitis» is most often used. Due to the existing difference in terminology, the predominant part of the material on the problem of chronic pharyngitis is presented by domestic literature sources.

Chronic pharyngitis is chronic inflammation that is often caused by repeated occurrences of acute pharyngitis or upper respiratory tract infections, including Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Yanshu spraying agent (Yanshu) in relieving chronic pharyngitis, as well as the possible underlying mechanisms. The results revealed that Yanshu inhibited chronic inflammation in ammonia-induced chronic pharyngitis in rabbits and cotton pellet-induced granuloma tissue formation in rats. Yanshu also demonstrated antibacterial effects on Streptococcus and Staphylococcus in vitro. Yanshu did not exhibit any effects on the immune system, including the spleen and thymus indexes, immunocyte count and monocyte-macrophage function, when compared with the effects of dexamethasone. Therefore, the results of the present study indicate that Yanshu may relieve chronic pharyngitis via its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the role of atypical organism such as Chlamydiphila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Fusobacterium necrophorum in the etiology of chronic pharyngitis in India. It mentions the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test to identify the role of immunoglobulin A (IgA)and IgC antibodies to C pneumoniae, M pneumoniae, and Fusobacterium. It argues on the need for further studies on the association of antibodies with atypical organism and chronic pharyngitis.

Foreign body sensation of the pharynx is a common complaint in otolaryngologic practice. The definite cause of this symptom is seldom precisely diagnosed, leading to chronic pharyngitis. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between lump in throat and cervical degenerative disease by their clinical symptoms and the associated image characteristics. All patients with or without the complaint of lump in throat who attended the otolaryngologic clinics of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center from January 2009 to May 2010 were prospectively eligible for this study. A total of 225 patients who met the inclusion criteria were assigned to either the study group (150 patients with symptoms of lump in the throat) or the control group (75 individuals without symptoms). All patients received plain views of the cervical lateral neck. The study group underwent further diagnostic examinations, including esophagography to exclude other diseases. Symptom scores (range, 0-3) and imaging characteristics such as the number (total spurs) and location (C level) of cervical osteophytes, interspace narrowing, spondylolisthesis, and retrolisthesis were compared between the two groups. It was found that the study group had a significantly greater number of total spurs ( P < 0.001), and C45, C56, and C67 were the predominant sites, with significant odds ratios of more than 2 at all these levels. Only C67 revealed a difference in interspace narrowing, and only C45 showed a difference in spondylolisthesis between groups. Hence, a high correlation was found between the lump-in-throat sensation and total number of spurs, especially at the levels of C45, C56, and C67. This result implied that cervical osteophytes might be associated with foreign body sensations of the pharynx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic pharyngitis, a chronic inflammation of the pharyngeal mucous membrane and submucous lymphoid tissues, is often caused by unsatisfactory treatment of acute pharyngitis or repeated occurrences of upper respiratory tract infection and is related to a high-dust environment. Traditional herbal pharmacotherapy is well known for combining plant species to create complex phytochemical mixtures in the attempt to ameliorate pathophysiological processes. The aim of current study is to investigate the effect of immunoregulation and anti-inflammation with the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) 'Li-Yan Zhi-Ke Granule' in rats. Determination of serum hemolysin and the carbon particle clearance test were performed. The results demonstrate that administration of the TCM 'Li-Yan Zhi-Ke Granule' may improve the effect of phagocytosis by mononuclear macrophages and immune function in rats, and may also increase the immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory responses of rats with chronic pharyngitis. This traditional drug could relieve the symptoms of sore throat and cough in rats with chronic pharyngitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recurrent or chronic "non specific pharyngitis" is one of the most common complaints of adults treated in an outpatient setting and it is a disease without a certain aetiology, but with many probable causes which can be of bacterial or viral nature, but incidence of atypical microorganism infection, such as Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), Mycoplasma hoininis (Mh) and Ureaplasina urealyticum (Uu) is believed to be on the rise. The increase is correlated above all to sexual behavior and to diffusion of new microbiological diagnostic methods, such as PCR. From 840 patients affected by recurrent episodes of chronic pharyngeal phlogosis and examined from 2006 to 2008, we selected 67 patients, 37 women and 30 men. On the basis of molecular and cultural analysis, 85.07% of patients were positive to Ct, and 89.55% were positive to Mollicutes (Mh+Uu), showing a vast overlapping of co-infections of Uu and Mh. Our data indicated a higher rate of infection by atypical microorganism in selected patients affected by chronic pharyngitis. It is important to suspect this aetiology during recurrent chronic pharingitis because patients with these oropharingeal infections, must be considered as carriers and the correct treatment, only possible after exact diagnosis, is above all necessary to prevent fearful complications in other body areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy and safety of Dextromethorphan hydrobromide capsules and fumaric acid azithromycin in treatment of chronic pharyngitis. METHODS:156 patients with chronic pharyngitis admitted into the Second People's Hospital of Jingzhou from Apr. 2013 to Oct. 2014 were selected as the research objects, who were divided into observation group and control group via the random number table, with 78 cases in each group. The control group were treated with fumaric acid azithromycin, while the observation group additionally received Dextromethorphan hydrobromide capsules based on the control group. The total effect and incidence of adverse reactions of the two groups were observed. RESULTS:The total effective rate of observation group was higher than that of control group [ (92.31%, 72/78)VS (74.4%, 58/78], the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Also, the incidence of adverse reactions in observation group was 12.82%(10/78), and in control group was 10.26%(8/78), there were no significant difference between two groups (P>0.05 ). CONCLUSIONS: Dextromethorphan hydrobromide capsules combined with azithromycin fumarate in treatment of chronic pharyngitis can effectively eliminate the pharyngeal inflammation and relieve throat discomfort with few adverse reactions, it is worthy of clinical promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]