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Summary: Praxelis cleggiae (Compositae: Eupatorieae: Praxeliinae) is described and illustrated from the granite inselbergs (upon which it is most common), and on road crown chippings on old roads, in the Departamento de Santa Cruz, Bolivia; it has a disjunct distribution and is also found on the Serranía San Simón, in the San Ignacio Schist belt, Departamento de Beni. Material of this species was mostly determined as P. insignis (Malme) R.M.King & H.Rob., a Brazilian species, described from the metamorphosed sandstone of what is now the Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães in Mato Grosso State. The two species have some superficial resemblance, but differ significantly in plant size, internode length (relative to leaf length), branching, leaf shape and size, phyllaries, achenes and pappus. The total number of species of Praxelis recognised in Bolivia is now seven, and 20 species in the genus worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En desarrollo de la revisión taxonómica de las especies colombianas de Chromolaena (Eupatorieae, Praxelinae) se encontraron tres novedades que enriquecen la flora de Colombia. Estas novedades son descritas e ilustradas; se discuten sus afinidades y se hacen comentarios en relación con su hábitat, distribución y época de floración.

Banana bunchy top virus is a multicomponent circular ssDNA virus (family Nanoviridae) that causes one of the most devastating diseases of cultivated bananas and plantains (family Musaceae). It is transmitted by the aphids Pentalonia nigronervosa and P. caladii among host plants of Musaceae and some other families of monocots. Our Illumina sequencing reconstruction of virome components of BBTV-infected banana plants and their neighbor non-banana plants sampled in Vietnam and Laos revealed the monocot Commelina sp. (Commelinaceae) and the dicots Bidens pilosa and Chromolaena odorata (both Asteraceae) as hosts of BBTV and circular ssDNA alphasatellites (family Alphasatellitidae). Counting the proportions and relative abundances of Illumina reads representing BBTV genome components and alphasatellites suggested that Chromolaena and Commelina are poor hosts for BBTV and one to three alphasatellite species, whereas Bidens is a permissive host for BBTV and four alphasatellite species representing two genera of Alphasatellitidae. Our findings provide evidence for the dicot plants of family Asteraceae as alternative hosts of BBTV and its alphasatellites, which warrants further investigation of these and other dicots as a potential refuge and source of BBTV and multiple alphasatellites that become associated with this virus and likely affect its replication, transmission, and host range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive or alien weeds are those which are introduced to new areas intentionally or unintentionally. They are undesirable plants which affect crop production, their quality and quantity, other resource utilization and income generation activities of the humans. Chromolaena odorata is one such invasive or alien weed which has invaded Maval region in Pune district. Chromolaena odorata has shown gradual increase in its abundance and decrease in natural Phytodiversity and crop diversity over frequent field visits. The present study was therefore undertaken to investigate allelopathic potential of leachates of root, stem, and leaf of Chromolaena odorata on common legumes in Maval tehsil like Horsegram, Lentil, and Mothbean in seed germination bioassay experiment. Petri plate bioassay study revealed that lower concentrations of leachates promoted root length, shoot length, Vigour index but higher concentration (20%) of aqueous leachates reduced seed germination in Horsegram, Lentil, and Mothbeans significantly as compared to other concentrations (4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and control). Treatment with higher concentration caused a remarkable increase in the rate of inhibition. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, Alkaloids, Steroids and Terpenoids. The inhibitory effects on seed germination revealed allelopathic potential of weed Chromolaena odorata. Toxicity effect was more in 20% concentration of leaf leachates than in root and stem. This may be due to presence of more allelochemicals in leaf than in root and stem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eupatorium amambayense, an endemism of Paraguay, was originally described within Eupatorium sect. Cylindrocephalum. Nowadays, genus Eupatorium is restricted to species from North America and Eurasia, and section Cylindrocephalum is a synonym of Chromolaena (Praxelinae). The objective of the work is to determine the current taxonomic identity of E. amambayense. Detailed comparative analyses of morphological traits, the protologue and type materials have revealed that the species belongs to Chromolaena and can be differentiated from the other genera of Praxelinae, especially Praxelis. As result the transfer of Eupatorium amambayense as Chromolaena amambayensis is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banana bunchy top virus is a multicomponent circular ssDNA virus (family Nanoviridae) that causes one of the most devastating diseases of cultivated bananas and plantains (family Musaceae). It is transmitted by the aphids Pentalonia nigronervosa and P. caladii among host plants of Musaceae and some other families of monocots. Our Illumina sequencing reconstruction of virome components of BBTV-infected banana plants and their neighbor non-banana plants sampled in Vietnam and Laos revealed the monocot Commelina sp. (Commelinaceae) and the dicots Bidens pilosa and Chromolaena odorata (both Asteraceae) as hosts of BBTV and circular ssDNA alphasatellites (family Alphasatellitidae). Counting the proportions and relative abundances of Illumina reads representing BBTV genome components and alphasatellites suggested that Chromolaena and Commelina are poor hosts for BBTV and one to three alphasatellite species, whereas Bidens is a permissive host for BBTV and four alphasatellite species representing two genera of Alphasatellitidae. Our findings provide evidence for the dicot plants of family Asteraceae as alternative hosts of BBTV and its alphasatellites, which warrants further investigation of these and other dicots as a potential refuge and source of BBTV and multiple alphasatellites that become associated with this virus and likely affect its replication, transmission, and host range.

Invasive plants can change the community structure of soil ammonia-oxidizing microbes, affect the process of soil nitrogen (N) transformation, and gain a competitive advantage. However, the current researches on competition mechanism of Chromolaena odorata have not involved soil nitrogen transformation. In this study, we compared the microbially mediated soil transformations of invasive C. odorata and natives (Pisonia grandis and Scaevola taccada) of tropical coral islands. We assessed how differences in plant biomass and tissue N contents, soil nutrients, N transformation rates, microbial biomass and activity, and diversity and abundance of ammonia oxidizing microbes associated with these species impact their competitiveness. The results showed that C. odorata outcompeted both native species by allocating more proportionally biomass to aboveground parts in response to interspecific competition (12.92 % and 22.72 % more than P. grandis and S. taccada, respectively). Additionally, when C. odorata was planted with native plants, the available N and net mineralization rates in C. odorata rhizosphere soil were higher than in native plants rhizosphere soils. Higher abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in C. odorata rhizosphere soil confirmed this, being positively correlated with soil N mineralization rates and available N. Our findings help to understand the soil N acquisition and competition strategies of C. odorata, and contribute to improving evaluations and predictions of invasive plant dynamics and their ecological effects in tropical coral islands., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Chromolaena odorata L. leaf was reported to contain phenolic group compounds, such as flavonoids. Flavonoid compounds have been reported to have antioxidant activity. Based on in vitro study, Chromolaena odorata L. leaves have potent antioxidant activity. However, in vivo, studies with dose variations have not been reported. Purpose: This study evaluates the antioxidant activity with various doses of ethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata L. leaves against male Wistar rats induced by paracetamol. Methods: Flavonoid contents were measured spectrophotometrically based on the formation of a complex flavonoid-aluminum. Quercetin was used to make a calibration curve. In vivo test was used TBARS method carried out by measured malondialdehyde (MDA) level in male Wistar rats induced by paracetamol 2g/Kg BW. The test was carried out on extracts with doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/Kg BW. Vitamin C with dose 6,5mg/Kg BW used as a positive control, and 1% of Na CMC used as the negative control. Histopathology assessment of liver used Hema-toxylin Eosin Stain. Results: Ethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata L. leaves contain flavonoid 126.459±0.163 mg/g extract as quercetin equivalent. Intoxication paracetamol on rats increased MDA serum level significantly different (p-value < 0.005) with normal control. Treatment of ascorbic acid and extracts decreased MDA serum level significantly different (p-value < 0.005) with control negative and improved the histological structure of hepatocytes. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata Linn. dose 500 mg/Kg BW was the best treatment with exhibited 58.974% reduction of MDA serum level and better improve the histological structure hepatocytes than other doses

This research investigates the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) and their potential as antibacterial and antifungal agents. Characterization techniques like ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX) confirmed the formation of spherical (AgNPs). UV-vis spectroscopy reaffirms AgNP formation with a peak at 429 nm. DLS and zeta potential measurements revealed an average size of 30.77 nm and a negative surface charge (- 0.532 mV). Further, XRD analysis established the crystalline structure of the AgNPs. Moreover, the TEM descriptions indicate that the AgNPs are spherical shapes, and their sizes ranged from 9 to 22 nm with an average length of 15.27 nm. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis validated the formation of metallic silver and elucidated the surface state composition of AgNPs. Biologically, CO-AgNPs showed moderate antibacterial activity but excellent antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis (MCC 1559) and Trichophyton rubrum (MCC 1598). Low MIC values (0.195 and 0.390 mg/mL) respectively, suggest their potential as effective antifungal agents. This suggests potential applications in controlling fungal infections, which are often more challenging to treat than bacterial infections. Molecular docking results validated that bioactive compounds in C. odorata contribute to antifungal activity by interacting with its specific domain. Further research could pave the way for the development of novel and safe antifungal therapies based on biogenic nanoparticles., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The objective is to investigate the healing efficacy of a Chromolaena odorata layered-nitrile rubber transdermal patch on excision wound healing in rats. Wounds were induced in Sprague-Dawley rats and were later treated as follows: wound A, the negative control, received no treatment (NC); wound B, the negative control with an empty nitrile rubber patch (NC-ERP); wound C, treated with a C. odorata layered-nitrile rubber patch (CO-NRP); and wound D, the positive control with Solcoseryl gel with a nitrile rubber patch (PC-SG-NRP). After 1, 3, 6, 10, and 14 days, the rats were sacrificed and analyzed for wound contraction, protein content, hexosamine, and uronic acid levels. Macroscopic observation showed enhanced wound healing in wounds treated with CO-NRP with a wound contraction percentage significantly higher (p<0.05) on days 6 and 10 compared to those treated with NC-ERP. Similarly, protein, hexosamine, and uronic acid contents were also significantly higher (p<0.05) in CO-NRP-treated wounds when compared with wounds treated with NC-ERP. Histological findings showed denser collagen deposition and faster granulation tissue formation in wounds treated with CO-NRP. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the C. odorata layered-nitrile rubber transdermal patch was effective in healing skin wounds., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Abdul Latif et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Chromolaena tacotana ( Klatt ) R. M. King and H. Rob ( Ch. tacotana ) contains bioactive flavonoids that may have antioxidant and/or anti-cancer properties. This study investigated the potential anti-cancer properties of a newly identified chalcone isolated from the inflorescences of the plant Chromolaena tacotana ( Klatt ) R. M. King and H. Rob ( Ch. tacotana ). The chalcone structure was determined using HPLC/MS (QTOF), UV, and NMR spectroscopy. The compound cytotoxicity and selectivity were evaluated on prostate, cervical, and breast cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. Apoptosis and autophagy induction were assessed through flow cytometry by detecting annexin V/7-AAD, active Casp3/7, and LC3B proteins. These results were supported by Western blot analysis. Mitochondrial effects on membrane potential, as well as levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins were analyzed using flow cytometry, fluorescent microscopy, and Western blot analysis specifically on a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line. Furthermore, molecular docking (MD) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to evaluate the interaction between the compounds and pro-survival proteins. The compound identified as 2',3,4-trihydroxy-4',6'-dimethoxy chalcone inhibited the cancer cell line proliferation and induced apoptosis and autophagy. MDA-MB-231, a TNBC cell line, exhibited the highest sensitivity to the compound with good selectivity. This activity was associated with the regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of the pro-apoptotic proteins, and reduction of anti-apoptotic proteins, thereby triggering the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The chalcone consistently interacted with anti-apoptotic proteins, particularly the Bcl-2 protein, throughout the simulation period. However, there was a noticeable conformational shift observed with the negative autophagy regulator mTOR protein. Future studies should focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer potential of the new chalcone and other flavonoids from Ch. tacotana , particularly against predominant cancer cell types.

The medicinal plant Chromolaena odorata is traditionally used by people living in different communities of Nepal and the globe against diabetes, soft tissue wounds, skin infections, diarrhea, malaria, and several other infectious diseases. The present study focuses on the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses and antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and toxicity of the plant for assessing its pharmacological potential. The extracts of flowers, leaves, and stems were prepared using methanol and distilled water as the extracting solvents. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were estimated by using the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were assessed using the DPPH assay and α -glucosidase inhibition assay. A brine shrimp assay was performed to study the toxicity, and the antibacterial activity test was performed by the agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, quinones, terpenoids, and coumarins as secondary metabolites. The methanol extract of leaves and flowers displayed the highest phenolic and flavonoid content with 182.26 ± 1.99 mg GAE/g, 128.57 ± 7.62 mg QE/g and 172.65 ± 0.48 mg GAE/g, 121.74 ± 7.06 mg QE/g, respectively. The crude extracts showed the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of 32.81 ± 5.26  µ g/mL and 41.00 ± 1.10  µ g/mL, respectively. The methanol extract of the leaves was found to be effective against bacterial strains such as K. pneumoniae (ZOI = 9.67 ± 0.32 mm), B. subtilis (ZOI = 15.00 ± 0 mm), and E. coli (7.3 ± 0.32 mm). The methanol extract of the flowers showed the most α -glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC 50 227.63 ± 11.38  µ g/mL), followed by the methanol extract of leaves (IC 50 249.50 ± 0.97  µ g/mL). The aqueous extract of the flowers showed the toxic effect with LC 50 107.31 ± 49.04  µ g/mL against the brine shrimp nauplii. In conclusion, C. odorata was found to be a rich source of plant secondary metabolites such as phenolics and flavonoids with potential effects against bacterial infection, diabetes, and oxidative stress in humans. The toxicity study showed that the aqueous extract of flowers possesses pharmacological activities. This study supports the traditional use of the plant against infectious diseases and diabetes and provides some scientific validation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Akash Budha Magar et al.)

Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Robinson (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) is one of the worst invasive weeds in West Africa, and a serious biotic threat to food security. The stem-galling fly, Cecidochares connexa (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a biological control agent for C. odorata, was released in the Ivory Coast in 2003 and first detected in Ghana in 2014. The spatiotemporal distribution and abundance of C. connexa in Ghana was determined by country-wide surveys from 2015 to 2016. Galls were found in varying densities across Ghana but gall densities were consistently low east of Lake Volta. A limited survey conducted in the extreme west of Togo in 2016, found the gall fly also in low numbers. There was a significant correlation between C. connexa gall densities and the distance from the release sites in the Ivory Coast. The distribution and abundance of the gall fly in Ghana could be explained by its spread from the original release sites over time and/or the much drier conditions east of Lake Volta. Cecidochares connexa has dispersed a distance of about 1000 km over a 10-year period and, while there is some evidence that the gall fly is still dispersing towards the east, its range and population size could be limited by the dry climatic conditions in the east of Ghana and in Togo. Actively redistributing the agent over this dry corridor to the more humid and higher rainfall areas of Nigeria, may result in the spread of this agent through the rest of West and Central Africa, thereby aiding the control of C. odorata in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical investigation on the aerial parts of Chromolaena congesta led to the isolation of nine flavonoids, known in the literature as genkwanin ( 1 ) kumatakenin ( 2 ) acacetin ( 3 ), kaempferol 3-methyl ether ( 4 ), apigenin ( 5 ), apigenin 5,7-dimethyl ether ( 6 ), apigenin 5-methyl ether ( 7 ), luteolin ( 8 ) and kaempferol ( 9 ). The chemical structures were established on the basis of spectral evidence. All the compounds were isolated from this species for the first time. The results from the present study provide further information about the flavonoids as taxonomic marker of the genus Chromolaena , and the chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds were also summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substantial areas of agricultural lands in Sub-Saharan Africa have been invaded by Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae), but the consequences for arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) remains poorly understood. This study explores changes in diverse AMF community attributes and soil available phosphorus following C. odorata invasion in forest and savanna fragments in Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa). Invaded-forest (COF) and savanna (COS) sites were compared to adjacent natural forest (FOR) and savanna (SAV) fragments, respectively. Physico-chemical variables and AMF spore density parameters were determined for soil samples from 0-20 cm depth. An 18S ribosomal RNA metabarcoding analysis of AMF communities was conducted. In addition, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was grown on soils collected from these sites under greenhouse conditions for determination of soil mycorrhizal infectivity. Noticeable changes in the composition of AMF communities in C. odorata relative to nearby forest and savanna non-invaded sites were observed. AMF-specific richness in COS (47 species) was lower than that in SAV (57 species) while it was higher in COF (68 species) than in FOR (63 species). COF and COS differed in AMF specific composition (Dissimilarity index = 50.6%). Chromolaena odorata invasions resulted in increased relative abundances of the genera Claroideoglomus and Glomus in COF, a decreased relative abundance of Paraglomus in COS and decreased relative abundances of Ambispora in both COF and COS. Total and healthy spore densities, cowpea root colonization intensity and soil available P were all higher in invaded sites than in natural ecosystems. Remarkably, although these values were different in FOR and SAV, they turned out to be similar in COF and COS (4.6 and 4.2 total spores g -1 soil, 2.3 and 2.0 healthy spores g -1 soil, and 52.6 and 51.6% root colonization, respectively) suggesting a C. odorata-specific effect. These findings indicate that soil mycorrhizal potential and phosphorus availability have improved following C. odorata invasion., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Anthropogenic activities and global climate change increase the risk of Chromolaena odorata invasion and habitat expansion. To predict its global distribution and habitat suitability under climate change, a random forest (RF) model was employed. The RF model, utilizing default parameters, analyzed species presence data and background information. The model revealed that the current spatial distribution of C. odorata covers 7,892,447 km 2 . Predictions for 2061- 2080 indicate expansion of suitable habitat (42.59 and 46.30%), reduction of suitable habit (12.92 and 12.20%), and preservation of suitable habitat (87.08 and 87.80%) under the SSP (Shared Socio-economic Pathway) 2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively, in comparison to the present distribution. Currently, C. odorata is predominantly found in South America, with limited presence in other continents. However, the data suggest that climate change will elevate the global invasion risk of C. odorata worldwide, particularly in Oceania, Africa, and Australia. Countries such as Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Lesotho, which currently have unsuitable habitats, are predicted to have highly suitable habitats with climate change, supporting the idea that global habitat expansion for C. odorata will occur due to climate change. This study indicates that proper management of C. odorata is crucial during the early invasion phase., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

A field experiment was conducted on Chromolaena odorata dominated pasture with the objectives of evaluating efficacy of integrated of mechanical and cultural control on weed suppression and determining botanical composition of plant species after treatment started. The treatments were, T1 slashing of Chromolaena every month, T2 digging up of Chromolanea, and exposed to dry (mulching), T3 digging up of Chromolaena followed by burning, T4 digging up of Chromolaena followed by burning and sowing with Centrosema pubescens and T5 digging up of Chromolaena followed by burning and planting with Brachiaria decumbens. Results of experiment showed that under drought conditions, digging up Chromolaena was very effective in suppressing regrowth of Chromolaena but it was not effective to other weeds. Among treatments, digging out of Chromolaena followed by burning and planting with Brachiaria decumbens was the most effective and slashing of Chromolaena every month was the least effective in suppressing weeds. Botanical composition was shifted with treatments. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis and Chromolaena were the dominant species in monthly slashed Chromolaena plots, Stachytarpheta and Calopogonium muconoides were the dominant species in mulched plots while Mimosa pudica, Brachiaria and Centrosema were the dominant species in burnt plots.

The flavonoid izalpinin was isolated from the aerial parts of Chromolaena leivensis . Its structural determination was carried out using MS and NMR spectroscopic techniques ( 1 H, 13 C). This compound was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory effect in a rat model on λ-carrageenan-induced plantar edema. Paw inflammation was measured at one-hour intervals for seven hours following the administration of λ-carrageenan. Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were evaluated, obtaining statistically significant results with the treatments at doses of 10 mg/kg (* p < 0.01) and 20 mg/kg (** p < 0.005). The anti-inflammatory effect of the compound was evaluated by using plethysmography, and the results showed significant differences at the three concentrations (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg) in the first and third hours after treatment. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001 vs. the negative control group treated with vehicle (DMSO). Lastly, molecular docking analyses reveal that izalpinin has a strong binding affinity with five target proteins involved in the inflammatory process. The analysis using molecular dynamics allowed demonstrating that the ligand-protein complexes present acceptable stability, with RMSD values within the allowed range.

Aim/Background: The present study evaluated the antioxidant vitamins and total phenolics contents from Monodora myristica, Chromolaena odorata, Buccholzia coriacea and Sphenostylis stenocarpa in connection with their comparative radical scavenging potentials between the raw and hydrothermal processed herbs using in vitro models. Methods: Antioxidant vitamins and total phenolics contents as well as radical scavenging capacities and ferric reducing antioxidant power of the herbs were measured using standard spectrophotometric methods. Results: The hydrothermal processed herbs exhibited relatively lower antioxidant vitamins and total phenolics contents compared with the raw herbs. Total phenolics contents of the raw and hydrothermal processed herbs varied within relatively narrow range: 0.26 ± 0.04 - 7.97 ± 0.20 mg GAE/g dry sample. The SCI50 of raw herbal extracts against O2•- was within the range of 201.61 ± 4.09 - 305.21 ± 5.11 µg/mL, whereas those of corresponding hydrothermal processed herbs gave 211.02 ± 4.15 - 531.66 ± 8.14 µg/mL. For the most part, SCI50 of the raw herbs against NO- were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of corresponding hydrothermal processed herbs. Likewise, AP50 of the raw herbs were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of corresponding hydrothermal processed herbs. Conclusion: The ambivalent radical scavenging and antioxidant capacities of antioxidant vitamins and phenolics contents of raw and hydrothermal processed herbs against the different oxidizing species were indications that the absolute herbal ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and total phenolics contents did not exclusively dictate radical scavenging and antioxidant activities in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, biomass from the Chromolaena odorata plant's stem was activated using sulfuric acid to adsorb crystal violet (CV) dye. The adsorption operation of CV dye was studied considering the effect of variables like pH, initial dye concentration, time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. The pseudo-second-order equation best fitted the kinetic study. The thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy (9.56 kJ/mol), change in Gibbs energy (81.43 to 96.7 kJ/mol), enthalpy change (6.89 kJ/mol), and entropy change (-254.4 J/mol K) were calculated. Response surface methodology estimated that at pH (4.902), adsorbent dosage (8.33 g/L), dye concentration (82.30 ppm), and temperature (300.13 K) dye removal of 97.53% is possible. FTIR, SEM, XRD, BJH, and BET confirmed adsorption operation. The adsorbent can be reused for 3 cycles effectively. Langmuir isotherm which best fitted the adsorption operation was used for designing a theoretical single-stage batch adsorber for large-scale operation., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Chromolaena species, of the Asteraceae family, are distributed across the tropical and the temperate regions of Africa, the Americas, southern Asia, and Australia. Despite "falling out of favour" among the people because of their "weedy" nature, Chromolaena species have indisputable long medicinal history in the treatment of malaria, nasal congestion, inflammation, eye disorders, asthma, cough, flu, headache, and cold. The aim of this review is to systematically summarize the current knowledge on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and real-time scientific applications of the genus Chromolaena after its re-classification from genus Eupatorium , as well as to proffer integrated approaches in maximizing their therapeutic values despite their "weedy" nature. First, the current species in the genus were verified by "The Plant List" (http://www.theplantlist.org) and "Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Missouri Botanical Garden" (http://mpns.kew.org/mpns-portal/). Second, the relevant information on each of the identified species was gathered from following databases: Google Scholar, Online Wiley library, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Scopus, PubMed. Scientific literature was searched from inception till August 2021. More than 190 phytochemicals have been isolated and identified from 27 species of the genus, including flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, steroids, fatty acids, and coumarins among others. Pharmacological investigations, both in vitro and in vivo , have shown that the extracts and the compounds have antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities among others. Many species of genus have potential therapeutic values, and hence they are more than "wandering" weeds. In addition, there is growing interest in the real-time scientific applications of the genus in the production of pharmacological polyherbal products, and this should serve as a stimulus to strategically develop integrated control approaches for preserving these species, with a view of maximizing their therapeutic values and reducing their cost of eradication. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromolaena barranquillensis (Asteraceae) is an endemic plant of northern Colombia that has garnered economic and medicinal interest, because species from the genus Chromolaena have shown diverse biological activities. This study describes, for the first time, the karyotype, germination and mitotic indices of C. barranquillensis (Hieron.) R.M. King & H. Rob. The germination index was between 34% and 56% with an average germination rate of 1.2 ± 0.4 seeds/day. The mitotic index analysis allowed to determine the cell cycle time (4 h, 10 min) and the mitotic hours (3:00–8:00 h and 17:00 h). The mitosis time was 49 min, equivalent to ~ 20% of the cell cycle. Karyotype analysis showed that C . barranquillensis is a hexaploid species with a chromosomal formula 2 n = 6 x = 60 = 48 m + 12 sm, and the average chromosomal lengths were 1.7 ± 0.1 μm to 0.9 ± 0.3 μm. The Stebbins asymmetry index was 2B, and the total form percentage was ~ 41%. These results uncover differences between C . barranquillensis and Chromolaena odorata , one of the most abundant species found in the world and the most closely related species to C . barranquillensis . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]