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Abildgaardia ovata (Cyperaceae) is a widely distributed herbaceous plant found in tropical to warm-temperate regions, including East, South-east and South Asia, Oceania, Africa and Central and South America. Preliminary data suggested intraspecific diversity in A. ovata in Japan; thus, we investigated the genetic diversity of A. ovata using chloroplast DNA and the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrITS) sequence data and analysed its distribution patterns and morphological traits. Further, we observed its chromosomes. We identified two distinct major lineages with slightly overlapping yet unique distribution patterns, one in Japan’s Honshu, Kyushu, Nansei, Korea’s Jeju Isl. and Nepal, while the other was restricted to Nansei and Taiwan. Species delimitation analysis supported the existence of two A. ovata intraspecies. Ecological niche modelling further suggested ecological differentiation between the two intraspecies. Samples with heterogeneous nrITS sequences were also found in Nansei where the two species are distributed; those may have resulted from hybridisation between the above-mentioned two intraspecies. Other samples with heterogeneous nrITS distributed in Kyushu. With respect to chromosome numbers, the former is a homoploid hybrid between 2n = 20 intraspecies while the latter is an allopolyploid with 2n = 40. Together, we identified novel cryptic diversity within the widespread polyploid species complex; however, the lack of diagnostic characters precludes formal description at this point. Further taxon sampling and additional genetic analyses may reveal whether the more narrowly distributed lineage differentiated from the widely distributed one in Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 3,800 species of vascular plant species have been registered in the flora of Armenia, of which chromosome numbers are known for 798. Additionally, many species have several cytoraces in Armenia (a total of 904 cytoraces have been recorded). The main goal of the study was to elucidate some specific features of florogenesis on the basis of karyological data, and the aim is to characterize the distributions of the cytoraces across floristic regions of Armenia, including elevational zones, and habitats. The study is underpinned by results of our long-term study of Armenian flora, which entailed comprehensively characterizing their chromosome numbers and karyotypes. Geographical elements were established based on general distribution. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the Armenian flora was formed over a long period, starting from the Paleocene period, and is composed of nearly equal proportions of migrants from the Boreal and Ancient Mediterranean subkingdoms, and species that evolved in the Armenian Highlands and in the Greater Caucasus. The possession of a significant percentage of endemics (mainly neoendemics) indicates that the territory of Armenia is also an arena of intensive formation and speciation. In addition, we also illuminated a large karyological diversity among species whose distribution is confined to the Ancient Mediterranean subkingdom or its parts, including the Armeno-Iranian province; this is indicative of speciation having occurred in these territories. The “northern root” species, Boreal and Caucasian, became establish in Armenia mainly in the form of karyologically stable cytoraces.

A new section Salsuginosae in the genus Potentilla is described based on morphological characteristics and ecological confinement. It contains P. laevipes and P. laevissima, two rarest endemics of the Altai Mountainous Country, known from collections only from Western Mongolia. For the representatives of the new section, for the first time, data on the genome size and chromosome numbers were revealed, information on morphology and distribution was supplemented, and a conservation status was proposed. Photos of P. laevissima in its natural habitat are provided, for the first time. Most of the studied herbarium samples were scanned and are provided in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF.org). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

See also the Commentary on this article by Spoelhof et al., 240: 909–911. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective protection of endangered species is often limited by taxonomic discrepancies across state borders. This is also the case of the Dactylorhiza maculata agg. in Central Europe, where one to three species and several infraspecific taxa are recognized in various countries. Based on an extensive analysis of morphological variation, ploidy levels, environmental traits and habitats of 64 populations in Central Europe and adjacent regions, we aimed to propose a unified taxonomic concept applicable throughout the study area. Multivariate analysis of morphological traits revealed continuous variation at the individual level and only minor differences between particular clusters of populations. Four DNA-ploidy levels were detected using flow cytometry. Diploids (2n = 40) and tetraploids (2n = 80) were the most abundant and usually formed single-cytotype populations whereas DNA-triploids and DNA-hexaploids occurred only sporadically as minority cytotypes. The inferred patterns of morphological and ploidy variation were not congruent with traditional taxonomic treatment regarding diploid D. fuchsii and tetraploid D. maculata as two species with several infraspecific taxa. Instead, all taxa analysed in the current study are best treated at the subspecies level within D. maculata s. lat. due to somewhat continuous morphological variation between morphotypes. A total of eight D. maculata subspecies may be recognized in Central Europe, of which one is newly described here as D. maculata subsp. arcana, subsp. nov. Some nomenclatural riddles have been resolved, and the threat status of the recognized taxa is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basal monocot genus Acorus comprises essential oil-producing plants widely used in traditional medicine in various countries, including India. Acorus calamus sensu lato is a polyploid complex where the essential oil composition, to some extent, depends on the ploidy level. The literature recognizes diploids (in temperate Asia and North America), triploids (Asian in origin, naturalized elsewhere) and tetraploids (temperate to tropical Asia) at the rank of varieties of A. calamus. We show that the current use of the name A. calamus var. angustatus for the tetraploids is not properly justified. The earliest name based on the Asian material is A. calamus var. verus published in 1753 by Linnaeus. We justify the use of the Linnaean variety for tetraploids by selecting an epitype based on the material cultivated in Peninsular India, for which direct chromosome counts are provided. The name A. verus is available if the tetraploid cytotype is recognized at the species rank. We support earlier data on the importance of leaf anatomy for cytotype diagnostics in Acorus, but also show the limitations of the use of this approach. The growth pattern of the tropical Indian tetraploid material is discussed, and the evergreen nature of the accession studied here is documented. The exact chromosome number of the tetraploid Acorus requires further clarification. All metaphase plates examined here showed at least 44 chromosomes, but plates apparently showing more than 44 chromosomes were found as well. They may be explained by technical difficulties in counting chromosomes in Acorus. Alternatively, our data may indicate the occurrence of aneuploid mixoploidy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytological studies can provide important insights into circumscription and relationships within plant groups. Nevertheless, there is a considerable lack of cytological information, especially for large and complex groups such as the coffee family (Rubiaceae) and for plants from Africa and the Western Indian Ocean islands. In the present study, 110 new chromosome counts are reported, and one identification for a count published on generic level is provided for the area. Altogether cytological data on 98 species and subspecific taxa classified in 57 genera and 22 tribes are presented. These include first counts for 12 genera and 60 species. Based on a review of recent molecular phylogenetic studies, the significance of these results for the systematics of the Rubiaceae is briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calendula is one of the most taxonomically complex genera within the Asteraceae family due to hybridization, polyploidization events, and production of a highly variable morphology of the achenes. Considering the complexity of Calendula, this study was conducted to extend the understanding of the relationships between SW Mediterranean taxa, and assess the relationships between genome size and chromosome number, ploidy level and life cycle in 77 populations covering 14 taxa. Genome size estimations are provided for the first time for five species and for three putative new undescribed species. Mean 2C values differed up to 6-fold among different euploid species (from 1.37 pg in diploid to 8.26 pg in octoploid populations). 1Cx-values varied 2.07-fold (between 0.68 pg and 1.41 pg). Mean 1Cx genome size revealed significant differences between different ploidy levels. Genome size variation is a significant factor for explaining the relationships within Calendula, and individuals not fitting the current classification were found and should be analysed in detail in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromosome numbers are reported for 67 individuals of 13 species of Solidago sect. Erectae, S. sect. Squarrosae, and S. sect. Villosicarpae from 65 locations in eastern Canada and the eastern United States: S. bicolor, S. erecta, S. hispida, S. jejunifolia, S. pallida, S. puberula, S. pulverulenta, S. rigidiuscula, S. roanensis, S. sciaphila, S. speciosa, S. squarrosa, and S. villosicarpa. Cytogeography maps based on new reports and all 258 previously published reports from 230 locations for the three sections plus S. sect. Brintonia (S. discoidea) are presented for 20 of the 30 species in the four closely related sections. The following are either first documented reports for the taxon or just first counts for a taxon from particular provinces and states: Solidago bicolor, 2n = 18 from Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island; S. hispida var. hispida, 2n = 18 from New Hampshire, New Brunswick, and Wisconsin; S. jejunifolia, 2n = 18 from Michigan and Minnesota; S. pallida, 2n = 18 from Wyoming; S. puberula, 2n = 18 from Pennsylvania, Prince Edward Island, and Virginia; and first reports for S. sciaphila, 2n = 36 from Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin.

Species belonging to the genus Ochlandra Thwaites, the reed bamboos, play a significant role in sustaining the ecology of forests and the livelihood of rural communities in the Western Ghats. Karyology of this predominantly endemic genus of the region is poorly understood. Of the ten species belonging to the genus, chromosomal information is known for only two species. We studied mitotic and/or meiotic chromosomes of eight species, using squash and smear techniques. We report chromosome number (2n) of six species for the first time and two additional 2n reports of a previously studied species, O. travancorica (Bedd.) Gamble. The species and their chromosome numbers are: O. keralensis M. Kumar, Remesh & Sequiera and O. spirostylis M. Kumar, K. K. Seethal. & Sequiera (2n = 48), O. ebracteata Raizada & Chatterji (2n = 64), O. beddomei Gamble and O. setigera Gamble (n = 36, 2n = 72), O. scriptoria (Dennst.) C. E. C. Fisch. (2n = 72), O. wightii (Munro) C. E. C. Fisch. (n = 36, 2n = 60, 72) and O. travancorica (n = 24, 2n = 48, 72, 96). The basic chromosome number of the genus is x = 12. The somatic chromosomes of all studied Ochlandra species are small in size, with a length ranging from 0.45 to 2.50 µm. The present study has provided new perceptions on speciation, evolution and taxonomy of the genus and indicates that the taxonomic muddle in O. travancorica is due to intraspecific genetic variability as evident by chromosomal numerical variation and polyploidy.

Simple Summary: In plants, the occurrence of polyploid lineages, which are plants with multiple instead of two sets of chromosomes, is quite common. Polyploids can originate as autopolyploids within a species or by combining the genomes of different species resulting in allopolyploids. Within the group of spring crocuses, a polyploid complex exists where it is unclear how it evolved and which species eventually contributed to polyploid formation. Among Crocus species, evolutionary analyses are further complicated by widely varying chromosome numbers that do not clearly correlate with di- or polyploidy. To reconstruct the evolution of these polyploids, we combine chromosome counts, genome size estimations, phylogenetic analyses based on maternally and bi-parentally inherited genomes, co-ancestry analysis, and morphometric data for all species potentially involved in polyploid formation. Through this approach, we show that polyploids in the Crocus heuffelianus group are allopolyploids that originated multiple times involving different parental genotypes and reciprocal crosses. Chromosome numbers partly changed after polyploidization. Numbers found in polyploids are therefore no longer in all cases additive values of their parents' chromosomes. We conclude that in crocuses, only an approach combining evidence from different analysis methods can uncover the evolutionary history of species if polyploidization is involved. Spring crocuses, the eleven species within Crocus series Verni (Iridaceae), consist of di- and tetraploid cytotypes. Among them is a group of polyploids from southeastern Europe with yet-unclear taxonomic affiliation. Crocuses are generally characterized by complex dysploid chromosome number changes, preventing a clear correlation between these numbers and ploidy levels. To reconstruct the evolutionary history of series Verni and particularly its polyploid lineages associated with C. heuffelianus, we used an approach combining phylogenetic analyses of two chloroplast regions, 14 nuclear single-copy genes plus rDNA spacers, genome-wide genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data, and morphometry with ploidy estimations through genome size measurements, analysis of genomic heterozygosity frequencies and co-ancestry, and chromosome number counts. Chromosome numbers varied widely in diploids with 2n = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 28 and tetraploid species or cytotypes with 2n = 16, 18, 20, and 22 chromosomes. Crocus longiflorus, the diploid with the highest chromosome number, possesses the smallest genome (2C = 3.21 pg), while the largest diploid genomes are in a range of 2C = 7–8 pg. Tetraploid genomes have 2C values between 10.88 pg and 12.84 pg. Heterozygosity distribution correlates strongly with genome size classes and allows discernment of di- and tetraploid cytotypes. Our phylogenetic analyses showed that polyploids in the C. heuffelianus group are allotetraploids derived from multiple and partly reciprocal crosses involving different genotypes of diploid C. heuffelianus (2n = 10) and C. vernus (2n = 8). Dysploid karyotype changes after polyploidization resulted in the tetraploid cytotypes with 20 and 22 chromosomes. The multi-data approach we used here for series Verni, combining evidence from nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies, genome sizes, chromosome numbers, and genomic heterozygosity for ploidy estimations, provides a way to disentangle the evolution of plant taxa with complex karyotype changes that can be used for the analysis of other groups within Crocus and beyond. Comparing these results with morphometric analysis results in characters that can discern the different taxa currently subsumed under C. heuffelianus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferns and lycophytes have remarkably large genomes. However, little is known about how their genome size evolved in fern lineages. To explore the origins and evolution of chromosome numbers and genome size in ferns, we used flow cytometry to measure the genomes of 240 species (255 samples) of extant ferns and lycophytes comprising 27 families and 72 genera, of which 228 species (242 samples) represent new reports. We analyzed correlations among genome size, spore size, chromosomal features, phylogeny, and habitat type preference within a phylogenetic framework. We also applied ANOVA and multinomial logistic regression analysis to preference of habitat type and genome size. Using the phylogeny, we conducted ancestral character reconstruction for habitat types and tested whether genome size changes simultaneously with shifts in habitat preference. We found that 2C values had weak phylogenetic signal, whereas the base number of chromosomes (x) had a strong phylogenetic signal. Furthermore, our analyses revealed a positive correlation between genome size and chromosome traits, indicating that the base number of chromosomes (x), chromosome size, and polyploidization may be primary contributors to genome expansion in ferns and lycophytes. Genome sizes in different habitat types varied significantly and were significantly correlated with habitat types; specifically, multinomial logistic regression indicated that species with larger 2C values were more likely to be epiphytes. Terrestrial habitat is inferred to be ancestral for both extant ferns and lycophytes, whereas transitions to other habitat types occurred as the major clades emerged. Shifts in habitat types appear be followed by periods of genomic stability. Based on these results, we inferred that habitat type changes and multiple whole-genome duplications have contributed to the formation of large genomes of ferns and their allies during their evolutionary history.

Chromosome numbers are reported for 67 individuals of 13 species of Solidago sect. Erectae, S. sect. Squarrosae, and S. sect. Villosicarpae from 65 locations in eastern Canada and the eastern United States: S. bicolor, S. erecta, S. hispida, S. jejunifolia, S. pallida, S. puberula, S. pulverulenta, S. rigidiuscula, S. roanensis, S. sciaphila, S. speciosa, S. squarrosa, and S. villosicarpa. Cytogeography maps based on new reports and all 258 previously published reports from 230 locations for the three sections plus S. sect. Brintonia (S. discoidea) are presented for 20 of the 30 species in the four closely related sections. The following are either first documented reports for the taxon or just first counts for a taxon from particular provinces and states: Solidago bicolor, 2n = 18 from Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island; S. hispida var. hispida, 2n = 18 from New Hampshire, New Brunswick, and Wisconsin; S. jejunifolia, 2n = 18 from Michigan and Minnesota; S. pallida, 2n = 18 from Wyoming; S. puberula, 2n = 18 from Pennsylvania, Prince Edward Island, and Virginia; and first reports for S. sciaphila, 2n = 36 from Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basal monocot genus Acorus comprises essential oil-producing plants widely used in traditional medicine in various countries, including India. Acorus calamus sensu lato is a polyploid complex where the essential oil composition, to some extent, depends on the ploidy level. The literature recognizes diploids (in temperate Asia and North America), triploids (Asian in origin, naturalized elsewhere) and tetraploids (temperate to tropical Asia) at the rank of varieties of A. calamus. We show that the current use of the name A. calamus var. angustatus for the tetraploids is not properly justified. The earliest name based on the Asian material is A. calamus var. verus published in 1753 by Linnaeus. We justify the use of the Linnaean variety for tetraploids by selecting an epitype based on the material cultivated in Peninsular India, for which direct chromosome counts are provided. The name A. verus is available if the tetraploid cytotype is recognized at the species rank. We support earlier data on the importance of leaf anatomy for cytotype diagnostics in Acorus, but also show the limitations of the use of this approach. The growth pattern of the tropical Indian tetraploid material is discussed, and the evergreen nature of the accession studied here is documented. The exact chromosome number of the tetraploid Acorus requires further clarification. All metaphase plates examined here showed at least 44 chromosomes, but plates apparently showing more than 44 chromosomes were found as well. They may be explained by technical difficulties in counting chromosomes in Acorus. Alternatively, our data may indicate the occurrence of aneuploid mixoploidy.

The tetraploid species Leucanthemum ircutianum (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) is represented in the Apennine Peninsula by three infraspecific taxa, L. ircutianum subsp. ircutianum , L. ircutianum subsp. asperulum and L. ircutianum subsp. leucolepis. The present study uses AFLP fingerprinting and sequencing of the petN–psbM intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the plastid genome for inferring genetic relationships among these three subspecies and aims at the elaboration of an appropriate taxonomic treatment of these taxa. Due to the amphi-Adriatic distribution of these taxa, additional samples from the Balkan Peninsula and representatives of L. ircutianum subsp. ircutianum from north-western Italy, south-eastern France, Romania and southern Germany were included. Genetic analyses reveal that L. ircutianum subsp. asperulum from southern Italy and L. ircutianum subsp. leucolepis from the Balkan Peninsula and the northern and central Apennine Peninsula are identical and should be treated as a single taxon. The observation of genetically intermediate individuals throughout the overlapping distributional ranges of L. ircutianum subspp. ircutianum and leucolepis and in a surveyed mixed stand of the two taxa indicate that these are not reproductively isolated from each other. The analysis of eco-climatological niches of the two subspecies indicates that L. ircutianum subsp. ircutianum is found in more temperate regions, whereas L. ircutianum subsp. leucolepis prefers the Mediterranean fringe of the total distributional range of the species. A hybrid-zone analysis based on AFLP 'allele frequency' clines along a transect from Germany to southern Italy is interpreted as supporting a scenario of secondary contact of the two entities after some diversification in allopatry. On the basis of our results, we provide a taxonomic treatment of the species L. ircutianum for Italy, including the designation of three lectotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The somatic chromosome numbers and karyotype features of seven populations representing three species of Stachys L. (Lamiaceae), which are naturally distributed across Iran, were described. The results confirm the presence of different basic chromosome numbers including x = 15 and 17 within the genus. All the studied taxa were diploid and the chromosome counts of two species including S. benthamiana and S. setifera (2n = 34) are reported for the first time, while the chromosome number of S. byzantina (2n = 30) is confirmed. The chromosomes in the studied taxa of Stachys were generally small, as the longest chromosome length was detected on S. setifera (18713) (2.26 μm), whereas S. setifera (23354) demonstrated the shortest length (1.46 μm). The karyotypes were symmetrical composing of metacentric chromosomes as indicated by their mean arm ratio (AR) that ranged between 1.11 in S. setifera (23354) and 1.29 in S. byzantina (37985), so it was classified as class 1A according to Stebbins’ categories. Based on the values of total form percentage (TF%, 47.1%), Arano index of karyotype asymmetry (AsK%, 52.5%), symmetry index (S%, 94.0%) and differences of range relative length (DRL, 0.36), S. setifera (23354) had the most inter-and intra-chromosomal symmetric karyotype. Also, S. byzantina (37985) had the most inter-and intra-chromosomal asymmetric karyotype based on the values of TF% (42.0%), AsK% (56.1%), and relative length of chromosome (RL%, 6.6%). The results of cluster analysis based on chromosomal parameters divided the taxa into two main groups using the Ward method. Group I included taxa with x = 17 and group II contained S. byzantina (x = 15).

The periodical cicadas of the genus Magicicada Davis, 1925 inhabiting eastern United States are characterized by a long juvenile period of 17 or 13 years and periodical mass emergence of adults. In this genus, only seven species are distinguished and are distributed into three species groups, Decim, Cassini and Decula. We performed comparative cytogenetic study of all seven Magicicada species, and 6 of them were explored for the first time. The techniques used included standard chromosome staining, differential chromosome staining techniques (C-banding, AgNOR-banding and fluorochrome DAPI-staining) and FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) with 18S rDNA and (TTAGG)n-telomeric probes. All these species have holokinetic chromosomes, like other Hemiptera. Karyotypes of all species appeared to be remarkably conserved with 2n = 19/20 (18 + X0/XX) (male/female); one very large pair of autosomes and all other chromosomes constituting a decreasing size series; X chromosomes were indistinguishable, at least, at mitotic metaphases. The nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) revealed on one of the medium-sized chromosome pairs in all species and were shown to coincide with the rDNA clusters revealed by FISH. In all species, very small blocks of C-heterochromatin were variously located on chromosomes clearly using DAPI but less distinctly by C-banding. The chromosomes of all the species studied were confirmed to contain the "insect type" motif of telomeres (TTAGG)n.

Limonium ammochostianum, L. karpasiticum and L. paralimniticum (Plumbaginaceae) are described as new to science. The former species was long time known in Cyprus under the misapplied name L. ocymifolium subsp. bellidifolium. The three species occur in a few coastal stretches in the east of the island. The new taxa show strong morphological similarities and can be considered as segregates of a L. ammochostianum species group. All hitherto known populations of the species group make up about 6000 individuals. L. ammochostianum and L. paralimniticum should be classified as "Endangered", whereas L. karpasiticum as a "Data Deficient" taxon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spring crocuses, the eleven species within Crocus series Verni (Iridaceae), consist of di- and tetraploid cytotypes. Among them is a group of polyploids from southeastern Europe with yet-unclear taxonomic affiliation. Crocuses are generally characterized by complex dysploid chromosome number changes, preventing a clear correlation between these numbers and ploidy levels. To reconstruct the evolutionary history of series Verni and particularly its polyploid lineages associated with C. heuffelianus, we used an approach combining phylogenetic analyses of two chloroplast regions, 14 nuclear single-copy genes plus rDNA spacers, genome-wide genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data, and morphometry with ploidy estimations through genome size measurements, analysis of genomic heterozygosity frequencies and co-ancestry, and chromosome number counts. Chromosome numbers varied widely in diploids with 2n = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 28 and tetraploid species or cytotypes with 2n = 16, 18, 20, and 22 chromosomes. Crocus longiflorus, the diploid with the highest chromosome number, possesses the smallest genome (2C = 3.21 pg), while the largest diploid genomes are in a range of 2C = 7–8 pg. Tetraploid genomes have 2C values between 10.88 pg and 12.84 pg. Heterozygosity distribution correlates strongly with genome size classes and allows discernment of di- and tetraploid cytotypes. Our phylogenetic analyses showed that polyploids in the C. heuffelianus group are allotetraploids derived from multiple and partly reciprocal crosses involving different genotypes of diploid C. heuffelianus (2n = 10) and C. vernus (2n = 8). Dysploid karyotype changes after polyploidization resulted in the tetraploid cytotypes with 20 and 22 chromosomes. The multi-data approach we used here for series Verni, combining evidence from nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies, genome sizes, chromosome numbers, and genomic heterozygosity for ploidy estimations, provides a way to disentangle the evolution of plant taxa with complex karyotype changes that can be used for the analysis of other groups within Crocus and beyond. Comparing these results with morphometric analysis results in characters that can discern the different taxa currently subsumed under C. heuffelianus.

A comprehensive treatment of the N African genus Heteromera Pomel (Compositae, Anthemideae) is presented. Morphological, anatomical and karyological features as well as distribution maps are reported. The analysis of nrDNA and cpDNA sequence variation reveals the close relationship of the two species, with H. philaenorum exhibiting little variation and being well separated from a more diverse H. fuscata. The chromosome numbers of H. fuscata and H. philaenorum are reported for the first time. Heteromera philaenorum Maire & Weiller, Chrysanthemum fuscatum f. pubescens Trotter and Chrysanthemum fuscatum f. subcanescens Trotter are lectotypified and H. philaenorum is reported as new for the flora of Algeria and Tunisia. Citation: Vogt R., Wagner F. & Oberprieler C. 2021: The genus Heteromera (Compositae, Anthemideae). – Willdenowia 51: 233–249. Version of record first published online on 17 August 2021 ahead of inclusion in August 2021 issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Somatic chromosome numbers of 20 accessions belonging to 10 species of Veronica are counted from Iran. Chromosome numbers of three species are reported for the first time (V. intercedens 2n=2x=14, V. macropoda 2n=2x=14 and V. tenuissima 2n=4x=28) and hitherto unknown ploidy levels are also reported in V. biloba (6x) and V. capillipes (6x). Chromosome count in V. intercedens suggests a basic chromosome number of x=7 for V. subsect. Cardiocarpae. It was realized that polyploidy (sometimes with variable ploidy levels) is very common among members of V. subgen. pocilla which was assumed to be a major factor responsible for different ecological tolerances, allowing these species to inhabit harsh environments and in some cases even invade new habitats beyond their native ranges. Failing to detect diploid specimens, particularly of V. campylopoda, led us to the conclusion that diploid ancestors of some of these polyploid races are either already most likely gone extinct or restricted to some small refuge areas. Veronica tenuissima is also reported from Iran based on materials from south‐east of country. Photographs of living plants and distribution map of V. tenuissima are provided and its conservation status is estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical Flora of the Earth contains inexhaustible stock of genetic resources. Review of the main fruit trees and woody plants of this region has been carried out. Their characteristics, biological features, data on their places of origin and regions of cultivation are given. Information on the results of karyological studies of these species, use of molecular cytogenetics methods, comparative genomics and transcriptomics for some of them are presented. In tropical countries the trees, such as Indian mango, one of the most delicious and popular fruits, are grown. Widely used for food the fruits such as bread fruit tree, jackfruit, papaya, cheese fruit tree, tomato tree, bilimbi tree are also common. Information on such interesting fruit trees and woody plants as durian, mangosteen, pitahaya, longan, litchi, rambutan, pulasan, kanistel, ackee and others are given. A review of fruit plant species of the genera Annona, Psidium, Syzygium, Averrhoa, Ziziphus, Passiflora has been presented. Different species of Citrus and banana cultivars are of great importance in fruit production in the tropics and subtropics. It was established that among tropical fruit trees and woody plants there are diploids, tripolids, tetraploids, while in karyotypes of some species B­chromosomes may occur. Many tropical fruit woody plants are polyploid (mango, bread fruit tree, jackfruit, species of the genera Psidium, Syzygium and Ziziphus). The results of the genomes sequencing indicate that some species possibly are ancient polyploids. A number of tropical fruit trees exhibit the phenomena of caulifloria and ramifloria (jackfruit, chempedak, papaya, durian) when flowers and then fruits are formed on the trunk and large branches. Some species reproduce vegetatively. Among fruit woody plants, as well as in many other plants, hybridization is widely spread (mangosteen, species of genera Citrus, Annona, Hylocereus, Musa) and polyembryony may be found.

Chromosome numbers (2n) in 16 invasive plant species from the families Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Lamiaceae, Onagraceae and Poaceae are reported on the material from the Altai Republic for the first time. Among them, chromosome complements were first examined in Russia for Chaiturus marrubiastrum (L.) Ehrh. ex Reichenb. (2n = 24) and Oenothera villosa Thunb. (2n = 14). Five species: Amaranthus lividus L. (2n = 34), Elisanthe noctiflora (L.) Rupr. (2n = 24), Galeopsis speciosa Mill. (2n = 16), Oenothera biennis L. (2n = 14) and Bromus japonicus Thunb. (2n = 14), were studied first from Siberia. The most part of the species studied are diploids. The general distribution and the history of floristic findings of these species in the Altai Republic are given. The data on chromosome numbers published earlier on the material from Russia are cited.

Abstract This genome announcement includes draft genomes from Claviceps purpurea s.lat., including C. arundinis, C. humidiphila and C. cf. spartinae. The draft genomes of Davidsoniella eucalypti, Quambalaria eucalypti and Teratosphaeria destructans, all three important eucalyptus pathogens, are presented. The insect associate Grosmannia galeiformis is also described. The pine pathogen genome of Fusarium circinatum has been assembled into pseudomolecules, based on additional sequence data and by harnessing the known synteny within the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. This new assembly of the F. circinatum genome provides 12 pseudomolecules that correspond to the haploid chromosome number of F. circinatum. These are comparable to other chromosomal assemblies within the FFSC and will enable more robust genomic comparisons within this species complex.

The establishment and success of polyploids are thought to often be facilitated by ecological niche differentiation from diploids. Unfortunately, most studies compared diploids and polyploids, ignoring variation in ploidy level in polyploids. To fill this gap, we performed a large-scale study of 11,163 samples from 1,283 populations of the polyploid perennial geophyte Allium oleraceum with reported mixed-ploidy populations, revealed distribution ranges of cytotypes, assessed their niches and explored the pattern of niche change with increasing ploidy level. Altogether, six ploidy levels (3x−8x) were identified. The most common were pentaploids (53.6%) followed by hexaploids (22.7%) and tetraploids (21.6%). Higher cytotype diversity was found at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes (>52° N), where only tetraploids and pentaploids occurred. We detected 17.4% of mixed-ploidy populations, usually as a combination of two, rarely of three, cytotypes. The majority of mixed-ploidy populations were found in zones of sympatry of the participating cytotypes, suggesting they have arisen through migration (secondary contact zone). Using coarse-grained variables (climate, soil), we found evidence of both niche expansion and innovation in tetraploids related to triploids, whereas higher ploidy levels showed almost zero niche expansion, but a trend of increased niche unfilling of tetraploids. Niche unfilling in higher ploidy levels was caused by a contraction of niche envelopes toward lower continentality of the climate and resulted in a gradual decrease of niche breadth and a gradual shift in niche optima. Field-recorded data indicated wide habitat breadth of tetraploids and pentaploids, but also a pattern of increasing synanthropy in higher ploidy levels. Wide niche breadth of tetra- and pentaploids might be related to their multiple origins from different environmental conditions, higher “age”, and retained sexuality, which likely preserve their adaptive potential. In contrast, other cytotypes with narrower niches are mostly asexual, probably originating from a limited range of contrasting environments. Persistence of local ploidy mixtures could be enabled by the perenniality of A. oleraceum and its prevalence of vegetative reproduction, facilitating the establishment and decreasing exclusion of minority cytotype due to its reproductive costs. Vegetative reproduction might also significantly accelerate colonization of new areas, including recolonization of previously glaciated areas.

Chromosome numbers have been widely used to describe the most fundamental genomic attribute of an organism or a lineage. Although providing strong phylogenetic signal, chromosome numbers vary remarkably among eukaryotes at all levels of taxonomic resolution. Changes in chromosome numbers regularly serve as indication of major genomic events, most notably polyploidy and dysploidy. Here, we review recent advancements in our ability to make inferences regarding historical events that led to alterations in the number of chromosomes of a lineage. We first describe the mechanistic processes underlying changes in chromosome numbers, focusing on structural chromosomal rearrangements. Then, we focus on experimental procedures, encompassing comparative cytogenomics and genomics approaches, and on computational methodologies that are based on explicit models of chromosome-number evolution. Together, these tools offer valuable predictions regarding historical events that have changed chromosome numbers and genome structures, as well as their phylogenetic and temporal placements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The periodical cicadas of the genus Magicicada Davis, 1925 inhabiting eastern United States are characterized by a long juvenile period of 17 or 13 years and periodical mass emergence of adults. In this genus, only seven species are distinguished and are distributed into three species groups, Decim, Cassini and Decula. We performed comparative cytogenetic study of all seven Magicicada species, and 6 of them were explored for the first time. The techniques used included standard chromosome staining, differential chromosome staining techniques (C-banding, AgNOR-banding and fl uorochrome DAPI-staining) and FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) with 18S rDNA and (TTAGG)n-telomeric probes. All these species have holokinetic chromosomes, like other Hemiptera. Karyotypes of all species appeared to be remarkably conserved with 2n = 19/20 (18 + X0/ XX) (male/female); one very large pair of autosomes and all other chromosomes constituting a decreasing size series; X chromosomes were indistinguishable, at least, at mitotic metaphases. The nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) revealed on one of the medium-sized chromosome pairs in all species and were shown to coincide with the rDNA clusters revealed by FISH. In all species, very small blocks of C-heterochromatin were variously located on chromosomes clearly using DAPI but less distinctly by C-banding. The chromosomes of all the species studied were confirmed to contain the "insect type" motif of telomeres (TTAGG)n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment and success of polyploids are thought to often be facilitated by ecological niche differentiation from diploids. Unfortunately, most studies compared diploids and polyploids, ignoring variation in ploidy level in polyploids. To fill this gap, we performed a large-scale study of 11,163 samples from 1,283 populations of the polyploid perennial geophyte Allium oleraceum with reported mixed-ploidy populations, revealed distribution ranges of cytotypes, assessed their niches and explored the pattern of niche change with increasing ploidy level. Altogether, six ploidy levels (3 x −8 x) were identified. The most common were pentaploids (53.6%) followed by hexaploids (22.7%) and tetraploids (21.6%). Higher cytotype diversity was found at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes (>52° N), where only tetraploids and pentaploids occurred. We detected 17.4% of mixed-ploidy populations, usually as a combination of two, rarely of three, cytotypes. The majority of mixed-ploidy populations were found in zones of sympatry of the participating cytotypes, suggesting they have arisen through migration (secondary contact zone). Using coarse-grained variables (climate, soil), we found evidence of both niche expansion and innovation in tetraploids related to triploids, whereas higher ploidy levels showed almost zero niche expansion, but a trend of increased niche unfilling of tetraploids. Niche unfilling in higher ploidy levels was caused by a contraction of niche envelopes toward lower continentality of the climate and resulted in a gradual decrease of niche breadth and a gradual shift in niche optima. Field-recorded data indicated wide habitat breadth of tetraploids and pentaploids, but also a pattern of increasing synanthropy in higher ploidy levels. Wide niche breadth of tetra- and pentaploids might be related to their multiple origins from different environmental conditions, higher "age", and retained sexuality, which likely preserve their adaptive potential. In contrast, other cytotypes with narrower niches are mostly asexual, probably originating from a limited range of contrasting environments. Persistence of local ploidy mixtures could be enabled by the perenniality of A. oleraceum and its prevalence of vegetative reproduction, facilitating the establishment and decreasing exclusion of minority cytotype due to its reproductive costs. Vegetative reproduction might also significantly accelerate colonization of new areas, including recolonization of previously glaciated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The genus Passiflora (Passifloraceae) has more than 500 species, nineteen are native to Argentina. By their austral distribution, these species were included in breeding programs to obtain ornamental varieties tolerant to low temperatures. The aim of this work was to know the cytogenetic characteristics of Passiflora genotypes present in a working collection, as an indispensable knowledge for the development of a breeding plan. Chromosomal preparations were performed and karyotypic characteristics, rDNA sites by FISH and affinity among subgenera by GISH were studied. Chromosome counts in fourteen Argentinean species confirmed the basic chromosome numbers previously published: x = 6 for subgenus Decaloba, x = 9 for subgenus Passiflora and x = 10 for Dysosmia. The karyotypic parameters (karyotype, haploid chromosome length and asymmetry indices) and genomic affinities among the subgenera, clarify most of the chromosomal evolution of the genus. The results obtained strongly suggest that the basic number x = 6 would be the original one and that x = 9 was originated by processes of polyploidy and descendent dysploidy. Since subgenus Passiflora possesses the largest genomes, it is postulated that evolutionary process leading to x = 9 was accompanied by unequal distribution of non-coding repetitive DNA, mainly transposable elements. These processes could explain the asymmetrical karyotypes of species of subgenus Passiflora.

Cyperaceae is a family of Monocotyledons comprised of species with holocentric chromosomes that are associated with intense dysploidy and polyploidy events. Within this family the genus Rhynchospora has recently become the focus of several studies that characterize the organization of the holocentric karyotype and genome structures. To broaden our understanding of genome evolution in this genus, representatives of Rhynchospora were studied to contrast chromosome features, C-CMA/DAPI band distribution and genome sizes. Here, we carried out a comparative analysis for 35 taxa of Rhynchospora, and generated new genome size estimates for 20 taxa. The DNA 2C-values varied up to 22-fold, from 2C = 0.51 pg to 11.32 pg, and chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 4 to 61. At least 37% of our sampling exhibited 2n different from the basic number x = 5, and chromosome rearrangements were also observed. A large variation in C-CMA/DAPI band accumulation and distribution was observed as well. We show that genome variation in Rhynchospora is much larger than previously reported. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most taxa were grouped in clades corresponding to previously described taxonomic sections. Basic chromosome numbers are the same within every section, however, changes appeared in all the clades. Ancestral chromosome number reconstruction revealed n = 5 as the most likely ancestral complements, but n = 10 appears as a new possibility. Chromosome evolution models point to polyploidy as the major driver of chromosome evolution in Rhynchospora, followed by dysploidy. A negative correlation between chromosome size and diploid number open the discussion for holokinetic drive-based genome evolution. This study explores relationships between karyotype differentiation and genome size variation in Rhynchospora, and contrasts it against the phylogeny of this holocentric group.

The current paper analyzes the male meiotic behavior in wild populations of Buddleja iresinoides and Castilleja arvensis from Piedmont areas of the Northwest Region of Argentina. Castilleja arvensis showed tetraploid number of chromosome of 2n = 24. Our results are not in agreement with the previously reported base number x = 19 for Buddleja and the chromosome number n = 28 found for B. iresinoides is atypical in the genus. Around 7 % pollen mother cells were aneuploid as they showed meiotic chromosome count of n = 20-21 bivalents. Possible origin for such atypical chromosome number has been discussed in this paper. During the cytological studies we also came across pollen mother cells showing meiotic abnormalities such as cytomixis, chromatin stickiness and anaphase bridges with lagging chromatin. Consequently microsporogenesis was also irregular showing dyads and triads. However, the percentage of these irregularities during meiosis and microsporogenesis was not higher, and pollen fertility was not affected to a great extent. Cytomixis and other meiotic abnormalities in these species are reported here for the first time.

Petrocodon Hance (Gesneriaceae) consists of 41 species and is mainly distributed in the limestone region of South China. So far? the chromosome numbers of only four species have been reported, with the rest species in the genus remained uninvestigated yet. Furthermore, the evolutionary history of the chromosome number and ploidy in Petrocodon as well as in its sister genus Primulina remain unexplored, and particularly whether it affected their diversifications into extant species diversity remain unknown. In this study, the root tip cells of four species (including one variety) of Petrocodon (i.e. Petrocodon dealbatus var. dealbatus. Petrocodon dealbatus var. denticulatus. Petrocodon longangensis and Petrocodon sp.) which were generated by hydroponic culture method for the cutting leaves? were used for the chromosome experiments. First, the effects of various experimental treating conditions on the quality of chromosome squashing were explored and the chromosome numbers were counted. Then the evolutionary history of chromosome numbers in Petrocodon and Primulina were traced based on the molecular phylogenetic tree, and whether the diversifications of the species diversity for the two genera were impacted by changes of the chromosome number or especially the ploidy or not was discussed. The results were as follows: (1) The root tip of 1- 1.5 cm length, pretreatment for 5 h with 0. 002 mol.L-18-hydroxyquinoline solution and dissociation for 4 min was a suitable chromosome preparation condition. (2) All the four species (including one variety) investigated were diploid and the chromosome numbers were the same (2n = 2x = 36). (3) Although the reconstruction of the ancestral state of the chromosome number of Petrocodon and Primulina failed to give any resolution for the most recent common ancestors of the two genera (generic stem node) and each of the genera (generic crown nodes), the chromosome number of Petrocodon and Primulina was highly conserved with most taxa possessing 2n = 2x = 36, except for the ploidy or chromosome number changes in few species? suggesting the disproportional diversification of species diversity between Petrocodon and Primulina was not correlated to the change of the chromosome number or ploidy. This study provides a reference for the chromosome preparation of Petrocodon and its allies, and also provides basic data and implications for further research on the classification? systematic evolution and speciation of Petrocodon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent molecular systematic studies have significantly improved our understanding of the large, complex, and cosmopolitan plant family Rubiaceae, comprising about 13,000 species. Besides the obvious importance of DNA phylogenetic data, cytological studies have long added important basic information on the circumscription of clades and relationships within the family. In light of recent changes affecting a large number of tribes and genera, the current knowledge on the systematics of Neotropical Rubiaceae is reviewed with a focus on Costa Rica, which harbors an exceptionally rich Rubiaceae flora including most of the genera and biogeographic elements present in the Neotropics. Based on this systematic framework, previously published chromosome counts on Costa Rican taxa are reviewed and 49 new chromosome counts are reported. In total, 110 accessions of 75 species or infraspecific taxa representing 36 genera of Costa Rican Rubiaceae are discussed and supplemented by new counts for extraterritorial taxa when appropriate. Altogether the present study includes the first chromosome counts reported for the tribes Cordiereae and Hillieae, as well as for 10 genera and 27 species, providing new aspects of Rubiaceae systematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyperaceae is a family of Monocotyledons comprised of species with holocentric chromosomes that are associated with intense dysploidy and polyploidy events. Within this family the genus Rhynchospora has recently become the focus of several studies that characterize the organization of the holocentric karyotype and genome structures. To broaden our understanding of genome evolution in this genus, representatives of Rhynchospora were studied to contrast chromosome features, C-CMA/DAPI band distribution and genome sizes. Here, we carried out a comparative analysis for 35 taxa of Rhynchospora , and generated new genome size estimates for 20 taxa. The DNA 2C-values varied up to 22-fold, from 2C = 0.51 pg to 11.32 pg, and chromosome numbers ranged from 2 n = 4 to 61. At least 37% of our sampling exhibited 2 n different from the basic number x = 5, and chromosome rearrangements were also observed. A large variation in C-CMA/DAPI band accumulation and distribution was observed as well. We show that genome variation in Rhynchospora is much larger than previously reported. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most taxa were grouped in clades corresponding to previously described taxonomic sections. Basic chromosome numbers are the same within every section, however, changes appeared in all the clades. Ancestral chromosome number reconstruction revealed n = 5 as the most likely ancestral complements, but n = 10 appears as a new possibility. Chromosome evolution models point to polyploidy as the major driver of chromosome evolution in Rhynchospora , followed by dysploidy. A negative correlation between chromosome size and diploid number open the discussion for holokinetic drive-based genome evolution. This study explores relationships between karyotype differentiation and genome size variation in Rhynchospora , and contrasts it against the phylogeny of this holocentric group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Atlas presents the results of karyological studies of vascular plants in Bulgaria and covers 53.4 % of all species distributed in the country which belong to 63.5 % of the families and 62.6 % of the genera in the Bulgarian vascular flora (Pteridophytes: 49.2 % of the species have been studied which belong to 42.1 % of the families and 44.4 % of the genera in the category; Gymnosperms: 57.9 % studied species which belong to 50 % of the families and 71.4 % of the genera; Angiosperms: 53.4 % studied species from 66.9.4 % of the families and 63.1 % of the genera). The established chromosome numbers vary from 2n = 6 (Crepis zacintha) to 2n = 258 (Cystopteris fragilis), 2n = 200 (Rumex hydrolapathum), 2n = 144 (Cerastium moesiacum, Prunus laurocerasus), 2n = 132 (Galium rubioides), and the ploidy levels vary from 2x to 20x. Diploid ploidy level (2x) predominates, being established in 66.4 % of the studied species, against ca. 40 % polyploid levels. The obtained results are analysed by systematic groups -- ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms (Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae), as well as for the groups of endemic, rare and endangered species. Generalized data for species-rich families and genera are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chromosome number in Poaceae has changed widely over 77 Myr of evolution and polyploidization. Chromosome number changes can suggest a high rate of diversification and evolutionary novelties, and such changes can contribute to speciation. Despite this, chromosome numbers alone do not allow the evolutionary history of a group to be traced. Combined phylogenetic and karyological analyses can clarify the evolutionary history of taxa and allow taxonomic relationships and hierarchical levels to be inferred. The subtribe Eleusininae is the largest of the subfamily Chloridoideae. This study aims to reconstruct their chromosome number evolution, for which ChromEvol 2.0 software was used. Haploid chromosome numbers of Eleusininae were retrieved from the literature, and a consensus phylogenetic tree of Eleusininae was reconstructed. It was possible to infer 41 events of chromosome rearrangements along the evolutionary history of Eleusininae, according to the probabilistic model used. Chromosome number evolution in Eleusininae was mainly influenced by polyploidy events. The ancestral basic chromosome number for Eleusininae was p  = 6, but the most recent common ancestor showed p 2 = 10. In addition, some derived basic chromosome numbers, such as x  = 9, arose through dysploidy, whereas x  = 20 was generated via polyploidy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromosome numbers are reported for 209 individuals of Solidago altissima from Canada and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriariaceae comprise only Coriaria, a genus of shrubs with nine species in Australasia (but excluding Australia), five in the Himalayas, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Japan, one in the Mediterranean, and one ranging from Patagonia to Mexico. The sister family, Corynocarpaceae, comprises five species of evergreen trees from New Guinea to New Zealand and Australia. This distribution has long fascinated biogeographers as potential support for Wegener's theory of continental drift, with alternative scenarios invoking either Antarctic or Beringian range expansions. Here, we present the discovery of pollen grains from Early Campanian (ca. 82 Mya) deposits in Antarctica, which we describe as Coriaripites goodii sp. nov., and newly generated nuclear and plastid molecular data for most of the family's species and its outgroup. This greatly expands the family's fossil record and is the so far oldest fossil of the order Cucurbitales. We used the phylogeny, new fossil, and an Oligocene flowering branch assigned to a small subclade of Coriaria to generate a chronogram and to study changes in chromosome number, deciduousness, and andromonoecy. Coriaria comprises a Northern (NH) and a Southern Hemisphere (SH) clade that diverged from each other in the Paleocene (ca. 57 Mya), with the SH clade reaching the New World once, through Antarctica, as supported by the fossil pollen. While the SH clade retained perfect flowers and evergreen leaves, the NH clade evolved andromonoecy and deciduousness. Polyploidy occurs in both clades and points to hybridization, matching weak species boundaries throughout the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An allozyme analysis of five sets of polymorphic loci of the gynogenetic Prussian carp C. gibelio from Northern Ukraine made it possible to identify within this species 29 genetic forms of clonal and recombinant nature, which can be divided into two categories. The first one is represented by the clonal C. gibelio-1 biotype with the modal number of 156 chromosomes and several unique alleles, which distinctly differentiate this biotype from the diploid goldfish C. auratus. The second category is represented by the group of 28 biotypes designated as C. gibelio-2 of a clonal and recombinant nature. Specimens of this group have no allozymes that distinguish them from C. auratus. Within this group, 158 and 160 modal chromosome groups were discovered; each one has special genotypic combination for locus Aat-1. Apparently, the series of biotypes, which are differentiated by the modal chromosome number, emerged independently as a result of hybridization of different pairs of parental species way back in Eastern Asia. At the same time, the emergence of recombinant individuals with unique combinations of genotypes of five protein loci and their own chromosome number within the C. gibelio-2 clone is a secondary event related to the implementation of the inheritance mechanism, which combines cloning and Mendelian inheritance. There are reasons to believe that this mechanism is implemented in pseudogamous crosses of genetically close C. gibelio-2 females with C. auratus males, while the cloning takes place in crosses of C. gibelio-2 females with more distant C. carassius males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karyological, flow-cytometric and molecular analyses indicate that the genus Leucanthemum Mill. (Compositae, Anthemideae) is represented in Corsica (Corse) by two species: the tetraploid L. ircutianum DC. and the hexaploid L. corsicum (Less.) DC. The indication of the occurrence of the diploid L. vulgare Lam. on the island and of a tetraploid chromosome number for L. corsicum, given in former treatments of the genus for Corsica, could not be corroborated. AFLP fingerprinting further suggests that the infraspecific taxonomy of L. corsicum with two subspecies (L. corsicum subsp. corsicum and subsp. fenzlii) and three forms (L. corsicum f. corsicum, f. pinnatifidum and f. eschenlohrianum), which is mainly based on differences in the degree of leaf dissection, is not backed by genetic discontinuities. Owing to the observed little variation in leaf dissection within populations in the wild and the constancy of these features under cultivation, we propose the rank of varieties to taxonomically acknowledge these different stages in the broad spectrum of leaf-dissection grades exhibited by L. corsicum. As a consequence, the two new combinations L. corsicum var. eschenlohrianum (Gamisans) Vogt, Hugot & Oberpr. and L. corsicum var. fenzlii (Gamisans) Vogt, Hugot & Oberpr. are proposed. Citation: Oberprieler C., Schinhärl L., Wagner F., Hugot L. & Vogt R. 2019: Karyological and molecular analysis of Leucanthemum (Compositae, Anthemideae) in Corsica. – Willdenowia 49: 411–420. doi: https://doi.org/10.3372 Version of record first published online on 4 December 2019 ahead of inclusion in December 2019 issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hieracium s.str. (Asteraceae) is one of the largest angiosperm genera notorious for its taxonomic complexity caused by widespread interspecific hybridization. This process is tightly coupled with polyploidization and apomixis – asexual reproduction by seeds, which has ensured the persistence of otherwise sterile interspecific hybrids. As a result, apomictic polyploid taxa dominate the taxonomic diversity of the genus whilst sexual diploid species are extremely rare and mostly confined to southern Europe. As diploid taxa are assumed to be the parents of apomictic lineages, the discovery of any new diploid species is important for understanding evolutionary processes and diversity patterns in the genus. Here, we describe a new diploid species, Hieracium vranceae, a narrow endemic to the Munţii Vrancei (Vrancea Mountains, Eastern Carpathians, Romania). This taxon with a distinctive morphology and a strong affinity to relic rocky habitats was first collected in 2013. This means that, even in Europe, some regions, like the Eastern Carpathians, are botanically underexplored and might still preserve an undiscovered diversity of plants. Phylogenetic analyses with multiple molecular markers (low‐copy nuclear genes gsh1 and sqs, nuclear ribosomal ETS, four cpDNA loci) applied to all diploid Hieracium species support specific rank for H. vranceae. In contrast, molecular data suggest conspecifity of two pairs of species, H. lucidum/H. cophanense from Sicily and H. naegelianum/H. renatae from the Balkans, which are moreover only weakly differentiated morphologically. Molecular (cpDNA) and cytogenetic (GISH, FISH) analyses furthermore revealed that H. vranceae has been involved as a maternal parent in the origin of an allotriploid apomictic species, H. telekianum, to which H. vranceae contributed one haplome. The other putative parents of H. telekianum are the diploid narrow endemic H. pojoritense and probably H. sparsum s.l. Our data thus stress the importance of interspecific hybridization for an evolutionary shift from sexuality to apomixis in Hieracium. Our findings furthermore highlight the significance of that part of the Carpathians as one of the most important evolutionary/refugial centres of Hieracium and suggest dynamic species ranges at a regional scale allowing physical contact of taxa whose distributional ranges are nowadays completely allopatric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromosome numbers in 19 populations of Tanacetum polycephalum and Tanacetum parthenium from natural resources gene bank, that collected from different regions of Iran, were determined for the first time. The samples prepared by using root tips. After pretreatment, fixation, hydrolysis and staining, the microscopic samples prepared by squash method, metaphases were captured using an optical microscope. The best metaphases plates were selected and used for karyotype analyses. In all of populations the basic chromosome number was x=9 and the populations showed two ploidy levels (diploid & tetraploid). The type of the most chromosomes in all of the populations was metacentric (m) and sub-metacentric (sm) and located in 2A and 2B except for T. parthenium (Yazd, Taft) with 5m+3sm+1st karyotype formula and 2C Stebbins classes. In addition, T. polycephalum (Esfahan, Golpayegan) with the highest value of AR and A1 had karyotype heterogeneity, also T. polycephalum (Esfahan, Golpayegan) and T. polycephalum (West-Azerbaijan, Uromeyeh) had the highest value of chromosome length (TL). Detailed karyotype allows us to group the different populations based on Stebbins classes and asymmetry indices.

Variation or constancy in the chromosome number within taxa of different categories have been proven to be important characters for taxonomic groupings. In order to expand the current knowledge on somatic chromosome numbers of South Korean vascular plants, chromosome counts were made for 50 species (38 genera of 17 families). The first chromosome information for Glaux maritima var. obtusifolia Fernald, Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai, Hylotelephium verticillatum (L.) H. Ohba, Orostachys iwarenge f. magnus Y.N. Lee, and Teucrium viscidum var. miquelianum (Maxim.) Hara is presented. New chromosome numbers compared with previous studies are also counted in Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai, Securinega suffruticosa (Pall.) Rehder, and Tricyrtis macropoda Miq., respectively. In addition, Eupatorium japonicum Thunb. is proven to show polyploidy with tetra- and pentaploid. Among studied species, the diploids (66%) and tetraploids (24%) prevail.