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Objective: The correlation between crestal bone loss at teeth and probing pocket depth (PPD) has been established. Whether these findings can also be applied to implants is not known. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between crestal bone loss and PPD at teeth and implants. Method and materials: Thirty-one periodontitis-susceptible patients were rehabilitated with fixed implant-supported single crowns and fixed partial dentures. Each patient was examined over a 5- to 20-year period in a 3- to 6-month strict recall program. At each session, periodontal clinical parameters were recorded at teeth and implants. In addition, standardized periapical radiographs were taken after superstructure insertion (baseline) and then at 1,3,5,10,15, and 20 years. Results: The survival rate of implants (94.0%) and teeth (97.3%) did not significantly differ in all patients after 20 years (P = .68). Almost all patients had a PPD >5 mm at implants and teeth throughout the observation period. The crestal bone loss at implants and teeth increased continuously, especially in patients with advanced periodontitis, without a correlation with PPD. A few patients (n = 5) had a PPD>5 mm and annual bone loss >0.2 mm at one implant, with a correlation between bone loss and PPD. Conclusion: In healthy implants and teeth, moderate crestal bone loss is present without correlation with PPD. A few patients showed progressive crestal bone loss at only one implant, with a correlation with PPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of combining professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) with probiotics compared to PMPR + placebo on probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Randomized controlled trials published until November 2023 were searched across electronic databases, peer-reviewed journals, and grey literature. Two authors independently selected, extracted data, and assessed bias risk. Primary outcomes were mean changes in PPD and CAL. Secondary outcomes included mean changes in bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index, and colony-forming units. Network meta-analysis with the frequentist weighted least squares approach evaluated the data quantitatively, and CINeMA framework evaluated the quality of evidence. In 33 articles involving 1290 patients, results were stratified by follow-up period (short and long-time studies) and sensitivity analyses conducted based on probiotic therapy duration (1 month reference). Network meta-analysis revealed significant mean differences in PPD for nine probiotic interventions, CAL for eighteen interventions, and BOP for eight interventions, with Lactobacillus demonstrating the most substantial effects. Combining PMPR with probiotics as adjuvants to subgingival instrumentation may be more effective in improving PPD and CAL. Lactobacillus emerged as the most comprehensive and effective among the studied probiotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) plays an essential function in leukocytes and endothelial homeostasis and, therefore, in the development of chronic periodontitis. Methods: The study enrolled 150 participants, 50 chronic periodontitis with head and neck cancer post radiotherapy (CP + HNC post-RT) patients, 50 chronic periodontitis (CP) without HNC patients, and 50 healthy controls. Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Plaque Index (PI), and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) were recorded. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was constructed to quantify serum (suPAR) levels. Results: Stage and grade of periodontitis were stage III-IV, grade C in patients (CP + HNC post-RT), stage I-III, grade A/B in patients (CP without HNC), and absent in (healthy). Chronic periodontitis with HNC post-RT patients presented a significantly higher proportion of suPAR levels (506.7 pg/ml) compared to chronic periodontitis without HNC and healthy controls (423.08 pg/ml and 255.9 pg/ml), respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between serum suPAR levels and CAL, PPD, PI, and GBI in the periodontal disease groups. ROC results of suPAR (AUC = 0.976 for CP + HNC post-RT, AUC = 0.872 for CP without HNC). Hyposalivation appeared in patients (CP + HNC post-RT; 0.15 [0.11–0.23] ml/min, P = 0.001) and (CP without HNC; 0.30 [0.25–0.41] ml/min, P = 0.001), compared to healthy controls; 0.35 [0.28–0.54] ml/min, P = 0.001). Conclusion: The study showed a significant elevation in serum suPAR levels in CP + HNC post-RT patients compared to the CP without HNC and control groups. Clinical trial registration: The study was registered retrospectively; clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT06529588. Date of registration: July 31, 2024 https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06529588. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of serum Klotho, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). Methods: 108 patients with CP (CP group) who admitted to our hospital from January 2022 to June 2023 were selected, and 92 patients with oral health who underwent ultrasonic tooth cleaning in our hospital during the same period were selected (control group), CP patients were divided into mild group (55 cases) and moderate to severe group (53 cases) according to the severity of CP. The levels of serum Klotho, FGF23, IGF-1, inflammatory factors interleukin (IL) -6, IL-1ẞ and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) in CP group and control group were detected, and the periodontal clinical indicators of probing depth (PD), attachment loss (CAL) and bleeding index (BI) in CP group were examined. The correlation between serum Klotho, FGF23, IGF-1 and periodontal clinical indicators and inflammatory factors were analyzed by Pearson method. The value of serum Klotho, FGF23 and IGF-1 in the diagnosis of CP were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: The levels of serum FGF23, IL-6, IL-1ẞ and TNF-a in CP group were higher than those in control group (P < 0.05) and the levels of serum Klotho and IGF-1 were lower than those in control group (P < 0.05) The levels of serum FGF23, IL-6, IL-1B, TNF-α, PD, CAL and BI in moderate to severe group were higher than those in mild group (P < 0.05) and the levels of serum Klotho and IGF-1 were lower than those in mild group (P < 0.05) The level of serum FGF23 of CP patients was positively correlated with IL-6, IL-1B, TNF-α, PD, CAL and BI (P < 0.05) and the serum Klotho and IGF-1 levels were negatively correlated with IL-6, IL-1B, TNF-α, PD, CAL and BI (P < 0.05) The area under the curve of serum Klotho, FGF23 and IGF-1 in the diagnosis of CP was 0.819, 0.816 and 0.861, respectively, the area under the curve of the combined diagnosis of the three indexes was 0.978, which was higher than that of the single diagnosis of each index. Conclusion: The increase of serum FGF23 level, and the decrease of Klotho and IGF-1 levels in CP patients are related to the occurrence of periodontal inflammation and tissue destruction, the combined detection of serum Klotho, FGF23 and IGF-1 has high value in the diagnosis of CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental implant restoration shows an effective method for the rehabilitation of missing teeth. The failure rate of periodontal implants in patients with chronic periodontitis is associated with periodontal flora, inflammation, and long-term periodontal bone resorption caused by chronic periodontitis. However, the therapeutic effects of dental implant restoration on inflammation in patients with chronic periodontitis have not addressed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk indicators for inflammation, bone loss and implant failure in patients with chronic periodontitis. A total of 284 patients with dental implant restoration were recruited and divided into periodontally healthy patients (n = 128) and chronic periodontitis patients (n = 156). Periodontal indices including probing depth (PD), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), plaque index (PLI), gingival bleeding (GIL) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were compared in two groups. Inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels at baseline, 6 and 12 months after surgery, and the implant survival rate at 12 months after surgery, as well as the risk factors associated with failure of dental implant were also assessed. Outcomes demonstrated that patients in the chronic periodontitis group had higher values of periodontal indices than those in the periodontally healthy group. All inflammatory parameters in the chronic periodontitis group were higher than those in the periodontally healthy group and negatively associated with the chronic periodontal index (CPI) in chronic periodontitis patients. Chronic periodontitis patients had higher the prevalence of mucositis and peri-implantitis than patients with healthy periodontium. Implant diameter, length and design was associated with the risk of implant failure for chronic periodontitis patients receiving dental implant. The cumulative implant failure rate and incidence of implant fractures for chronic periodontitis patients at 12 months after surgery were 12.10% and 7.23% (p < 0.05), respectively, while were lower in the heathy periodontitis patients. Location, diameter, implant design, immediate loading and bone defect were risk indicators for bone loss for dental implant patients. The risk factors associated with failure of dental implant was higher in chronic periodontitis patients than patients in the periodontally healthy group (14.25% vs. 4.92%, p < 0.05). In conclusion, data in the current study indicate that inflammation is a risk indicator bone loss, implant fracture and implant failure in patients with chronic periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human oral cavity contains over 700 types of bacteria that may protect the body against colonization by exogenous pathogens and maintain relative homeostasis. However, alterations in the immune status can disrupt the balance between microorganisms and the host, inducing various diseases such as oral cancer and diabetes mellitus. The mechanism underlying this process is not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between subgingival bacteria, T-cell receptor β-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (TCRβ CDR3), and the development oforal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We grouped patients as “healthy periodontal” (H), “moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis” (C), and “moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis with OSCC” (T). Bacterial groups were “subgingival plaque” (bp) and “gingival/tumor tissue” (g). We also recorded patients’ age, gender, attachment level (AL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD). We extracted and sequenced RNA from plaques, gingival tissues, tumors, and teeth. We performed high-throughput sequencing on TCRβ CDR3 and plaque bacteria.Synergistetes and Veillonella parvula were more abundant in the H group than in the T group. Granulicatella, Peptostreptococcus, and Streptococcus infantis were enriched in the T-bp group. AL, BOP, and PD were positively correlated with Granulicatella, Peptostreptococcus, and Pseudomonas but negatively correlated with Prevotella nigrescens and V. parvula. TCRβ CDR3 diversity was C > H > T. TCR β-chain Variable gene (TRBV)20-1 usage varied among the H, C, and T groups. TRBV2 and TRBV5-1 usage was greater in the T group than in the C group. TRBJ1-1, TRBJ1-2, TRBJ2-2, TRBJ2-7, and TRBJ2-5 were most frequently used. These trends and the reduction of gingival Synergistetes were correlated with OSCC. TCRβ CDR3 diversity was the lowest in patients in the T group, and there were considerable changes in the expression of TRBV2 and TRBJ. Therefore, plaque bacterial composition can influence TCRβ CDR3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to explore the correlation between the Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) 1171 5A/6A gene polymorphism and susceptibility to Chronic Periodontitis (CP). Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) without any time or language limitations. The selection criteria included case-control studies examining the association between the MMP-3 gene polymorphism and CP. The data were independently extracted and cross-checked by two reviewers. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of the studies. Statistical heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed. Results: Five studies, published between 2004 and 2019, met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. No significant association was observed between MMP-3 gene polymorphism and CP susceptibility across all subjects in the four gene models. However, subgroup analysis revealed significant differences based on genotyping methods and smoking habits. Using PCR-RFLP genotyping method, the allele and additive models showed a positive correlation with the risk of CP (5A vs 6A, OR=1.12, 95%CI (1.02~ 1.23); 5A5A vs 6A6A, OR=2.85, 95%CI (1.61~4.86)). In contrast, using Sanger sequencing method, the 5A mutation appeared to reduce CP susceptibility (5A vs 6A, OR=0.77, 95%CI (0.67~0.87); 5A5A vs 6A6A, OR= 0.20, 95%CI (0.09~0.42)). Moreover, smoking habits appeared to modulate the risk. Among smokers, the 5A mutation increased susceptibility to CP, while among nonsmokers it decreased. Conclusions: While no significant correlation was found in the overall population, the stratified analysis revealed nuanced relationships contingent on genotyping methods and smoking habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: There is a relative lack of evidence from observational studies of older populations investigating the association between chronic periodontitis and cerebro‐cardiovascular diseases. Accordingly, we investigated the risk of cerebro‐cardiovascular diseases according to the severity of chronic periodontitis among older adults. Methods: Data on older adults with chronic periodontitis were extracted from the Korea National Health Insurance Service‐Senior Cohort Database using diagnosis codes and dental procedures. Participants were divided into two exposure groups. Among 46 737 participants eligible for inclusion, 21 905 (46.9%) had newly diagnosed mild chronic periodontitis, and 24 832 (53.1%) had newly diagnosed severe chronic periodontitis. To determine the risk of cerebro‐cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, and myocardial infarction, multivariable‐adjusted Cox proportional hazards modelling was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in this retrospective follow‐up study. Results: A total of 3453 (7.4%) outcomes were identified during a mean follow‐up of 6.1 years. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that disease‐free probability was lower in the severe group than in the mild group (log‐rank P <.001). In the multivariable‐adjusted model, the HR for cerebro‐cardiovascular diseases in the severe group (relative to the mild group) was 1.16 (95% CI: 1.09–1.25). In individual outcome analysis, ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction were associated with chronic periodontitis severity, but haemorrhagic stroke was not. Conclusion: The severity of chronic periodontitis could be associated with the risk of cerebro‐cardiovascular diseases in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of combining professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) with probiotics compared to PMPR + placebo on probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Randomized controlled trials published until November 2023 were searched across electronic databases, peer-reviewed journals, and grey literature. Two authors independently selected, extracted data, and assessed bias risk. Primary outcomes were mean changes in PPD and CAL. Secondary outcomes included mean changes in bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index, and colony-forming units. Network meta-analysis with the frequentist weighted least squares approach evaluated the data quantitatively, and CINeMA framework evaluated the quality of evidence. In 33 articles involving 1290 patients, results were stratified by follow-up period (short and long-time studies) and sensitivity analyses conducted based on probiotic therapy duration (1 month reference). Network meta-analysis revealed significant mean differences in PPD for nine probiotic interventions, CAL for eighteen interventions, and BOP for eight interventions, with Lactobacillus demonstrating the most substantial effects. Combining PMPR with probiotics as adjuvants to subgingival instrumentation may be more effective in improving PPD and CAL. Lactobacillus emerged as the most comprehensive and effective among the studied probiotic.

Introduction: When there is significant furcation involvement, mechanical debridement without surgery can cause the disease to progressively worsen. To halt the disease process, surgery allows for odontoplasty, root debridement, osseous recontouring, and periodontal regeneration while preserving periodontal attachment. Need of the Study: In cases of furcation deficiencies, periodontal regeneration with different bone grafts is an effective method to both replace lost bone tissue and slow down the progression of the disease. In osseous abnormalities, the additive actions and features of Cissus Quadrangularis (CQ) demonstrate improved healing. Thus, the purpose of present clinical trial is to determine whether the combination of CQ, when utilised locally and systemically, is efficacious for the management of Class II furcation defects. Aim: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of CQ (Hadjod) used locally, systemically, and in combination as an adjunct to osteon II with Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) for the management of Class II furcation defects. Methodology: A randomised clinical trial will be conducted in the Department of Periodontics at Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DMIHER), Wardha, Maharashtra, India from April 2024 to March 2026. A total 60 systemically healthy individuals with Class II furcation invasions, either buccal or lingual, and moderate to severe chronic periodontitis will be selected. The study population will be categorised into three interventional groups and one control group as follows: Group A: Control group (n=15) will be treated with osteon II + PRF membrane + antibiotic coverage for Class II furcation defects, Group B: (n=15) will be treated with osteon II + PRF membrane + CQ graft (locally) for Class II furcation defects + antibiotic coverage, Group C: (n=15) will be treated with osteon II + PRF membrane + systemic dosage of CQ for Class II furcation defects + antibiotic coverage, Group D: (n=15) will be treated with osteon II + PRF membrane + CQ graft (locally) + systemic dosage of CQ for Class II furcation defects + antibiotic coverage. The data will be analysed and calculated using the Student’s t-test, with a significance level of less than 0.05.

Abstract Background The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) plays an essential function in leukocytes and endothelial homeostasis and, therefore, in the development of chronic periodontitis. Methods The study enrolled 150 participants, 50 chronic periodontitis with head and neck cancer post radiotherapy (CP + HNC post-RT) patients, 50 chronic periodontitis (CP) without HNC patients, and 50 healthy controls. Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Plaque Index (PI), and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) were recorded. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was constructed to quantify serum (suPAR) levels. Results Stage and grade of periodontitis were stage III-IV, grade C in patients (CP + HNC post-RT), stage I-III, grade A/B in patients (CP without HNC), and absent in (healthy). Chronic periodontitis with HNC post-RT patients presented a significantly higher proportion of suPAR levels (506.7 pg/ml) compared to chronic periodontitis without HNC and healthy controls (423.08 pg/ml and 255.9 pg/ml), respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between serum suPAR levels and CAL, PPD, PI, and GBI in the periodontal disease groups. ROC results of suPAR (AUC = 0.976 for CP + HNC post-RT, AUC = 0.872 for CP without HNC). Hyposalivation appeared in patients (CP + HNC post-RT; 0.15 [0.11–0.23] ml/min, P = 0.001) and (CP without HNC; 0.30 [0.25–0.41] ml/min, P = 0.001), compared to healthy controls; 0.35 [0.28–0.54] ml/min, P = 0.001). Conclusion The study showed a significant elevation in serum suPAR levels in CP + HNC post-RT patients compared to the CP without HNC and control groups. Clinical trial registration The study was registered retrospectively; clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT06529588. Date of registration: July 31, 2024 https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06529588 .

Abstract Dental implant restoration shows an effective method for the rehabilitation of missing teeth. The failure rate of periodontal implants in patients with chronic periodontitis is associated with periodontal flora, inflammation, and long-term periodontal bone resorption caused by chronic periodontitis. However, the therapeutic effects of dental implant restoration on inflammation in patients with chronic periodontitis have not addressed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk indicators for inflammation, bone loss and implant failure in patients with chronic periodontitis. A total of 284 patients with dental implant restoration were recruited and divided into periodontally healthy patients (n = 128) and chronic periodontitis patients (n = 156). Periodontal indices including probing depth (PD), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), plaque index (PLI), gingival bleeding (GIL) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were compared in two groups. Inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels at baseline, 6 and 12 months after surgery, and the implant survival rate at 12 months after surgery, as well as the risk factors associated with failure of dental implant were also assessed. Outcomes demonstrated that patients in the chronic periodontitis group had higher values of periodontal indices than those in the periodontally healthy group. All inflammatory parameters in the chronic periodontitis group were higher than those in the periodontally healthy group and negatively associated with the chronic periodontal index (CPI) in chronic periodontitis patients. Chronic periodontitis patients had higher the prevalence of mucositis and peri-implantitis than patients with healthy periodontium. Implant diameter, length and design was associated with the risk of implant failure for chronic periodontitis patients receiving dental implant. The cumulative implant failure rate and incidence of implant fractures for chronic periodontitis patients at 12 months after surgery were 12.10% and 7.23% (p

Background: Chronic periodontitis (CP) and allergic rhinitis (AR) have attracted wide attention as global public health problems with high incidence. Recent studies have shown that circulating interleukin-27 (IL-27) is associated with the risk of CP and AR. The aim of this study is to analyze the causal effect between them using Mendelian randomization (MR) Methods: Bidirectional MR analyses were performed with the use of publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. Summary data on circulating IL-27, CP, and AR published in genome-wide association studies were collected. Instrumental variables (IV) were extracted using assumptions of correlation, independence and exclusivity as criteria. inverse variance weighting (IVW) was used as the main method, combined with weighted median method (WM) and MR-egger and other MR analysis methods for causal inference of exposure and outcome. Cochran's Q and MR-egger intercept were used for sensitivity analysis Results: The IVW study showed a causal effect between increased circulating IL-27 levels and increased risk of CP (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.02-1.26, p = .020). Similarly, the increase of circulating IL-27 level had a causal effect on the decreased risk of aR (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.80-0.97, p = .012). In addition, IVW study found that there was a causal between the increased risk of cP and circulating IL-27 level (OR = 1.05, 95%ci = 1.01-1.10, p = .016). However, there was no significant causal relationship between the risk of AR and circulating Il-27 levels (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.91-1.02, p = .209). No significant heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy was found in sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: There is a causal effect between circulating IL-27 level and CP, AR, which will help to find new ideas and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of CP and AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis, highly virulent bacteria, is said to play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Chronic periodontitis (CP) is a microbial-induced inflammatory disease leading to tooth loss if undetected and untreated. RA is a systemic inflammatory disease affecting the joints with subsequent morbidity and mortality. These two diseases share a common pathobiology. Although the presence of P. gingivalis has been investigated as a bridging link between these two diseases, its quantification has not been fully elicited. Hence, this case–control study primarily aimed at quantifying P. gingivalis using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and secondarily assess the influence of age and gender on the clinical and biochemical parameters of these two diseases. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 51 patients divided into two age groups, i.e., 35–55 and 55–76 years. Twenty-five patients belonged to the test group (RA with CP) and 26 to the control group (CP without RA). Both the groups were analyzed for quantification of P. gingivalis using the qPCR technique along with periodontal and biochemical parameters. The study also analyzed the influence of age and gender on clinical characteristics. Results: P. gingivalis count was exponentially raised in younger females having CP with RA. Age had no effect on clinical variables in CP patients with and without RA. However, gender comparison revealed RA factor and erythrocyte sedimentation rate to be more sensitive for females with significant relationship. Conclusion: P. gingivalis count increased exponentially in CP patients with RA compared to those without RA. Younger females harbored more P. gingivalis.

Abstract Background Activation of the IL-33/ST2 axis leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and thus to the triggering of osteoclastogenesis, which is why it plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis. The aim of this study was to compare IL-33 levels in serum, plasma, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of subjects with chronic periodontitis (CP) in comparison with the control group (CG). Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and was registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF): https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/YHUWA . Six electronic databases were used for study identification; PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus and Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source from March 10, 2012 to April 30, 2024. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool was used to assess the quality of the included cross-sectional articles and clinical trials. Results Of the 949 articles identified, 14 were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The total number of individuals studied in the included investigations was 814 of whom 445 had CP and 369 were healthy. The reported age range was from 20 to 50 years, with a mean age ± standard deviation of 40.29 ± 7.83 years. Four hundred and twenty-six (52%) patients were men and 388 (48%) were women. Meta-analysis revealed that there is an increase in IL-33 levels in plasma, saliva and GCF of subjects with CP compared to CG (p = *

Background: Periodontal ligament-associated protein-1 (PLAP-1)/asporin is an extracellular matrix protein that plays a protective role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. There is a paucity of information about the association between PLAP-1/asporin and periodontitis in human PDL. Thus, in this study, PLAP-1/asporin levels between participants with healthy periodontium and chronic periodontitis were compared and correlated with periodontal parameters. Materials and Methods: Fifty participants were recruited and divided into 25 in each group: Group 1 (control) and Group 2 (test). Probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded. Periodontal ligament (PDL) samples were collected from extracted teeth for estimating PLAP-1/asporin levels using the Human Asporin Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay Kit. Results: A statistically significant difference (P = 0.001) in the PLAP-1/asporin levels was observed between Group 1 and Group 2. A weak negative correlation was observed between PLAP-1/asporin levels and periodontal parameters (PPD and CAL) in both groups. Conclusion: In this study, higher PLAP-1/asporin levels in participants with healthy periodontium highlight the protective role of PLAP-1/asporin in maintaining periodontal homeostasis.

Abstract Background This study aims to explore the bidirectional causal relationship between immune cell phenotypes and chronic periodontitis using a Mendelian randomization framework. Materials and methods Through a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis, this research examined genetic data related to 731 immune cell traits and chronic periodontitis. Instrumental variables were chosen based on their genetic links to either immune traits or periodontitis. Various statistical techniques, including MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and inverse-variance weighted (IVW) analysis, were employed to determine the causal connections. Results Predominantly using the IVW method, 26 distinct immune phenotypes were identified as potentially influencing periodontitis (P

Background: Periodontal ailments cause a quantum leap in the biomarker profile of the saliva. This profile is, in fact, the epiphany of the scale and extent of the disease. Both gingivitis and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory diseases with a step-grade progression. The study aimed to determine the response of the host in these conditions by analyzing concentrations of salivary mucin and total protein activity, before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Materials and Methods: Sixty adult subjects were clinically examined and divided into three groups (n = 20) according to the clinical assessment and categorized as Group I (healthy), Group II (gingivitis), and Group III (chronic periodontitis). Whole saliva was collected, and salivary mucin and total protein levels were quantitatively measured at baseline in all the groups and additionally after NSPT in Groups II and III. Results: Levels of mucin and total protein increased in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. There was a slight decline in mucin levels in periodontitis patients in comparison with the gingivitis group. A positive correlation was found between the respective clinical parameters of both the groups along with their levels of salivary mucin and total protein. It indicated that the response of salivary glands to increase their protective potential caused the change among the groups. Conclusion: Periodontal diseases induce an increase in the levels of mucins and proteins, which is believed as the action of the salivary glands to protect the oral cavity and put off the chaos caused by the microorganisms.

Background: Periodontitis is a multifactorial, polymicrobial oral inflammatory illness brought on by oral pathogens. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative, obligatory anaerobic, black-pigmented coccobacillus and is regarded as a primary etiological factor in the progression of periodontitis. Rapid, highly senstitive and specific detection methods are emerging. The present study aimed to evaluate the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique for efficiently detecting P. gingivalis from subgingival plaque samples of chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: This study included 50 subgingival plaque samples from patients suffering from chronic periodontitis. The DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) was extracted by the “modified proteinase K” method. A set of six primers, targeting the pepO gene of P. gingivalis, was used for conducting LAMP. The amplification was visualized by naked-eye detection and agarose electrophoresis. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time qantitative PCR (qPCR) were carried out by targeting the 16SrRNA (16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene of P. gingivalis. Results: The results showed that LAMP detected P. gingivalis in 40 out of 50 samples (80%). Whereas, qPCR and conventional PCR technique detected P. gingivalis in 38 (76%) and 33 (66%) samples respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the LAMP method were 94.87% and 90.90%, respectively. With qPCR, the sensitivity and specificity were found to be 92.30% and 81.81%, respectively, whereas, with conventional PCR, it was found to be 76.92% and 72.72%, respectively. Conclusion: LAMP is an efficient technique for quick, accurate, and reliable identification of P. gingivalis from subgingival plaque samples. The technique needs to be validated analytically, and further studies can be conducted by taking saliva and/or gingival crevicular fluid samples from periodontitis patients.

Introduction: The disruptions in the ectodermal layer during intrauterine growth in the process of the formation of epidermal ridges can be linked to the association between dermatoglyphics and abnormalities of the tooth and periodontium. Given the genetic linkage of periodontal disease this study was hypothesized at observing the association of chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and individuals with healthy periodontium as per the 1999 AAP classification of periodontitis with their fingerprint patterns and ridge count. Materials and Methods: Patients belonging to an age cohort of 18–50 who visited the department of periodontics and implantology were included in the study. Patients’ periodontal status was determined and was enrolled in the study. A total of 114 subjects were compared, where 38 subjects belonged to the individual group of periodontal condition that are designated as Group A (healthy), Group B (chronic periodontitis), and Group C (aggressive periodontitis). A total of 1140 fingerprints were collected. They were analyzed and classified according to their patterns and also the ridges were counted. Results: The comparison between three groups showed a statistically significant difference between increased percentage frequency of radial loops (28%) in chronic periodontitis and plain whorls (26.3%) in aggressive periodontitis. There was a significant difference between ridge count among all the three groups, the highest being in healthy and the least between aggressive periodontal conditions. Conclusion: Observations of the study show that there was a difference in fingerprint pattern between patients of all the three periodontal conditions indicating a link between epidermal ridges and condition of periodontium.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunct to subgingival scaling and root planning in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Methods This study followed medical ethics guidelines, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. Sixteen patients were recruited for this randomized split-mouth controlled trial. The control group underwent subgingival scaling and root planning (SRP), while the experimental group received subgingival scaling and root planing plus aPDT treatment using Perowave® with a toluidine blue O solution photosensitizer. The probing pocket depth (PD), recession, plaque index (PLI), bleeding index (BI) and proportion of positive sites of bleeding on probing (BOP) (BOP%) at all sites were examined at baseline (before treatment) and at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment. Results Follow-up was completed for 13 patients. On the control side, 356 teeth were tested at 2 136 sites. A total of 360 teeth on the test side and 2 160 sites were included in the study. Before treatment, there was no significant difference in the baseline indicators between the two groups. After treatment, both groups showed significant improvement in clinical parameters, including PD, PLI, BI, and BOP%,compared with baseline. At 3 months, the BOP% and PLI in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (PP

Objective To explore the relationship between serum leucine 2-rich glycoprotein 1 （LRG1）， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） with periodontal indicators and periodontal lesions degree in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） and chronic periodontitis （CP）. Methods 112 patients with T2DM combined with CP admitted to our hospital from July 2022 to July 2023 （T2DM combined with CP group） were selected and categorized into mild， moderate， and severe groups according to the degree of periodontal pathology； 112 patients with CP alone （CP group） were selected from our hospital during the same period， and then 112 patients with T2DM alone （T2DM group） were selected； and LRG1， LDH， and periodontal indexes were measured； Pearson method was applied to analyze the correlation between serum LRG1， LDH， and periodontal indicators. The influencing factors of severe T2DM combined with CP were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. ROC curve was plotted to analyze the diagnostic value of serum LRG1 and LDH for severe T2DM combined with CP. Results The levels of LRG1 and LDH in the CP group， T2DM group， and T2DM combined with CP group increased sequentially （P < 0.05）. The levels of serum LRG1， LDH， AL， PD， and BI increased sequentially in the mild， moderate， and severe groups （P < 0.05）. According to Pearson correlation analysis， serum LRG1 was positively correlated with LDH （P < 0.05）. Serum LRG1 and LDH were positively correlated with AL， PD， and BI （P < 0.05）. According to logistic regression analysis， LRG1， LDH， AL， PD， and BI were all factors for severe T2DM combined with CP （P < 0.05）. According to the ROC curve， the AUC for the combined diagnosis of serum LRG1 and LDH in severe T2DM with CP was 0.910， and the combination of the two was better than their individual diagnosis （Z combination vs LRG1= 2.659， Z combination vs LDH=2.627， P < 0.05）. Conclusion LRG1 and LDH are greatly elevated in the serum of patients with T2DM combined with CP， and they are related to periodontal indicators and the periodontal lesions degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the common central nervous system diseases, but it can cause dysfunction in other organs such as periodontal tissues. However, it has not been as noticeable. This report aimed to present a 44‐year‐old patient with severe chronic periodontitis, and sudden teeth loss since the diagnosis of MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The present study aimed to assess and compare the effect of Morus alba and chlorhexidine gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in treating stage II periodontitis. Methods: A single‐blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted on 180 patients with stage II periodontitis who received full‐mouth SRP. They were randomly assigned to receive chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) gel, Morus alba (MA) and placebo gel for Groups A, B and C, respectively, at the baseline, 15 days and 30 days. Plaque index (PI), Gingival index (GI), periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and quantitative analysis (culture) of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia were assessed at baseline and 45 days. Analysis of variance was used to compare the significant difference in PI, GI, PPD and microbiological parameters between the three groups after the intervention, followed by post hoc Mann–Whitney U and Tukey's HSD test for clinical and microbiological parameters, respectively. Results: Intergroup comparison of the PI, GI and microbiological parameters between the MA and CHX groups at the end of 45 days did not show a statistically significant difference (p > 0.05), whereas a statistically significant difference was observed for PPD between MA and CHX groups with the mean difference of 0.18 mm (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Morus alba gel was found to be effective in decreasing PPD. However, there was no difference between Morus alba and chlorhexidine gel as an adjunct to SRP in treating stage II periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Cytokines, including interleukin-12 (IL-12), are proteins that regulate cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and function. IL-12 is a heterodimeric proinflammatory cytokine. It possesses tumoricidal properties and promotes M1 macrophage polarization and IFN-γ production by T helper (Th1) cells, which in turn stimulates the antitumor cytotoxic cluster of eight positive (CD8+) and natural killer cells, therefore activating an effector immune response against tumor cells. Materials and methods: Herein, the IL-2 levels of 60 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP) were assessed. Plaque index, gingival index, pocket probing depth, bleeding on probing percentage (BOP %), and clinical attachment loss were the clinical indicators reported. Results: Patients with GCP in the pretreatment group had substantially lower mean IL-12 levels than those in the post-treatment group. Short-term, nonsurgical treatment (NST) considerably improved periodontal indices and increased IL-12 levels, thereby reducing oral cancer risk. Conclusion: NST is a cost-effective and accessible cancer prevention procedure for general dentists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the levels of serum, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and salivary adipokines and their possible relationship with periodontitis and obesity. An electronic search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed/ Medline, Scopus, and EBSCOhost through February 2023. Two independent reviewers screened the titles, abstracts, and full text of all the studies. Studies comparing the levels of adipokines in GCF, serum, and/or saliva in subjects with obesity and periodontitis (group 1), subjects with normal weight and periodontitis (group 2), and subjects with obesity and gingival health (group 3) were included. Meta‐analyses and meta‐regression were performed on the data from included studies. Seventeen studies with study participants ranging from 30 to 120 were included with subjects in each group ranging from 10 to 40. There was a significant increase in levels of serum TNF‐α, leptin, IL‐6, and CRP between groups 1 and 2 (p <.05). In GCF, TNF‐α and resistin levels were significantly higher (p <.05) in Group 1 vs. 2. Serum level of leptin was higher for group 1 vs. 3 (p <.05). Meta‐regression analysis revealed that the obesity definition (body mass index (BMI) cut‐off value >25 or >30) was significant for serum resistin (p <.05) and GCF resistin (p <.05) between group 1 and 2. The current analysis indicates that both periodontitis and obesity can modulate the pro‐inflammatory cytokines at systemic and local levels. This bidirectional interaction of periodontitis and obesity via the inflammation pathway seems likely plausible. Further studies are required to elucidate this mechanism in more detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formation of granulation tissue is a fundamental phase in periodontal wound healing with subsequent maturation leading to regeneration or repair. However, persistently inflamed granulation tissue presents in osseous defects as a result of periodontitis and is routinely disrupted and discarded with non‐surgical and surgical therapy to facilitate wound healing or improve chances of regeneration. Histological assessment suggests that granulation tissue from periodontitis‐affected sites is effectively a chronic inflammatory tissue resulting from impaired wound healing due to persistence of bacterial dysbiotic bioflim. Nevertheless, the immunomodulatory potential and stem cell characteristics in granulation tissue have also raised speculation about the tissue's regenerative potential. This has led to the conception and recent implementation of surgical techniques which preserve granulation tissue with the intention of enhancing innate regenerative potential and improve clinical outcomes. As knowledge of fundamental cellular and molecular functions regulating periodontitis‐affected granulation tissue is still scarce, this review aimed to provide a summary of current understanding of granulation tissue in the context of periodontal wound healing. This may provide new insights into clinical practice related to the management of granulation tissue and stimulate further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The impact of long-term chronic periodontal conditions on the risk of lung cancer could not be accurately evaluated. Our aim was to provide more evidence on the connection between chronic periodontitis (CP) and lung cancer using a nationwide dataset. Methods: This study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort. We enrolled 72,658 individuals with CP (CP cohort) between 2005 and 2019 and 1:1 age- and sex-matched controls without CP (non-CP cohort). Results: During the median follow-up period of 5.1 (interquartile range, 2.8-8.0) years, 0.56% (n = 405/72,658) of the CP cohort and 0.29% (n = 212/72,658) of the matched non-CP cohort developed lung cancer, with incidence rates of 8.3 and 4.5 per 10,000 person-years. The risk of incident lung cancer was significantly higher in the CP cohort than in the matched non-CP cohort (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.27, 95% confidence interval = 1.94-2.65). The risk of incident lung cancer was 2.45-fold and 2.10-fold higher in mild and moderate-to-severe CP cohorts than in the matched non-CP control. The risk of incident lung cancer was especially higher in the 40-59 age group, females, and never-smokers than their counterparts. Conclusion: We demonstrate that the risk of incident lung cancer is higher in individuals with CP than in those without. The risk of lung cancer was especially high in individuals with more severe CP, females, never-smokers, and obese populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]