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Background Medication non-adherence is a major contributor to poor outcomes in diabetes. Previous research has shown an association between use of mail order pharmacy delivery and better medication adherence, but little is known about the barriers and facilitators to mail order pharmacy use in diabetes patients. This qualitative study examined factors related to mail order pharmacy use versus traditional “brick and mortar” pharmacies to refill prescriptions. Methods We conducted four 90-min focus groups in 2016 among 28 diabetes patients in the Hawaii and Northern California regions of Kaiser Permanente, a large integrated health care delivery system. We queried participants on their preferred mode for refilling prescriptions and perceived barriers and facilitators of mail order pharmacy use. One researcher independently coded each focus group transcript, with two of these transcripts double-coded by a second researcher to promote reliability. We employed thematic analysis guided by the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior (COM-B) framework using NVivo 11 software. Results A total of 28 diabetes patients participated. Participants’ average age was 64.1 years; 57% were female; and racial/ethnic backgrounds included Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (36%), Black/African-American (21%) Hispanic/Latino (7%), and non-Hispanic White (36%). Analysis uncovered 26 themes related to the decision to use mail order pharmacy, with each theme representing a barrier or facilitator mapped to the COM-B framework. Most themes (20/26) fell into the COM-B category of ‘Opportunity.’ Opportunity barriers to mail order pharmacy use included unpredictability of medication delivery date, concerns about mail security, and difficulty coordinating refill orders for multiple prescriptions. In contrast, facilitators included greater access and convenience (e.g., no need to wait in line or arrange transportation) compared to traditional pharmacies. Motivational facilitators to mail order pharmacy use included receiving a pharmacy benefit plan incentive of a free one-month supply of prescriptions. Conclusions This study found that while patients with diabetes may benefit from mail order pharmacy use, they perceive numerous barriers to using the service. These findings will inform the design of interventions and quality improvement initiatives to increase mail order pharmacy use, which in turn may improve medication adherence and outcomes in diabetes patients, across health care systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12913-019-4250-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Medication non-adherence is a major contributor to poor outcomes in diabetes. Previous research has shown an association between mail order pharmacy (MOP) and better medication adherence, but little is known about the barriers and facilitators to MOP use in diabetes patients. This qualitative study examined factors related to use of MOP vs. traditional pharmacies to obtain prescription medications. We conducted four 90-minute focus groups in 2016 among 28 diabetes patients in the Hawaii and Northern California regions of Kaiser Permanente, a large integrated health care delivery system. We queried participants on their preferred pharmacy use and perceptions of barriers and facilitators of MOP use. One researcher independently coded each focus group transcript, with two transcripts double-coded by an additional researcher to promote reliability. We employed thematic analysis guided by the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior (COM-B) framework using NVivo 11 software. The average age of participants was 64.1; 57% were female; 21% were Asian; 21% were black/African-American; 7% were Hispanic/Latino, and 14% were Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. Analysis uncovered 26 themes related to the decision to use MOP for dispensing medications. Most themes (18 out of 26) fell into the COM-B category of ’Opportunity.’ Barriers to MOP use included unpredictability of medication delivery date, concerns about mail security, and difficulty of coordinating refill orders for multiple prescriptions. In contrast, facilitators included greater access and convenience (e.g., no need to wait in line or arrange transportation) compared to traditional pharmacies. Receiving a MOP incentive of free one-month supply of prescriptions was a motivational facilitator to using MOP for delivering medications. These findings can be used to design interventions and quality improvement initiatives to increase MOP usage and improve medication adherence in diabetes patients across health care systems. Disclosure J. Schmittdiel: None. C. Marshall: None. D. Wiley: None. C.V. Chau: None. C.M. Trinacty: None. J.F. Wharam: None. O. Duru: None. A.J. Karter: None. K. Estacio: None. S. Brown: None.

To examine the impact of enrolling in a healthcare plan through the Affordable Care Act (ACA) healthcare exchanges on self-reported access to care.Cohort study using self-reported data of patients newly enrolled in Kaiser Permanente California and Kaiser Permanente Colorado through the ACA healthcare exchanges for coverage beginning January 1, 2014.Baseline and follow-up surveys conducted via mail and telephone, with response rates of 45% and 51%, respectively.We found significant increases in the percentage of people who reported having a personal healthcare provider (59% vs 73%; P.01) and significant decreases in those who reported delaying needed medical care due to costs (37% vs 25%; P.01) before and after ACA enrollment. There was also a significant increase in the percentage of patients who reported receiving a flu shot during the prior year (41% vs 52%; P.01). Among the people who reported having less than 4 months of healthcare coverage in 2013, these improvements were even more pronounced. This group also showed significant increases in the percentages who felt they had a place to go when they needed medical care (43% vs 56%; P.01) and who reported they received advice to quit smoking or using tobacco (46% vs 72%; P.05).These findings are an important addition to the evidence base that the ACA is improving the healthcare experience and reducing barriers due to costs for individuals obtaining insurance coverage through the healthcare exchanges.

Purpose of review Population care approaches for diabetes have the potential to improve the quality of care and decrease diabetes-related mortality and morbidity. Population care strategies are particularly relevant as accountable care organizations (ACOs), patient-centered medical homes (PCMH), and integrated delivery systems are increasingly focused on managing chronic disease care at the health system level. This review outlines the key elements of population care approaches for diabetes in the current health care environment. Recent findings Population care approaches proactively identify diabetes patients through disease registries and electronic health record data and utilize multidisciplinary care teams, personalized provider feedback, and decision support tools to target and care for patients at risk for poor outcomes. Existing evidence suggests that these strategies can improve care outcomes and potentially ameliorate existing race/ethnic disparities in health care. However, such strategies may be less effective for patients who are disengaged from the health care system. As population care for diabetes continues to evolve, future initiatives should consider ways to tailor population care to meet individual patient needs, while leveraging improvements in clinical information systems and care integration to optimally manage and prevent diabetes in the future.