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1. Sensitivity enriched multi-criterion decision making process for novel railway switches and crossings − a case study

Author

Hitesh C. Boghani, Ramakrishnan Ambur, Marcelo Blumenfeld, Louis Saade, Roger M. Goodall, Christopher P. Ward, Otto Plášek, Neil Gofton, Miquel Morata, Clive Roberts, and Roger Dixon

Subjects
Switches and crossings (S&C), Railway tracks, Multi-criterion decision making, Pugh matrix, Sensitivity analysis, Transportation engineering, TA1001-1280, Transportation and communications, HE1-9990
Abstract

Abstract Background Despite their important role in railway operations, switches and crossings (S&C) have changed little since their conception over a century ago. It stands now that the existing designs for S&C are reaching their maximum point of incremental performance improvement, and only a radical redesign can overcome the constraints that current designs are imposing on railway network capacity. This paper describes the process of producing novel designs for next generation switches and crossings, as part of the S-CODE project. Methods Given the many aspects that govern a successful S&C design, it is critical to adopt multi criteria decision making (MCDM) processes to identify a specific solution for the next generation of switches and crossings. However, a common shortcoming of these methods is that their results can be heavily influenced by external factors, such as uncertainty in criterium weighting or bias of the evaluators, for example. This paper therefore proposes a process based on the Pugh Matrix method to reduce such biases by using sensitivity analysis to investigate them and improve the reliability of decision making. Results In this paper, we analysed the influences of three different external factors, measuring the sensitivity of ranking due to (a) weightings, (b) organisational and (c) discipline bias. The order of preference of the results was disturbed only to a minimum while small influences of bias were detected. Conclusions Through this case study, we believe that the paper demonstrates an effective case study for a quantitative process that can improve the reliability of decision making.

Published
2021
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2. Realisation of a Novel Functionally Redundant Actuation System for a Railway Track-Switch

Author

Osama Olaby, Saikat Dutta, Tim Harrison, Christopher P. Ward, and Roger Dixon

Subjects
railway, track switch, control design, actuator redundancy, fault tolerance, simulation, Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

This paper focuses on modelling, control, realisation and performance analysis of a full-scale demonstrator for a novel railway track switch. For over a century, railway track switches (or points) have been allowing trains to safely change between routes. As they are safety-critical elements of the rail network, when they fail, the signalling system will prevent trains from using that route. This means poor reliability (or lack of availability) leads to significant delays and costs; hence there is huge interest from researchers and engineers in improving the overall reliability of track switches. This paper presents new results, which represent a meaningful first step toward a revolution in the way track switches are actuated. A “REPOINT-Light” railway track switch demonstrator is introduced which uses a new concept of locking to allow redundant actuation with three actuator bearers operating under closed-loop feedback control. The new concept, its control system and its mechanical viability are tested in experiments at the Great Central Railway in the UK. To support the design of the actuators and the control system, a dynamic simulation model is developed by co-simulation involving Simulink and Simpack. The experimental results presented are used to validate the models and the paper discusses how the models themselves are used as the vehicle for the design of feedback controllers. Virtual testing of the controllers in simulation is a vital step prior to the implementation and deployment of the controllers in the demonstrator switch. The major contribution of this work is demonstrating, for the first time at full scale on a real-world track switch, that it is possible to use one-out-of-three actuator redundancy to provide fault-tolerant operation of railway track switch.

Published
2021
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3. Correction to: Sensitivity enriched multi-criterion decision making process for novel railway switches and crossings − a case study

Author

Hitesh C. Boghani, Ramakrishnan Ambur, Marcelo Blumenfeld, Louis Saade, Roger M. Goodall, Christopher P. Ward, Otto Plášek, Neil Gofton, Miquel Morata, Clive Roberts, and Roger Dixon

Subjects
Transportation engineering, TA1001-1280, Transportation and communications, HE1-9990
Abstract

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Published
2021
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4. An investigation into intermittent electrification strategies and an analysis of resulting CO2 emissions using a high-fidelity train model

Author

Bilal M. Abdurahman, William J. B. Midgley, Tim J. Harrison, and Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
050210 logistics & transportation, Mechanical Engineering, medicine.medical_treatment, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, Computational Mechanics, Fidelity, Transportation, 010501 environmental sciences, Traction (orthopedics), Track (rail transport), Diesel engine, 01 natural sciences, Automotive engineering, Computer Science Applications, Diesel fuel, Electrification, 0502 economics and business, medicine, Environmental science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract

A near-term strategy to reduce emissions from rail vehicles, as a path to full electrification for maximal decarbonisation, is to partially electrify a route, with the remainder of the route requiring an additional self-powered traction option. These rail vehicles are usually powered by a diesel engine when not operating on electrified track and are referred to as bi-mode vehicles. This paper analyses the benefits of discontinuous electrification compared to continuous electrification using the CO2 estimates from a validated high-fidelity bi-mode (diesel-electric) rail vehicle model. This analysis shows that 50% discontinuous electrification provides a maximum of 54% reduction in operational CO2 emissions when compared to the same length of continuously electrified track. The highest emissions savings occurred when leaving train stations where vehicles must accelerate quickly to line speed. These results were used to develop a linear regression model for fast estimation of CO2 emissions from diesel running and electrification benefits. This model was able to estimate the CO2 emissions from a route to within 10% of that given by the high-fidelity model. Finally, additional considerations such as cost and the embodied CO2 in electrification infrastructure were analysed to provide a comparison between continuous and discontinuous electrification. Discontinuous electrification can cost up to 56% less per reduction in lifetime emissions than continuous electrification and can save up to 2.3 times more lifetime CO2 per distance electrified.

Published
2021

5. Development and control of a rail vehicle model to reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions

Author

Roger M. Goodall, Christopher P. Ward, William J. B. Midgley, and Tim J. Harrison

Subjects
050210 logistics & transportation, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, 05 social sciences, Control (management), Energy consumption, 010501 environmental sciences, Modular design, Optimal control, 01 natural sciences, Automotive engineering, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 0502 economics and business, Carbon dioxide, Environmental science, business, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The development, validation and control of a bi-mode train model is presented. A detailed modular model of a United Kingdom Class 800 train, which included carbon dioxide emissions data, was developed in MATLAB/Simulink. This model was validated against data obtained from a full day of rail journeys in the south-west of England. The validated model was used to develop control measures to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions of the train. Combining adaptive speed limit control with selective engine shutdown reduced the carbon dioxide emissions by 19.1% over a representative route without affecting the train’s on-time performance. The model was used to develop a tool for investigating the emissions benefits of (intermittent/discontinuous) route electrification. This tool shows that electrification of a route can reduce the carbon dioxide emissions by 66%.

Published
2021

6. Dysfunctional sleep insufficiency and reduced P3 attentional response to positive social information

Author

Rick E. Ingram, Jasmin Prudon, Steven L. Bistricky, Jessica Balderas, Christopher P. Ward, Ruth Ann Atchley, and Christine A. P. Walther

Subjects
Facial expression, Physiology, Context (language use), Dysfunctional family, Structural equation modeling, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, 03 medical and health sciences, Health psychology, 0302 clinical medicine, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Neurology, Physiology (medical), Psychology, Oddball paradigm, Psychosocial, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Clinical psychology
Abstract

One must process others’ facial affect proficiently to facilitate social functioning, and both social functioning and processing of facial affect can be impaired in sleep-deficient states. Based on mood-salience, decreased positive affect and increased negative affect experienced from sleep deficits or from depression might differentially modulate attentional responses to others’ positive and negative facial expressions. The present study examined this possibility by assessing college students’ subjective sleep–wake experience and their P3 event-related potentials responses, which indicate attention allocation. Fifty-five participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), assessments of current and past depressive symptoms, and a modified oddball task including affective facial expression stimuli. Factor analysis was conducted on PSQI data, and structural equation models were estimated to examine associations between PSQI latent factors and oddball P3 amplitude, controlling for current and past depressive symptomatology. Results indicated that one of the two identified PSQI factors (dysfunctional sleep insufficiency) was negatively associated with P3 amplitude in response to happy facial stimuli, while PSQI factor associations with sad and neutral stimuli were non-significant. Findings suggest that particular self-reported sleep–wake problems (dynamic interplay of sleep duration, sleep quality, and psychosocial functioning) can be related to decreased elaborated attention towards others’ positive facial expressions, potentially a marker of decreased inclination towards social rewards. This pattern may be particularly relevant in college, a context that can present important social opportunities and reinforce problematic sleep habits. Future longitudinal research that includes assessments of social functioning and diverse samples would be beneficial.

Published
2021

8. Railways Discovering Mechatronics and Monitoring - An Overview

Author

Christopher P. Ward, Roger M. Goodall, Moussa Hamadache, and Roger Dixon

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Engineering, business.industry, Research areas, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Condition monitoring, 02 engineering and technology, Mechatronics, Transport engineering, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Work (electrical), Control and Systems Engineering, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, business, Rail infrastructure
Abstract

The railway industry has been significantly slower than the competing modes of air and road in taking advantage of mechatronics and health monitoring, although a number of possibilities are now “hot topic” research areas being considered worldwide. This paper describes some current research work and a range of opportunities ranging from “low level” (vehicle sub-systems) through to “high level” system wide benefits.

Published
2020

9. Optimal intermittent electrification and its effect on battery sizing and energy saving using a high-fidelity train model

Author

Bilal M Abduraxman, Tim Harrison, Christopher P Ward, and William JB Midgley

Subjects
Mechanical Engineering
Abstract

The fastest way to decarbonise traction energy of a railway network is full electrification of the network. However, full electrification can be costly and is often delayed due to complicated planning procedures. Often, it is not financially viable to electrify certain sections of the network due to geographical challenges such as hillsides and requirements to raise or lower the tracks. Intermittent electrification can provide a way to reduce emissions on a route without fully electrifying it. This paper presents an optimal intermittent electrification strategy and compares its effects on required battery size to a ‘common-sense’ approach. The “common-sense” approach is a heuristic electrification method where high-power sections of the route are electrified first. Energy savings are demonstrated using a validated high-fidelity bi-mode train model on the Newbury-Plymouth route of Great Western Railway in the UK. Unlike prior research, the optimal electrification strategy considers energy consumptions for both directions of a journey on the route and is therefore optimal regardless of travel direction. The 278-km Newbury-Plymouth route was divided into 50 equal discrete sections for the optimization process, which then identified sections that should be prioritised for electrification as they consume the maximum energy. A high charge/discharge lithium titanite-oxide battery was modelled and installed on the virtual vehicle to determine the required battery sizing for given optimal percentages of intermittent electrification. The battery sizing strategy includes battery wear effects from charge/discharge cycle life and shows the battery life to be 1.42 years if kept at 55°C and 6 years if kept at 25°C. At 36% electrification, using the ‘common-sense’ approach, the battery weighs 10,500 kg and the battery-OLE train reduces the CO2 emissions and energy usage on the route by 83% when compared to the diesel-only train.

Published
2023

10. Fault-tolerant control for sensor faults affecting an electromechanical railway track switch

Author

Precious K Mwongera, Will J Midgley, Roger Dixon, and Christopher P Ward

Subjects
Mechanical Engineering
Abstract

A fault-tolerant control scheme (FTCS) was developed for a novel mechatronic track switch for the first time. The FTCS was first developed and tested on a simulation model of the system, before being applied to an experimental actuation system in the laboratory. Both the simulation and experimental results show that this FTCS works as expected and allows the switch to continue operating as desired under sensor failure, preventing damage to the switch.

Published
2023

12. Model-Based Controller Design for a Lift-and-Drop Railway Track Switch Actuator

Author

Christopher P. Ward, Samuel D. Bemment, Saikat Dutta, Precious Kaijuka, and Roger Dixon

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Lift (data mining), Computer science, PID controller, Control engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Track (rail transport), DC motor, Computer Science Applications, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Control and Systems Engineering, Control system, Full state feedback, Drop (telecommunication), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Actuator
Abstract

Track switches are essential in order to enable railway vehicles to change routes; however, they are also the largest single cause of failure on the railway network. A new generation of switching concepts are emerging from projects like In2Rail, REPOINT, and S-Code that promise to improve rail network performance through the use of new mechanisms, monitoring, and control systems. This paper focusses on modeling and control of a lab-demonstrator from the REPOINT project. Unlike conventional track switch machines, this actuator needs closed loop feedback control. First, a detailed simulation model of the actuator is developed and validated against experimental results. Two model-based control designs are then developed and tested: a classical cascaded P/PI controller and a modern state feedback controller. The two controllers are compared and it is found that, whilst there are some performance differences, both meet the requirements for use in a redundantly actuated REPOINT switch.

Published
2019

13. A new approach to railway track switch actuation: Dynamic simulation and control of a self-adjusting switch

Author

Saikat Dutta, Tara Scott, Roger Dixon, Christopher P. Ward, and Tim J. Harrison

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Computer science, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, Control (management), Multibody simulation, 02 engineering and technology, Co-simulation, Track (rail transport), Dynamic simulation, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Control theory, 11. Sustainability, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Key (cryptography), Train, Actuator
Abstract

The track switch is one of the key assets in any railway network. It is essential to allow trains to change route; however, when it fails, significant delays are almost inevitable. A relatively common fault is ‘loss of detection’, which can happen when there is a gradual track movement and the switch machines (actuators) no longer close the gap between the switch rail and stock rail to within safe tolerance levels. Currently, such misalignment is mitigated by a preventative programme of inspection and manual re-adjustment. In contrast to many other industries, the actuators are exclusively operated in open loop, with sensors (often limit switches) mainly being used for detection. Hence, an opportunity exists to investigate the closed loop control concepts for improving the operation of the switch. This paper proposes two advances: first, a novel approach is taken for modelling the dynamic performance of track switch actuators and the moving permanent-way components of the switch. The model is validated against real data from an operational switch. Secondly, the resulting dynamic model is then used to examine the implementation of closed loop feedback control as an integral part of track switch actuation. The proposed controller is found to perform well and offers the potential of ‘self-adjustment’, i.e. re-adjusting itself to close any gap (within a predefined range) between the stock and switch rails, thereby completing the switching operation.

Published
2019

14. Software for designing rigorous and replicable preclinical research: The Experimental Design Accelerator

Author

Joseph R. Campbell, Duyen M. Nghiem, David H. Malin, William R. Buras, L. Jean Harrison-Walker, Jonathan J. Izygon, Scott A. Hetherington, Nicholas J. Kelling, Christopher P. Ward, and Ryan N. Hughes

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Research design, Biomedical Research, Computer science, business.industry, Design of experiments, Data management, Data science, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Preclinical research, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Software, Research Design, Sample size determination, Replication (statistics), Animals, Humans, Internal validity, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

In recent years, there have been concerns about research practices in basic and preclinical biomedical research. There have been problems with non-replicable results, and experimental designs lacking internal validity or external or translational validity. The Experimental Design Accelerator (XDA) is Internet-based, interactive software designed to help those trying to design, conduct and document rigorous, replicable and relevant experiments. It leads the investigator step-by-step through a series of decisions that will define the experimental design. It provides background regarding the significance of each decision and the advantages and disadvantages of each possible choice. For example, it leads the researcher to address issues such as choosing a research model, developing testable hypotheses, identifying extraneous variables, dealing with random and systematic error, picking appropriate sample size and picking appropriate statistical analyses. There are also sections to help conduct the experiment consistent with its design and to document the study to facilitate accurate replication. Helpful features include access to an online statistics book and provisions for rapid contact with consulting experts. A number of potential uses for such novel interactive software tools will be discussed.

Published
2019

15. Dynamic analysis and performance of a repoint track switch

Author

Dimitrios Kostovasilis, Samuel D. Bemment, Christopher P. Ward, Roger Dixon, M.L. Sarmiento-Carnevali, Yann Bezin, M.Sh. Sichani, Tim J. Harrison, and Sérgio Neves

Subjects
Engineering, Injury control, Accident prevention, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Poison control, Kinematics, Automotive engineering, Stub (electronics), Overcurrent, Vehicle dynamics, Automotive Engineering, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, business
Abstract

Repoint is an alternative concept for the design of track switches developed at Loughborough University. The concept, based around a stub switch, offers several improvements over current designs. T...

Published
2019

16. Long-read sequencing for brain tumors

Author

William J. Shelton, Sara Zandpazandi, J Stephen Nix, Murat Gokden, Michael Bauer, Katie Rose Ryan, Christopher P. Wardell, Olena Morozova Vaske, and Analiz Rodriguez

Subjects
brain tumors, third generation sequencing, long-read sequencing, molecular diagnostics, liquid biopsy, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

Brain tumors and genomics have a long-standing history given that glioblastoma was the first cancer studied by the cancer genome atlas. The numerous and continuous advances through the decades in sequencing technologies have aided in the advanced molecular characterization of brain tumors for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Since the implementation of molecular biomarkers by the WHO CNS in 2016, the genomics of brain tumors has been integrated into diagnostic criteria. Long-read sequencing, also known as third generation sequencing, is an emerging technique that allows for the sequencing of longer DNA segments leading to improved detection of structural variants and epigenetics. These capabilities are opening a way for better characterization of brain tumors. Here, we present a comprehensive summary of the state of the art of third-generation sequencing in the application for brain tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. We discuss the advantages and potential new implementations of long-read sequencing into clinical paradigms for neuro-oncology patients.

Published
2024
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17. Realisation of a Novel Functionally Redundant Actuation System for a Railway Track-Switch

Author

Saikat Dutta, Tim J. Harrison, Osama Olaby, Roger Dixon, and Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Computer science, Reliability (computer networking), Control (management), control design, 02 engineering and technology, Track (rail transport), lcsh:Technology, lcsh:Chemistry, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, 0203 mechanical engineering, General Materials Science, actuator redundancy, Instrumentation, lcsh:QH301-705.5, Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, lcsh:T, Process Chemistry and Technology, track switch, General Engineering, Control engineering, Fault tolerance, simulation, railway, lcsh:QC1-999, Computer Science Applications, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, lcsh:Biology (General), lcsh:QD1-999, Software deployment, lcsh:TA1-2040, Control system, Train, fault tolerance, Actuator, lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), lcsh:Physics
Abstract

This paper focuses on modelling, control, realisation and performance analysis of a full-scale demonstrator for a novel railway track switch. For over a century, railway track switches (or points) have been allowing trains to safely change between routes. As they are safety-critical elements of the rail network, when they fail, the signalling system will prevent trains from using that route. This means poor reliability (or lack of availability) leads to significant delays and costs, hence there is huge interest from researchers and engineers in improving the overall reliability of track switches. This paper presents new results, which represent a meaningful first step toward a revolution in the way track switches are actuated. A &ldquo, REPOINT-Light&rdquo, railway track switch demonstrator is introduced which uses a new concept of locking to allow redundant actuation with three actuator bearers operating under closed-loop feedback control. The new concept, its control system and its mechanical viability are tested in experiments at the Great Central Railway in the UK. To support the design of the actuators and the control system, a dynamic simulation model is developed by co-simulation involving Simulink and Simpack. The experimental results presented are used to validate the models and the paper discusses how the models themselves are used as the vehicle for the design of feedback controllers. Virtual testing of the controllers in simulation is a vital step prior to the implementation and deployment of the controllers in the demonstrator switch. The major contribution of this work is demonstrating, for the first time at full scale on a real-world track switch, that it is possible to use one-out-of-three actuator redundancy to provide fault-tolerant operation of railway track switch.

Published
2021

18. Controlling a Rail Vehicle with Independently-Rotating Wheels

Author

Ruichen Wang, Nabilah Farhat, Roger M. Goodall, Christopher P. Ward, Omar Shaebi, Martin Whitley, Julian Stow, and David Crosbee

Subjects
Control theory, Computer science, Dynamical simulation, Robust control, Active suspension, Track (rail transport), Suspension (vehicle), Automotive engineering, Bogie, Damper
Abstract

A conventional rail vehicle has a purely mechanical suspension consisting of springs and dampers. Their performance is determined mainly by spring stiffnesses, damper coefficients and the sprung and unsprung masses. As a result, the guidance forces generated at the wheel-rail contact are not optimised for a particular track curvature or profile. This leads to a contradictory requirement for a stiff suspension for guidance and a softer suspension for steering, and conventional vehicles have to be designed for a wide range of operating regimes. Active suspensions to influence the running gear of a rail vehicle have been studied widely [1] and proposed as a solution to overcoming the inherent suspension design conflict between stability and guidance. Some of this research has suggested that an active vehicle with independently-rotating wheels (IRWs) will provide the best solution in terms of vehicle performance and lower actuation requirements [2]. This paper takes this research further by designing and implementing a robust controller for IRWs on a multi-body physics simulation (MBS) model of a British Rail Class 230 D-train with modified bogies.

Published
2020

19. Benefits of mechatronically guided vehicles on railway track switches

Author

Nabilah Farhat, Roger Dixon, Roger M. Goodall, and Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, 0203 mechanical engineering, Computer science, Mechanical Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Track (rail transport), Suspension (vehicle), Automotive engineering
Abstract

Conventional rail vehicles struggle to optimally satisfy the different suspension requirements for various track profiles, such as on a straight track with stochastic irregularities, curved track or switches and crossings, whereas mechatronically guided railway vehicles promise a large advantage over conventional vehicles in terms of reduced wheel–rail wear, improved guidance and opening new possibilities in vehicle architecture. Previous research in this area has looked into guidance and steering using multi-body simulation models of mechatronic rail vehicles of three different mechanical configurations – secondary yaw control, actuated solid-axle wheelset and driven independently rotating wheelsets (DIRW). The DIRW vehicle showed the best performance in terms of reduced wear and minimal flange contact and is therefore chosen in this paper for studying the behaviour of mechatronically guided rail vehicles on conventional switches and crossings. In the work presented here, a mechatronic vehicle with the DIRW configuration is run on moderate and high-speed track switches. The longer term motivation is to perform the switching function from on-board the vehicle as opposed to from the track as is done conventionally. As a first step towards this, the mechatronic vehicle model is compared against a conventional rail vehicle model on two track scenarios – a moderate speed C type switch and a high-speed H switch. A multi-body simulation software is used to produce a high fidelity model of an active rail vehicle with independently rotating wheelsets where each wheel has an integrated ‘wheelmotor’. This work demonstrates the theory that mechatronic rail vehicles could be used on conventional switches and crossings. The results show that the mechatronic vehicle gives a significant reduction in wear, reduced flange contact and improved ride quality on the through routes of both moderate and high-speed switches. On the diverging routes, the controller can be tuned to achieve minimal flange contact and improved ride quality at the expense of higher creep forces and wear.

Published
2018

20. The benefits of mechatronically-guided railway vehicles: A multi-body physics simulation study

Author

Roger M. Goodall, Roger Dixon, Christopher P. Ward, and Nabilah Farhat

Subjects
Computer science, Mechanical Engineering, 020302 automobile design & engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Mechatronics, Track (rail transport), computer.software_genre, Automotive engineering, Computer Science Applications, Active steering, Simulation software, Vehicle dynamics, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 0203 mechanical engineering, Control and Systems Engineering, visual_art, 11. Sustainability, Electronic component, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Dynamical simulation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Suspension (vehicle), computer
Abstract

Mechatronically-guided railway vehicles are of paramount importance in addressing the increasing interest in reducing wheel-rail wear and improving guidance and steering. Conventional passively-guided rail vehicles are limited by the mechanical constraints of the suspension elements. Currently, a typical rail vehicle suspension needs to be sufficiently stiff to stabilize the wheelsets while being complaint enough to negotiate curved track profiles. The suspension is therefore a compromise for the contradictory requirements of curving and stability. In mechatronic vehicles, actuators are used with the conventional suspension components to provide additional stiffness or damping forces needed to optimise a vehicle for a wide variety of scenarios, and not rely on a sub optimal combination of passive components. This research demonstrates the benefits of active guidance and steering when compared to a conventional vehicle using simulation results from a multi-body simulation software Simpack. It also provides insights into the relative performance of the mechatronic schemes. The Simpack modeling allows for a complex model with high fidelity, which provides an additional level of proof of the control algorithms working on a real rail vehicle. Each vehicle is assessed in terms of guidance on straight track, steering on curved track, actuation requirements and wheel-rail wear. Significant benefits are demonstrated in one of the guided vehicles with independently-rotating wheelsets.

Published
2018

21. Contact force estimation in the wheel/rail interface for curving scenarios through regions of reduced adhesion

Author

G.A. Amarantidis, Peter D. Hubbard, Nabilah Farhat, and Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
Physics, 0209 industrial biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering, Traction (engineering), ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS, 02 engineering and technology, Kalman filter, Automotive engineering, Computer Science Applications, Contact force, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, 0203 mechanical engineering, Control and Systems Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Simulation
Abstract

Regions of extreme low-adhesion between the wheel and rail can cause critical problems in traction and braking. This can manifest in operational issues such as signals being passed at danger, or pessimistic network wide responses to mitigate for localised issues. Poor traction conditions can be caused by oil contaminants, rain, ice, condensation of water droplets (micro-wetting) or leaves on the line, where compressed leaf contamination can cause a rapid decrease in adhesion. The complexity of the problem arises as a result of the inability to directly measure and monitor all the factors involved. There remains a lack of real-time information regarding the state and location of low-adhesion areas across rail networks. On-board low adhesion detection technology installed to in-service vehicles is a suggested method to capture up-to-date adhesion information network wide and minimise significant disruptions and cancellations in railway schedules. This paper extends a principle of a model-based estimation technique previously developed in straight track running for operating in a curving scenario. The vehicle model of focus here will be a high-fidelity, multi-body physics representation of a full-vehicle.

Published
2018

22. Active fault tolerant control applied to REPOINT, a novel railway track switch

Author

Roger Dixon, Precious Kaijuka, and Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Computer science, Reliability (computer networking), Open-loop controller, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Fault tolerance, 02 engineering and technology, Fault (power engineering), Track (rail transport), Fault detection and isolation, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Control and Systems Engineering, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electronic engineering, Network performance, Single point of failure
Abstract

Railway networks are fitted with switches and crossings that enable trains to move from one track to another however they present a single point of failure. Existing track switches actuation is performed in the open loop presenting a research gap where closed-loop fault tolerant control can be applied to track switch actuation in order to improve railway network performance. A new railway track switch, REPOINT has been developed at Loughborough University with a new electromechanical design that incorporates actuator redundancy to improve the reliability of track switch operation. This paper looks at the development and validation of a sensor fault detection, identfication and accomodation scheme applied to a detailed non-linear model representing the laboratory scale demonstrator of the REPOINT concept. A residual-based fault diagnosis scheme is developed from the comparison of estimates generated by a bank of observers and output measurements. In the presence of sensor faults, a reconstructed signal from the fault detection algorithm is used to replace the measured signal for feedback control and thus safe switching position control is achieved. The results demonstrate that using a reliable fault tolerant control configuration could increase the availability and reliability of the REPOINT track switch.

Published
2018

23. Protocol for the quantitative identification of endogenously ISGylated proteins from mammalian cell lines

Author

Christopher P. Wardlaw, Matthew M. Miele, Zhuoning Li, Ronald C. Hendrickson, and John H.J. Petrini

Subjects
Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, CRISPR, Proteomics, Mass Spectrometry, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract

Summary: Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 plays an important role in an array of cellular functions via its covalent attachment to target proteins (ISGylation). Here, we present a protocol for the identification of ISGylated proteins that avoids the caveats associated with ISG15 overexpression and minimizes the likelihood of false positives. We describe steps for the tagging of endogenous ISG15, followed by genotyping and clone selection. We then detail steps for ISGylation induction, the isolation of ISGylated proteins, and their identification via quantitative mass spectrometry.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wardlaw and Petrini.1 : Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.

Published
2024
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24. The Use of Human Factors to Address Medical Research Replicability Through the Development of Software Based Solution

Author

David H. Malin, William R. Buras, Christopher P. Ward, Nicholas J. Kelling, and Scott A. Hetherington

Subjects
Medical Terminology, Software, Development (topology), business.industry, Computer science, 05 social sciences, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Medical research, business, Data science, 050107 human factors, 050105 experimental psychology, Medical Assisting and Transcription
Abstract

The lack of research replicability is becoming more of a concern in many fields. The medical research community and specifically the National Institutes of Health are concerned about how this issue will affect the well-being of the field (Collins & Tabak, 2014). However, this situation represents an opportunity to showcase how human factors can act as a solution through a combination of usability and human systems integration. The current work details how the development of a software platform designed to address replicability and reproducibility concerns in drug dependency research was informed by human factors principles from early development.

Published
2017

25. Least Squares Estimation and Fuzzy Logic Based Condition Monitoring for High Redundancy Actuator

Author

Christopher P. Ward, Hasmawati Antong, and Roger Dixon

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Estimation theory, Computer science, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Condition monitoring, Fault tolerance, Control engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Fuzzy logic, Least squares, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Control and Systems Engineering, Control theory, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Redundancy (engineering), Actuator
Abstract

The high redundancy actuator concept that is inspired by biomimetics is an approach to fault tolerant actuator that aims to provide fault tolerance using relatively large number of actuation elements. The actuation elements are assembled in parallel and series configuration to form a single actuator that has intrinsic fault tolerance. During normal operations, it is possible that some of these elements are operational and some are faulty. As one or more of the actuation elements fail, the actuator capability will fall below that required by the application. Therefore, it is essential to have a condition monitoring algorithm to detect early signs of deterioration so that maintenance activity can be planned to avoid failure and to reduce down time and maintenance costs. This paper discusses the condition monitoring algorithm which is based on least squares parameter estimation and fuzzy logic to give indication of either the actuator is still in healthy condition or some elements are started to fail.

Published
2017

26. Extending Emergency Repair Response Times for Railway Track Switches through Multi-Channel Redundancy of Functional Subsystems

Author

Samuel D. Bemment, Roger Dixon, Roger M. Goodall, Tim J. Harrison, and Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
Emergency response, Computer science, Field data, Redundancy (engineering), Fault tolerance, Track (rail transport), Multi channel, Reliability engineering
Abstract

A novel track switch concept has been developed at Loughborough University, which allows parallel-channel, fault-tolerant functions for the first time. This paper demonstrates, through mathematical modelling, real-world data and conservative assumptions, that using a multi-channel, fault-tolerant switching concept can allow an increase in switch availability over baseline scenarios. Performance of four existing switch types is analysed for baseline performance using field data. Multi-channel architectures are then analysed across a range of reactionary maintenance regimes. Availability measures are obtained which show the range of possible switch availability against maintenance response times. The most significant improvements occur when maintenance practice is also revised, the novel system offering the option to run to subsystem failure and remain functional. Results indicate that for multi-channel installations, gains in system availability are possible even when emergency response times are set orders of magnitude longer than currently achieved, indicating a signifi cant reduction in ongoing maintenance commitment. The work also demonstrates that the particular choice of subsystem architecture is of low significance.

Published
2017

27. Correction to: Sensitivity enriched multi-criterion decision making process for novel railway switches and crossings − a case study

Author

Otto Plasek, Louis Saade, Hitesh C. Boghani, Christopher P. Ward, Ramakrishnan Ambur, Miquel Morata, Roger Dixon, Roger M. Goodall, Marcelo Blumenfeld, Neil Gofton, and Clive J. Roberts

Subjects
Computer science, Mechanical Engineering, Automotive Engineering, lcsh:TA1001-1280, Transportation, Sensitivity (control systems), Decision-making, lcsh:Transportation engineering, lcsh:Transportation and communications, lcsh:HE1-9990, Reliability engineering
Abstract

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Published
2021

28. Rethinking rail track switches for fault tolerance and enhanced performance

Author

Emma Ebinger, Samuel D. Bemment, Christopher P. Ward, Roger Dixon, and Roger M. Goodall

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Electrical engineering, Fault tolerance, 02 engineering and technology, Rail network, Reliability engineering, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 0203 mechanical engineering, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, business, Reliability (statistics)
Abstract

Railway track switches, commonly referred to as ‘turnouts’ or ‘points,’ are a necessary element of any rail network. However, they often prove to be performance-limiting elements of networks. A novel concept for rail track switching has been developed as part of a UK research project with substantial industrial input. The concept is currently at the demonstrator phase, with a scale (384 mm) gauge unit operational in a laboratory. Details of the novel arrangement and concept are provided herein. This concept is considered as an advance on the state of the art. This paper also presents the work that took place to develop the concept. Novel contributions include the establishment of a formal set of functional requirements for railway track switching solutions, and a demonstration that the current solutions do not fully meet these requirements. The novel design meets the set of functional requirements for track switching solutions, in addition to offering several features that the current designs are unable to offer, in particular to enable multi-channel actuation and rail locking, and provide a degree of fault tolerance. This paper describes the design and operation of this switching concept, from requirements capture and solution generation through to the construction of the laboratory demonstrator. The novel concept is contrasted with the design and operation of the ‘traditional’ switch design. Conclusions to the work show that the novel concept meets all the functional requirements whilst exceeding the capabilities of the existing designs in most non-functional requirement areas.

Published
2016

29. High Redundancy Actuator with 12 Elements: Open- and Closed-loop Model Validation

Author

Hasmawati Antong, Roger Dixon, and Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Engineering, business.industry, 020209 energy, Fault tolerance, Control engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Computer Science::Other, Model validation, Computer Science::Robotics, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Hardware_GENERAL, Computer Science::Systems and Control, Control and Systems Engineering, Control theory, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Redundancy (engineering), ComputerSystemsOrganization_SPECIAL-PURPOSEANDAPPLICATION-BASEDSYSTEMS, Actuator, business, Closed loop
Abstract

The high-redundancy actuator concept that is inspired by biomimetic is an approach to fault tolerant actuator that aims to provide fault tolerance using relatively large numbers of small actuation elements. The actuation elements are assembled in parallel and series configurations to form a single actuator that has intrinsic fault tolerance. During normal operations, it is possible that some of these elements are operational and some are faulty. In this situation, the high-redundancy actuator will still work, but with graceful degradation. This paper discusses the modelling aspect of the high-redundancy actuator that consists of 12 actuation elements based on linear electromechanical actuation technology. Simulation results are validated with real-time experimental results using both a single actuator and the full high-redundancy actuator in open-loop and closed-loop.

Published
2016

30. Modelling and Active Control Designing of Trolleybus Catenary-Pantograph System

Author

Min Chen, Peter D. Hubbard, Christopher P. Ward, and Ella-Mae Hubbard

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, 020302 automobile design & engineering, Control engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Displacement (vector), Power (physics), Contact force, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 0203 mechanical engineering, Control and Systems Engineering, Control theory, Catenary, Key (cryptography), Pantograph, business, Reduction (mathematics)
Abstract

This paper introduces the ‘Active Control of Trolleybus Current Collection Systems (ACTCCS)’ research project and a number of early key finding. The goals of this project are to address key operational issues of a trolleybuses catenary-pantograph system in terms of the loss of contact force that causes electrical arcing, power reduction and de-wirement. The causes of this loss of contact force and the proposed solution of an actively controlled pantograph are presented in this paper through dynamic modelling and simulation of trolleybuses catenary-pantograph interaction and the application of an LQI controller. The results show that loss of contact can be eliminated with a small actuation force and this can be traded off against catenary wire displacement.

Published
2016

31. Leaves on the Line: Low Adhesion Detection in Railways

Author

G.A. Amarantidis, Peter D. Hubbard, and Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
050210 logistics & transportation, 0209 industrial biotechnology, Engineering, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, 05 social sciences, Stiffness, 02 engineering and technology, Kalman filter, Radius, Traction (orthopedics), Automotive engineering, Vehicle dynamics, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Creep, Control and Systems Engineering, 0502 economics and business, Line (geometry), medicine, medicine.symptom, business, Focus (optics), Simulation
Abstract

Regions of extreme low-adhesion between the wheel and rail can cause critical problems in traction and braking. This can manifest in operational issues such as signals being passed at danger, or pessimistic network wide responses to mitigate for localised issues. Poor traction conditions can be caused by oil contaminants, rain, ice, condensation of water droplets (micro-wetting) or leaves on the line, where compressed leaf contamination can cause a rapid decrease in adhesion. The complexity of the problem arises as a result of the inability to directly measure and monitor all the factors involved. There remains a lack of real-time information regarding the state and location of low-adhesion areas across rail networks. On-board low adhesion detection technology installed to in-service vehicles is a suggested method to capture up-to-date adhesion information network wide and minimise significant disruptions and cancellations in railway schedules. This paper extends a principle of a model-based estimation technique previously developed in straight track running for operating in a curving scenario. The vehicle model of focus here will be a simplified single-wheelset model attached to a suspended mass via representative stiffness and damping components. It is shown that in order for instantaneous creep forces to be estimated, the radius of the curve is required.

Published
2016

32. Rethinking Rail Track Switches for Fault Tolerance and Enhanced Performance

Author

Roger M. Goodall, Emma Ebinger, Samuel D. Bemment, Tim J. Harrison, Christopher P. Ward, and Roger Dixon

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Engineering, Requirements capture, business.industry, Reliability (computer networking), 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Functional requirement, Control engineering, Fault tolerance, 02 engineering and technology, Limiting, Rail network, Track (rail transport), Set (abstract data type), 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Control and Systems Engineering, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, business
Abstract

Railway track switches, commonly referred to as ‘turnouts’ or ‘points’, are a necessary element of any rail network. However, they often prove to be performance limiting elements of networks. A novel concept for rail track switching has been developed as part of a UK research project with substantial industrial input. The novel design meets the set of functional requirements for track switching solutions, in addition to offering several features that current designs are unable to, in particular to enable multi-channel actuation and rail locking, and provide a degree of fault tolerance. This paper describes the design and operation of this switching concept, from requirements capture and solution generation through to the construction of the laboratory demonstrator. The novel concept is contrasted with the design and operation of the ‘traditional’ switch design. Conclusions to the work show that the novel concept meets all functional requirements whilst exceeding the capabilities of existing designs in most non-functional requirement areas.

Published
2016

33. Development of Controller for REPOINT Light Railway Track Switch

Author

Tim J. Harrison, Christopher P. Ward, Samuel D. Bemment, Maria Sarniento-Carnevali, Precious Kaijuka, Roger Dixon, Saikat Dutra, and Osama Olaby

Subjects
Controller design, Development (topology), Computer science, Control theory, Reliability (computer networking), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Control engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0210 nano-technology, Track (rail transport), Actuator redundancy
Abstract

REPOINT Light track switch is a newly devised track switch which is under development. The switch is designed to enhance the reliability of the railway network by implementing closed loop control concept and by introducing actuator redundancy in the switch design. In the present stage of the research, the performance of the designed controller is presented with the experimental data in the laboratory environment. After successful experiments and tests, the full-scale demonstrator of the switch will be deployed to the railway network.

Published
2018

34. LQR Control Applied to a Novel Track Switch Actuator

Author

Roger Dixon, Christopher P. Ward, Saikat Dutta, and Precious Kaijuka

Subjects
Control theory, Computer science, Control (management), Train, Linear-quadratic regulator, Actuator, Track (rail transport), Position control
Abstract

Existing railway track switches use open-loop actuation to enable trains to take different routes. A new type of railway track switch called REPOINT with a different electromechanical design to conventional track switches has been developed at Loughborough University that requires closed-loop control in order to perform its track switching function. This abstract proposes the use of a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller to achieve track switch position control applied to the REPOINT switch. The results showed that the LQR controller enables successful switching of this novel railway track switch and satisfies the control requirements of a REPOINT track switch.

Published
2018

35. On the development of a full-scale Repoint Light track switch

Author

Christopher P. Ward, Roger Dixon, Tim J. Harrison, M.L. Sarmiento-Carnevali, and Saikat Dutta

Subjects
Work (electrical), Operating environment, Computer science, Systems engineering, Functional requirement, Technology readiness level, Track (rail transport), Set (psychology), Phase (combat), Power (physics)
Abstract

Repoint Light is a novel concept for track switching under development at Loughborough University. This engineering solution is designed to meet the set of functional requirements for track switching panels, in addition to offering several features that traditional designs are unable to achieve. The objective of the current phase of the Repoint project is to advance the Repoint Light concept from Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 3-4 to TRL7. TRL7 is defined by RSSB, the funding organisation as a 'prototype technology system in an operational railway environment'; i.e. a functioning Repoint Light switch deployed in a suitable test environment, integrated with signalling/power and able to accept train movements. This work focuses on the description of engineering challenges faced when introducing the concept into its real operating environment.

Published
2018

36. A subtype-specific neuropeptide FF receptor antagonist attenuates morphine and nicotine withdrawal syndrome in the rat

Author

Christopher P. Ward, Jonathan J. Izygon, Ethan S. Burstein, Andrea P. Anderson, Joseph R. Campbell, Mallori M. Henceroth, Caitlin A. Madison, David H. Malin, Pilar Goyarzu, and Joanne Elayoubi

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Receptors, Neuropeptide, medicine.medical_specialty, Nicotine, medicine.drug_class, Neuropeptide FF receptor, (+)-Naloxone, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Mecamylamine, medicine, Animals, Neuropeptide FF, Morphine, business.industry, General Neuroscience, Tobacco Use Disorder, medicine.disease, Receptor antagonist, Opioid-Related Disorders, Peptide Fragments, Rats, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Analgesics, Opioid, 030104 developmental biology, Nicotine withdrawal, Endocrinology, Opiate, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, medicine.drug
Abstract

Considerable evidence suggests the Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) and related peptides exert pro-nociceptive and anti-opiate actions, particularly at the supra-spinal level, which may contribute to opiate dependence. The FF1 receptor subtype appears to be primarily responsible for anti-opiate effects. In contrast, stimulation of the FF2 receptor primarily induces pro-opiate effects. AC-262620 is a small molecule, systemically active, selective FF1 receptor antagonist. An initial experiment showed that 10 mg/kg i.p. AC-262620 significantly reduced subsequent naloxone-precipitated somatically expressed withdrawal signs in rats infused s.c. for seven days with 0.3 mg/kg/hr morphine sulfate. A second experiment showed that the same dose of AC-262620 significantly reduced subsequent spontaneous withdrawal signs 23.75 h after termination of seven days s.c. infusion of 0.6 mg/kg/hr morphine sulfate. Chronic nicotine intake may contribute to dependence by overstimulating opiate receptors through release of opiate peptides. By analogy to opiate dependence, it was hypothesized that FF1 receptor activation contributes to nicotine dependence and withdrawal syndrome. AC-262620 significantly reduced somatically expressed withdrawal signs precipitated by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine in rats infused for seven days with nicotine bitartrate. Taken together, these findings suggest that NPFF or related neuropeptides contribute to opiate, as well as nicotine, dependence and withdrawal syndrome through the FF1 receptor.

Published
2017

37. Thermochromism and switchable paramagnetism of cobalt(<scp>ii</scp>) in thiocyanate ionic liquids

Author

Małgorzata Swadźba-Kwaśny, H. Q. Nimal Gunaratne, Koen Binnemans, Robert M. Bowman, Peter Nockemann, Sil Wellens, Stephen J. Osborne, Solveig Felton, and Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
Thermochromism, thiocyanate, Thiocyanate, Inorganic chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Photochemistry, cobalt, Ion, ionic liquids, Inorganic Chemistry, Paramagnetism, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Ionic liquid, thermochromism, Cobalt
Abstract

Temperature-dependent switching of paramagnetism of a cobalt(II) complex is observed in an ionic liquid solution. Paramagnetic and thermochromic switching occur simultaneously due to a reversible change in coordination. This reversible switching is possible in the ionic liquid solution, which enables mobility of thiocyanate anions by remaining mobile at low temperatures and acts as an anion reservoir. crosscheck: This document is CrossCheck deposited related_data: Supplementary Information identifier: Solveig Felton (ResearcherID) copyright_licence: The Royal Society of Chemistry has an exclusive publication licence for this journal copyright_licence: This article is freely available. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence (CC BY 3.0) history: Received 15 May 2015; Accepted 2 June 2015; Accepted Manuscript published 2 June 2015; Advance Article published 8 June 2015; Version of Record published 17 June 2015 ispartof: Dalton Transactions vol:44 issue:25 pages:11286-11289 ispartof: location:England status: published

Published
2015

38. Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Spatial Learning and Memory in Juvenile and Young Adult Rats

Author

Ryan Kieltyka, Jessica I. Wooden, and Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Recall, General Neuroscience, Morris water navigation task, Water maze, Audiology, 030226 pharmacology & pharmacy, Sleep in non-human animals, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Sleep deprivation, 0302 clinical medicine, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, medicine, Spatial learning, Juvenile, Young adult, medicine.symptom, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Sleepiness is commonly seen in adolescents and can negatively impact school performance. Little research has investigated the impact of sleepiness in juvenile animals on spatial learning. Sprague-Dawley juvenile (60 days) rats were sleep deprived for 24 hours and tested, along with controls, in a water maze task. Sleep deprived juveniles were slower to learn the location of the hidden platform than controls; however, adult performance was not impaired. Sleep deprivation did not impair recall during a probe trial for either age group. Sleep deprivation prior to testing slowed spatial learning in juveniles but not adults.

Published
2017

39. Models for estimation of creep forces in the wheel/rail contact under varying adhesion levels

Author

Roger Dixon, Peter D. Hubbard, Roger M. Goodall, and Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
Engineering, Inertial frame of reference, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Traction (engineering), Estimator, Multibody simulation, Kalman filter, Automotive engineering, Vehicle dynamics, Creep, Automotive Engineering, In vehicle, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, business
Abstract

Areas of extremely low adhesion between the wheel and rail can cause critical problems in traction and braking that can manifest in issues such as signals being passed at danger. There is currently a lack of real-time information regarding the state and location of low-adhesion areas across rail networks. The study presented here examines the scientific challenges of understanding the change in vehicle running dynamics with variations in adhesion using the latest thinking of adhesion at micro-slip. This understanding supports the generation of suitable low-order dynamic models for use with a model-based estimator that infers adhesion levels in the wheel/rail contact using signals from modest-cost sensors that could be fitted to in-service vehicles. This paper presents verification of this technique by using simulated inertial measurement produced from a high-fidelity multibody simulation in a series of ‘blind’ tests.

Published
2014

40. Monitoring use of nitrous oxide in hospitals

Author

Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Public health, Recreational use of nitrous oxide, General Medicine, Nitrous oxide, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, chemistry, Environmental health, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, business
Abstract

In their editorial, Acharya and colleagues say that recreational use of nitrous oxide is an emerging public health problem.1 In hospital, nitrous oxide is generally used as an analgesic for short periods of time, but its use can become …

Published
2019

42. Real time detection of low adhesion in the wheel/rail contact

Author

Roger M. Goodall, Peter D. Hubbard, Christopher P. Ward, and Roger Dixon

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Condition monitoring, Filter (signal processing), Kalman filter, computer.software_genre, Automotive engineering, Bogie, Simulation software, Vehicle dynamics, Identification (information), Key (cryptography), business, computer, Simulation
Abstract

Condition monitoring of railway vehicles has been highlighted by the railway industry as a key enabling technology for future system development. The primary uses for this could be the improvement of maintenance procedures and/or the identification of high-risk vehicle running conditions. Advanced processing of signals means these tasks could be accomplished without the use of cost prohibitive sensors. This paper presents a system for the on-board detection of low-adhesion conditions during the normal operation of a railway vehicle. Two different processing methods are introduced. The first method is a model-based approach that uses a Kalman–Bucy filter to estimate creep forces, with subsequent post processing for interpretation into adhesion levels. The second non model-based method targets the assessment of relationships between vehicle dynamic responses to observe any behavioural differences as a result of an adhesion-level change. Both methods are evaluated in specific case studies using a British Rail (BR) Mark 3 coach, inclusive of a BR BT-10 bogie, and a generic modern passenger vehicle based on a contemporary bogie design. These vehicles were chosen as typical application opportunities within the UK. The results are validated with data generated by the multi-body simulation software VAMPIRE® for realistic data inputs, representing a key scientific achievement.

Published
2013

43. Adhesion estimation at the wheel–rail interface using advanced model-based filtering

Author

Roger M. Goodall, Christopher P. Ward, Roger Dixon, and Guy Charles

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Interface (computing), Condition monitoring, Control engineering, Kalman filter, Filter (signal processing), Track (rail transport), Bogie, Automotive engineering, Inertial measurement unit, Automotive Engineering, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, business, Contact area
Abstract

The railway industry in the UK is currently expanding the use of condition monitoring of railway vehicles. These systems can be used to improve maintenance procedures or could potentially be used to monitor current vehicle running conditions without the use of cost prohibitive sensors. This paper looks at a novel method for the online detection of areas of low adhesion in the wheel/rail contact that cause significant disruption to the running of a network, particularly in the autumn season. The proposed method uses a Kalman–Bucy filter to estimate the creep forces in the wheel–rail contact area; post-processing is then applied to provide information indicative of the actual adhesion level. The algorithm uses data that, in practice, would be available from a set of modest cost inertial sensors mounted on the vehicle bogie and wheel-sets. The efficacy of the approach is demonstrated using simulation data from a nonlinear dynamic model of the vehicle and its track interface.

Published
2012

44. Improving the reliability and availability of railway track switching by analysing historical failure data and introducing functionally redundant subsystems

Author

Samuel D. Bemment, Christopher P. Ward, Roger Dixon, and Roger M. Goodall

Subjects
Computer science, Reliability (computer networking), availability, Failure data, 02 engineering and technology, Track (rail transport), 0203 mechanical engineering, System failure, 0502 economics and business, Asset management, Flexibility (engineering), 050210 logistics & transportation, reliability, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, 05 social sciences, track switch, Original Articles, system failure, Reliability engineering, points, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, asset management, Single point of failure, Railways, business
Abstract

Track switches are safety critical assets that not only provide flexibility to rail networks but also present single points of failure. Switch failures within dense-traffic passenger rail systems cause a disproportionate level of delay. Subsystem redundancy is one of a number of approaches, which can be used to ensure an appropriate safety integrity and/or operational reliability level, successfully adopted by, for example, the aeronautical and nuclear industries. This paper models the adoption of a functional redundancy approach to the functional subsystems of traditional railway track switching arrangements in order to evaluate the potential increase in the reliability and availability of switches. The paper makes three main contributions. First, 2P-Weibull failure distributions for each functional subsystem of each common category of points operating equipment are established using a timeline and iterative maximum likelihood estimation approach, based on almost 40,000 sampled failure events over 74,800 years of continuous operation. Second, these results are used as baselines in a reliability block diagram approach to model engineering fault tolerance, through subsystem redundancy, into existing switching systems. Third, the reliability block diagrams are used with a Monte-Carlo simulation approach in order to model the availability of redundantly engineered track switches over expected asset lifetimes. Results show a significant improvement in the reliability and availability of switches; unscheduled downtime reduces by an order of magnitude across all powered switch types, whilst significant increases in the whole-system reliability are demonstrated. Hence, switch designs utilising a functional redundancy approach are well worth further investigation. However, it is also established that as equipment failures are engineered out, switch reliability/availability can be seen to plateau as the dominant contributor to unreliability becomes human error.

Published
2016

45. A search for prompt lepton-jets in pp collisions at s = 8 $$ \sqrt{\mathrm{s}}=8 $$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

Author

Emma Ideal, H. von der Schmitt, Giuseppe Iacobucci, Edson Carquin, Ruo-yu Shang, Attila Krasznahorkay, Phillip Allport, Michele Livan, Elizabeth Brost, Fabio Cardillo, Julius Hrivnac, Andrew D. Hamilton, Arthur James Horton, Umar Gul, Gorm Aske Gram Krohn Galster, Diego Casadei, Doris Chromek-Burckhart, P. Ge, E. Pueschel, C. Bacci, Maria Rescigno, Th. D. Papadopoulou, M. Stanescu-Bellu, T. Cuhadar Donszelmann, Ian Brock, Sebastien Jonathan Kahn, R. Kowalewski, James Chapman, Lukasz Zwalinski, Peter Hansen, Igor Gavrilenko, Matteo Bauce, Adam Jinaru, H. S. Chen, Antonio Limosani, T. Ženiš, Peter Kodys, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, Preema Rennee Pais, Raymond Brock, G. Sauvage, Klaus Mönig, Ph. Schune, Konrad Kleinknecht, W-M. Yao, Valerio Dao, Silvia Biondi, Peter Buchholz, J. L. La Rosa Navarro, Fabrice Balli, Zdenek Dolezal, Mark Sutton, Henrik Akerstedt, José Salt, Abdeslam Hoummada, Till Eifert, K. K. Gan, Abner Soffer, Olga Beltramello, Nicoletta Garelli, German D Carrillo-Montoya, N. D. Patel, V. Scharf, Paul Jackson, Ozan Arslan, Y. Hernández Jiménez, Stefanos Leontsinis, Marco Bruschi, Michal Vlasak, Lily Asquith, Marco Milesi, D. M. Seliverstov, V. Sanchez Martinez, Erez Etzion, Francois Corriveau, Elias Coniavitis, Spyridon Argyropoulos, Remie Hanna, Flavia De Almeida Dias, Max Baak, Oliver Ricken, S. Pagan Griso, R. Santonico, Jens Weingarten, Claudio Gatti, Stefan Kluth, Josephine Wittkowski, Laura Jeanty, Amelia Maio, Jemal Khubua, Peter Wienemann, Silje Raddum, Stephen Watts, Katsuo Tokushuku, Uladzimir Kruchonak, Gideon Alexander, Cristian Stanescu, Ovsat Abdinov, P. Petroff, Givi Sekhniaidze, Giorgi Arabidze, James Pilcher, Nedaa Asbah, Stylianos Angelidakis, Janusz Chwastowski, Sharka Todorova-Nova, Margret Fincke-Keeler, Susan Cheatham, Carl Gwilliam, Sten Hellman, Paolo Calafiura, Xin Chen, Alexander Solodkov, F. Salvatore, Torsten Harenberg, Lauren Tompkins, Alessandra Doria, Dimitrios Iliadis, A. Nagarkar, Therese Sjursen, Shingo Kazama, Sabine Crépé-Renaudin, Margherita Spalla, Patrick Rieck, Jing Wang, Juraj Bracinik, Emily Nurse, Elizabeth Gallas, Christophe Royon, D. Tsionou, P. L. Rosendahl, Andrej Filipcic, Lydia Roos, Kazuya Mochizuki, Peter Love, Yichen Li, Lars Graber, E. Scifo, Christian Grefe, L. Di Ciaccio, Alan Litke, T. Ince, Yann Coadou, John Wilson, Gilbert Poulard, Faig Ahmadov, Karishma Sekhon, Elvira Rossi, Matthew Edgar LeBlanc, Giuseppe Francesco Tartarelli, Irena Nikolic-Audit, G. Otero y Garzon, Stephen Philip Marsden, V. Consorti, Cedric Serfon, Benjamin Sowden, Dirk Zerwas, Glenn Amundsen, Barbro Åsman, Lucie Gauthier, Aleandro Nisati, Beate Heinemann, Reiner Hauser, Bruce Gallop, W. Van Den Wollenberg, Manuel Neumann, A. Di Simone, Monica Dobre, Koji Nakamura, Konstantin Vorobev, Marlon Barbero, Shlomit Tarem, Jia Jian Teoh, Gavin Grant Hesketh, Tiesheng Dai, Christian Luedtke, U. De Sanctis, Ralph Schaefer, Nektarios Benekos, L. Mandelli, Roman Lysak, Christoph Eckardt, K. M. Mercurio, Jun Wakabayashi, M. Negrini, Jonathan Bortfeldt, A. Gomes, David South, Gareth Hughes, S. F. Brazzale, P. Nevski, Haleh Khani Hadavand, Daniel Pluth, Yousuke Kataoka, Vladimir Nikolaenko, Heather Gray, M. Proissl, F. Garberson, I. Massa, Steven Williams, M. Fiascaris, Andrey Karyukhin, K. Tollefson, A. Kapliy, Riccardo Vari, Nuno Anjos, M. P. Sanders, Yi Chen, Tae Min Hong, Paolo Mastrandrea, Teresa Lenz, T. Hayashi, Soeren Prell, Mariya Shiyakova, Jong-Sung Yu, Maria Pilar Casado, Yan Jie Schnellbach, Martin Nagel, M. D. M. Capeans Garrido, Karel Smolek, Yi Jiang, Daniel Tovey, Dennis Perepelitsa, P. A. Bruckman de Renstrom, Qun Ouyang, Jenny Ivarsson, Harold Ogren, Thomas James Neep, A. L. Yen, M. Piccinini, Nicholas Adam Styles, Federico Meloni, Stefania Spagnolo, M. J. Alconada Verzini, E. Castaneda-Miranda, S. Kaneti, Karsten Köneke, E. von Toerne, F. Vives Vaque, Kyungeon Choi, Daniel Muenstermann, Elisa Guido, Otmar Biebel, Sergey Timoshenko, Laurent Vacavant, Rachid Mazini, Speranza Falciano, Carolyn Bertsche, A. Tavares Delgado, Davide Costanzo, J-P. Meyer, Masahiro Kuze, Vit Vorobel, Takuya Nobe, Giancarlo Spigo, Kathleen Whalen, Lucio Cerrito, M. Crispin Ortuzar, Lydia Brenner, Luca Colasurdo, Chase Owen Shimmin, Sebastian Nowak, Santiago Juan Batista, Aaron Angerami, Alejandro Alonso, Georges Aad, Wendy Taylor, Emma Sian Kuwertz, Kota Kasahara, S. M. Romano Saez, J. Zhong, Will Davey, M. C. van Woerden, A. Pacheco Pages, Hidetoshi Otono, Ralf Hertenberger, T. Nunnemann, Petr Andreevich Gorbounov, Irakli Minashvili, Danuta Kisielewska, T. Vazquez Schroeder, James Boyd, Carlo Schiavi, Allan G Clark, Roger Moore, Anna Macchiolo, Charles William Kalderon, Paul Laycock, Olivier Arnaez, Elliot Lipeles, Saleh Sultansoy, D. Ventura, Antonio Salvucci, Orjan Dale, N. De Groot, Jelena Jovicevic, Luiz Caloba, Gerjan Bobbink, R. 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Blum, Ahmet Bingul, Elzbieta Richter-Was, Meghan Frate, Ryan White, Michal Marcisovsky, Takuto Kunigo, Auke-Pieter Colijn, Zvi Hirsh Citron, Kevin Sapp, J. A. Murillo Quijada, J. B. Blanchard, A. W. J. Pin, Martin Aleksa, Shikma Bressler, Regina Moles-Valls, D. M. Strom, S. Dita, K. Amako, Carlos Sandoval, L. Merola, E. N. Thompson, Steven Patrick Alkire, Tatsuo Kawamoto, Y. B. Pan, David Rousseau, S. Rolli, Jan-Ulf Mjörnmark, Giuliano Gustavino, Malcolm Bruce Skinner, Goeran Jarlskog, Ruchika Nayyar, E. Petrolo, Serban Protopopescu, Igor Boyko, Craig Wiglesworth, R. Camacho Toro, Ulrike Blumenschein, Andy Haas, Laser Seymour Kaplan, Naim Bora Atlay, H. Zhang, Tomas Sykora, Valery Schegelsky, Claire Alexandra Lee, Akira Yamamoto, G. Fletcher, Tadashi Maeno, Oldrich Kepka, Stéphane Jézéquel, Alessandra Baas, Armin Michael Nairz, Bradley Axen, Simonetta Gentile, Alexey Dudarev, Philippe Grenier, Aurelien Demilly, Hasko Stenzel, Robert Hickling, Maurice Garcia-Sciveres, Tomas Jakoubek, Krisztian Peters, Valentinos Christodoulou, Brad Abbott, Maarten Boonekamp, S. Borroni, R. D. St. Denis, Florian Kiss, Sergey Karpov, Terry Richard Wyatt, Nurcan Ozturk, Christian Meineck, Haiping Peng, Sergey Denisov, Martin Wessels, J. Antos, E. E. Kluge, Davide Caforio, R. F. Y. Peters, Attilio Picazio, Thorsten Wengler, Murdock Gilchriese, Matthias Klein, Alexey Talyshev, Vladimir Cindro, Pierre-Hugues Beauchemin, Aaron James Armbruster, B. A. Long, Robert Richter, Thomas Koffas, Angel Campoverde, Christian Gumpert, Benjamin Trocmé, Michael Begel, Minoru Hirose, P. Chang, Viktor Kramarenko, Antonio Sbrizzi, E. Gornicki, D. Paredes Hernandez, Kelby Anderson, Michael Dührssen, Guillaume Lefebvre, Troels Petersen, Laura Perini, Marc-Andre Pleier, Dag Ingemar Gillberg, Camilla Maiani, J. A. Valls Ferrer, Ghita Rahal, Mark Andrew Pickering, Simon Feigl, Antoine Marzin, G. Sedov, Gen Kawamura, Wim Lavrijsen, R. Ishmukhametov, Anna Sfyrla, Paola Giannetti, Ayda Beddall, Andrea Gaudiello, Daniel Dobos, Wolfgang Wagner, Andrej Gorišek, P. Fernandez Martinez, Francesco Rubbo, Craig Blocker, Gregor Herten, Snezana Nektarijevic, L. Lambourne, Frank Filthaut, Anne-Isabelle Etienvre, Pavel Reznicek, Bruce Yabsley, A. N. Sisakyan, Patrick Puzo, Elzbieta Banas, Brian Lee Clark, Marko Mikuž, Matteo Cavalli-Sforza, Alevtina Shmeleva, Vadim Gratchev, Xuai Zhuang, Samira Hassani, C. Da Via, Daniel Bullock, Jeff Dandoy, A. Ferretto Parodi, James Robinson, Ole Røhne, Adi Ashkenazi, Frank Siegert, K.-H. Becker, Judith Katzy, Yaquan Fang, Kirill Prokofiev, Kristian Gregersen, Jon Kerr Nilsen, Andrei Salnikov, G. Mc Goldrick, Frederic Deliot, Tancredi Carli, Beatrice Mandelli, Roland Jansky, Ask Emil Loevschall-Jensen, Bruno Galhardo, Jan Schaeffer, Oliver Chris Endner, Tomoe Kishimoto, S. P. Y. Yuen, Dimitrios Kyriazopoulos, Yan Benhammou, G. T. Jones, Juan Pedro Ochoa-Ricoux, Marcia A. Testa, Peter Jenni, A. L.S. Schorlemmer, Graziano Bruni, Brian Cole, and Michel Lefebvre

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, Muon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Supersymmetry, Electron, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Dark photon, Collimated light, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, 010306 general physics, Lepton, Boson
Abstract

A search is presented for a new, light boson with a mass of about 1 GeV and decaying promptly to jets of collimated electrons and/or muons (lepton-jets). The analysis is performed with 20.3 fb −1 of data collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. Events are required to contain at least two lepton-jets. This study finds no statistically significant deviation from predictions of the Standard Model and places 95% confidence-level upper limits on the contribution of new phenomena beyond the SM, incuding SUSY-portal and Higgs-portal models, on the number of events with lepton-jets.

Published
2016

46. 1407 Estimation of Creep Coefficient from On-board Sensing Data

Author

Hitoshi Tsunashima, Hirotaka Mori, Roger M. Goodall, and Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
On board, Sensing data, Engineering, business.industry, Creep coefficient, Electronic engineering, Condition monitoring, Control engineering, Kalman filter, business, Fault detection and isolation
Published
2012

47. Trypanocidal Furamidine Analogues: Influence of Pyridine Nitrogens on Trypanocidal Activity, Transport Kinetics, and Resistance Patterns

Author

Harry P. de Koning, Richard Burchmore, Pui Ee Wong, Michael P. Barrett, and Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
Nitrogen, Pyridines, Drug Resistance, Trypanosoma brucei, Diminazene, Mechanisms of Resistance, medicine, Animals, Pharmacology (medical), Pentamidine, Trypanocidal agent, Pharmacology, Adenosine transport, biology, Permease, Adenine, Biological Transport, Biological activity, biology.organism_classification, Trypanocidal Agents, In vitro, Benzamidines, Rats, Infectious Diseases, Biochemistry, Female, medicine.drug, Aminopurine
Abstract

Current therapies for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) are unsatisfactory and under threat from emerging drug resistance linked to the loss of transporters, e.g., the P2 aminopurine transporter ( Tb AT1). Here we compare the uptake and trypanocidal properties of furamidine (DB75), recently evaluated in clinical trials against stage 1 (haemolymphatic) HAT, and two aza analogues, DB820 and CPD0801 (DB829), which are candidate compounds for treatment of stage 2 (neurological) disease. Values of 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 s) determined in vitro against both wild-type and transporter mutant parasites were submicromolar, with DB75 trypanotoxicity shown to be better than and DB820 trypanotoxicity similar to that of the widely used veterinary trypanocide diminazene, while CPD0801 was less active. Activity correlated with uptake and with the minimum drug exposure time necessary to kill trypanosomes: DB75 accumulated at double and 10-fold the rates of DB820 and CPD0801, respectively. All three compounds inhibited P2-mediated adenosine transport with similar K i values, indicating affinity values for this permease in the low to submicromolar range. Uptake of DB75, DB820, and CPD0801 was significantly reduced in tbat1 −/− parasites and was sensitive to inhibition by adenine, showing that all three compounds are substrates for the P2 transporter. Uptake in vitro was significantly less than that seen with parasites freshly isolated from infected rats, correlating with a downregulation of P2 activity in vitro . We conclude that DB75, DB820, and CPD0801 are actively accumulated by Trypanosoma brucei brucei , with P2 as the main transport route. The aza analogues of DB75 accumulate more slowly than furamidine itself and reveal less trypanocidal activity in standard in vitro drug sensitivity assays.

Published
2011

48. Condition Monitoring Opportunities Using Vehicle-Based Sensors

Author

Clive J. Roberts, T. X. Mei, Roger Dixon, Roger M. Goodall, Edward Stewart, Paul Weston, H. Li, Guy Charles, and Christopher P. Ward

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, media_common.quotation_subject, Condition monitoring, Track (rail transport), Automotive engineering, Whole systems, Multiple sensors, Punctuality, Inertial measurement unit, business, Stock (geology), media_common
Abstract

Recent increases in railway patronage worldwide have created pressure on rolling stock and railway infrastructure through the demand to improve the capacity and punctuality of the whole system, and this demand must also be balanced with reducing life-cycle costs. Condition monitoring is seen as a significant contributor in achieving this. The emphasis of this article is on the use of sensors mounted on rolling stock to monitor the condition of infrastructure and the rolling stock itself. This is set in the context of modern rolling stock being fitted with high-capacity communication buses and multiple sensors, resulting in the potential for advanced processing of collected data. This article brings together linked research that uses a similar set of rolling stock sensors, and discusses: general usage and benefits, a track defect detection method, running gear condition monitoring, and absolute train speed detection.

Published
2011

49. Search for quark contact interactions in dijet angular distributions in pp collisions at s=7 TeV measured with the ATLAS detector

Author

Ki Lie, Mark Oreglia, Fumihiko Ukegawa, X. Lei, Andrea Formica, N. R. Nation, Venetios Polychronakos, Raimund Ströhmer, Alessandra Doria, V. Simak, Michele Pinamonti, P. Hurst, Volker Büscher, M. El Kacimi, Zhaoxia Meng, Edmund Dawe, S. W. Snow, Gabriella Gaudio, C. Mattravers, S. Prell, J. Miao, Claudio Conta, Bellisario Esposito, Frank Merritt, M. Virchaux, S. S. A. Livermore, T. Stahl, T. Hott, Duc Ta, W. Blum, J. Groth-Jensen, V. Gallo, A. Loginov, M. Rammes, Wendy Taylor, Ralf Hertenberger, Petr Andreevich Gorbounov, Irakli Minashvili, Y. Ming, Jie Zhang, James H Cochran, T. Nattermann, Peter Onyisi, Alexander Zaitsev, Ahmet Bingul, Elzbieta Richter-Was, Michal Marcisovsky, Martin Aleksa, Shikma Bressler, A. D. Hershenhorn, Regina Moles-Valls, J. Inigo-Golfin, Danuta Kisielewska, James Boyd, Carlo Schiavi, Allan G Clark, Roger Moore, Anna Macchiolo, R. Yoshida, O. Gaumer, Steven Ahlen, R. Davidson, J. Dubbert, Jean-Francois Grivaz, K. W. Glitza, R. Caloi, Driss Benchekroun, G. Brown, Jan-Ulf Mjörnmark, Goeran Jarlskog, J. K. Kraus, J. A. Strong, E. Reinherz-Aronis, G. D. Kekelidze, F. Butin, K. Dindar Yagci, J. Strube, S. Meuser, V. V. Lapin, Kunihiro Nagano, L. Moneta, K. Stevenson, Szymon Gadomski, E. Berglund, Ulrike Blumenschein, J. Ferland, Orhan Cakir, O. Gildemeister, Alexander Cheplakov, M. Leltchouk, S. P. Baranov, Paul Hodgson, M. P. Schmidt, D. Rodriguez, P. Jussel, M. J. Costa, M. J. Shochet, Alexandre Rozanov, J. Snuverink, Claudio Santoni, M. G. D. Gilchriese, T. Del Prete, John Rutherfoord, P. Gauzzi, S. Behar Harpaz, H. Guler, R. Spighi, S. R. Hou, T. Hansl-Kozanecka, John Parsons, A. Mapelli, G. Gorfine, Pavel Shatalov, N. Grau, Jochen Dingfelder, Alex Kastanas, Alaettin Serhan Mete, Francesco Conventi, Sascha Caron, Vladimir Sulin, E. E. Schmidt, John Baines, S. Errede, W. Ehrenfeld, Sergei Chekanov, J. Godfrey, Valerio Vercesi, K. Miyazaki, R. Mehdiyev, Massimo Caccia, Xiaohu Sun, M. Saleem, C. Lapoire, A. Filipĉiĉ, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, Gustaaf Brooijmans, Sergey Burdin, Dmitry Emeliyanov, J. C. Clemens, Yasuhiro Makida, R. Pravahan, Akira Yamamoto, Tadashi Maeno, E. Tzamarioudaki, G. A. Odino, J. Weber, Jian Wang, M. Groh, G. Vegni, Diane Cinca, Steve McMahon, G. A. Beck, Fred Hartjes, Hans Krüger, Andrea Sansoni, J. Poll, Robert Gardner, G. Ordonez, W. G. Scott, Martine Bosman, Stéphane Jézéquel, M. Keil, Mossadek Talby, A. A. Carter, M. Tomášek, G. Rivoltella, H. Wahlen, J. Molina-Perez, M. Bendel, S. Haas, K. K. Joo, Daniel Pomarède, Per Werner, Simon Head, J. J. Goodson, J. E. Brau, Camilla Juul Hansen, K. Harrison, Christopher Bee, Petr Vokac, M. S. Kim, B. C. Smith, Sergio Gonzalez-Sevilla, Simonetta Gentile, Jovan Mitrevski, Murrough Landon, Reiner Klingenberg, Helmut Wolters, Michael Ziolkowski, Carmen Maidantchik, William Brooks, Z. Weng, Zhi Qin, Nikola Makovec, P. Cwetanski, S. Michal, W. J. Murray, M. Bazalova, D. Chesneanu, Prolay Mal, A. Roe, G. Fischer, T. C. Meyer, V. Kaushik, M. A. Thomson, M. Lungwitz, Martin Spousta, L. S. Peak, A. Manz, Andreas Redelbach, Farid Ould-Saada, M. Y. Kazarinov, P. Teixeira-Dias, E. Torró Pastor, R.L. Wastie, J. M. Joseph, Alexey Dudarev, Philippe Grenier, Brad Abbott, E. C. Katsoufis, M. Wen, David Berge, Christoph Falk Anders, T. Stockmanns, K. H. Becks, L. De Mora, C. De La Taille, I. Reisinger, E. Chareyre, S. Aoun, David Calvet, James Bensinger, D. Bocian, Dave Sankey, D. Capriotti, Konstantin Belotskiy, P. M. Manning, Maarten Boonekamp, J.G. Rocha de Lima, S. Rieke, J. Snow, Dave Charlton, T. Zenis, A. Pickford, A. Baroncelli, J. Knobloch, S. M. Fisher, M. Cooke, Corrinne Mills, Hiroyuki Iwasaki, P. Loscutoff, P. Banerjee, Michael A. Strauss, Y. Zhou, D. A. Roa Romero, Klaus Hamacher, Alessia Bruni, A. Schöning, T. Kluge, O. Krasel, M. I. Scherzer, Zach Marshall, Gregory David Hallewell, V. Paolone, M. Oliveira, T. Yamazaki, J. Stastny, Joshua Kunkle, Jiri Dolejsi, Aston Komar, Alastair Dewhurst, J. M. Tuggle, Alex Martyniuk, Marie-Hélène Genest, P. Ryan, Andreas Petridis, Rupert Leitner, C. U. Felzmann, Johannes Haller, Sophie Trincaz-Duvoid, Kazuhiko Hara, E. Le Guirriec, Varlen Grabski, Yasuyuki Okumura, G. Tong, Fabienne Ledroit-Guillon, Vadim Kantserov, K. Skovpen, Gianluca Alimonti, R. K. Bock, Rostislav Konoplich, Massimo Sorbi, C. Lebel, Sergey Denisov, J. E. García Navarro, D. Hawkins, A. Leger, Yu. A. Tikhonov, K. Karr, Marc Escalier, Miroslav Myska, M. Plamondon, Martin Wessels, B. Budick, Corinne Goy, Victor Maleev, A. Di Girolamo, E. E. Kluge, Vakhtang Tsulaia, Michal Suk, G. Bachy, Siegfried Bethke, Caterina Doglioni, Stanislav Tokár, B. Toczek, Oleg Brandt, J. Ocariz, V. A. Kazanin, Paola Sala, Philipp Fleischmann, Alden Stradling, Ph Martin, P. Giusti, V. Boisvert, R. Perrino, Tohru Takeshita, Edward Diehl, J. Stupak, Konstantinos Nikolopoulos, Marta Losada, M. Klemetti, Tobias Flick, M. Limper, J. Lys, R. Härtel, Michael Shupe, R. Coura Torres, J. R. Lessard, Heinz Pernegger, Alexander Oh, A. Manousakis-Katsikakis, J. Lesser, Val O'Shea, Bruce Barnett, O. Vitells, S. Kalinin, Richard Mount, Paolo Morettini, S. Ben Ami, H. G. Moser, Biljana Antunović, Osamu Jinnouchi, Iskander Ibragimov, A. Schreiner, Y. Yao, A. Christov, R. de Asmundis, H. Landsman, Marek Tasevsky, Diana Scannicchio, Oleg Zenin, Goetz Gaycken, S. Thoma, F. Alessandria, Nicola Semprini-Cesari, D. Mladenov, Katarina Pajchel, F. Etienne, Stavros Maltezos, Yoshihiro Suzuki, Bernd Stelzer, M. D. Baker, Josu Cantero, A. Oyarzun, D. Tardif, K. M. Chan, Christian Zeitnitz, N. B. Sinev, J-Y. Hostachy, Dhiman Chakraborty, Karl Jakobs, M. Jimenez Belenguer, Jacob Searcy, Y. Rodriguez Garcia, Hisaya Kurashige, M. Mudrinic, A. Hidvegi, Thijs Cornelissen, B. Nicquevert, Junji Tojo, J. Purdham, S. J. Park, Paolo Camarri, Stefan Tapprogge, Uwe Bratzler, N. Ruckstuhl, Anna Rita Migliaccio, Pierre-Antoine Delsart, Patrick Fassnacht, Elizabeth Hines, Nicola Venturi, M. Kelly, Stefan Schlenker, M. Sosebee, V. Kolesnikov, Borut Paul Kerševan, F. Podlyski, Q. T. Shao, Jonathan Butterworth, S. Franz, Kohei Yorita, A. Meade, Giacomo Polesello, Andree Robichaud-Veronneau, M. Fanti, Antonio Policicchio, J. Biesiada, D. Tompkins, E. Mazzoni, Jongmin Lee, P. Valente, N. Grigalashvili, José Luís da Silva, Stanislav Nemecek, P. Hansson, Philip James Clark, M. Schmitz, Kerstin Lantzsch, I. Sadeh, M. Consonni, D. Romero Maltrana, Ulrich Werthenbach, X. S. Anduaga, C. Benchouk, F. Broggi, A. Tonoyan, S. Miscetti, M. Dwuznik, Jolanta Olszowska, A. Nikiforov, N. Xu, C. N.P. Gee, Georges Azuelos, F. Lu, M. Kurata, G. Alexandre, T. Hayakawa, J. Griffiths, Kondo Gnanvo, Shima Shimizu, Darren Price, Fedor Prokoshin, A. Astbury, Clement Helsens, S. Kotov, V. F. Chepurnov, J. Cammin, Massimo Corradi, Mario Lassnig, A. Maio, K. Ellis, Y. D. Tennenbaum-Katan, João Carvalho, S. Lockwitz, Jing Wang, C. Bacci, Juraj Bracinik, Y. Morita, R. A. Richards, Zhen Yan, Michael Kagan, Rodney Walker, P.D. Shield, Till Eifert, K. K. Gan, J. Cook, Thorsten Wengler, Alexey Talyshev, R. Giordano, Vladimir Cindro, Pierre-Hugues Beauchemin, Nick Barlow, Barry King, Aaron James Armbruster, B. Caron, G. F. Moorhead, Marina Cobal, A. G. Olchevski, Matteo Beretta, T. Holy, Markus Schumacher, Kirika Uchida, M. Lambacher, Stefano Rosati, A. Da Rocha Gesualdi Mello, R. E. Hughes-Jones, Evgeniy Khramov, Hiroshi Sakamoto, Dario Barberis, T. Nunnemann, S. Rescia, A. V. Larionov, M. J. Kotamäki, R. Di Nardo, Vaclav Vacek, L. Bugge, V. Rojo, Federica Legger, Valery Khovanskiy, A. Di Ciaccio, J. Lellouch, Voica Radescu, Driss Goujdami, C. Suhr, T. Sandoval, C. Carpentieri, E. Auge, Dominique Pallin, Chong-Yu Xu, C. Melachrinos, D. Oliveira Damazio, Jiri Masik, Shuai Liu, Oleg Fedin, Robin Eamonn Long, Efstathios Paganis, Isabel Marian Trigger, Mauro Villa, B. M. Hawes, N. A. McCubbin, Emily Nurse, I. P. Duerdoth, S. Misawa, Y. Itoh, Amir Farbin, I. Bozovic-Jelisavcic, Robert Richter, Thomas Koffas, M. I. Pedraza Morales, T. Burgess, Margret Fincke-Keeler, Susan Cheatham, Sten Hellman, F. K. Martens, S. O. Holmgren, T. Sasaki, G. Cataldi, Elizabeth Gallas, Jianbei Liu, Alexandre Lebedev, David Cameron, Giulio Usai, D. Traynor, Speranza Falciano, B. Szeless, Eilam Gross, W. Park, Marco Schioppa, J. von Loeben, Ariella Cattai, T. Kokott, Tomasz Bold, C. Adorisio, R. M. Barnett, K. Nikolaev, Marcin Wladyslaw Wolter, Abner Soffer, Alexander Grillo, J. E. Sundermann, Christophe Clement, Benjamin Trocmé, S. Bertolucci, Masaharu Nomachi, Y. Tanaka, F. Salvatore, Torsten Harenberg, G. A. Hare, M. Dobson, M. Kaneda, M. Heller, D. Hauff, Jelena Krstic, Y. Azuma, Arthur Moraes, K. Horton, J. L. Schlereth, A. Lanza, B. Belhorma, Giora Mikenberg, G. Tzanakos, Andrea Bocci, S. Heisterkamp, A. Munar, Xuan Zhang, T. Dohmae, Marek Stodulski, Dilip Jana, D. Morgan, Michael David Werner, Ioannis Nomidis, Mikhail Makouski, S. Poddar, R. Prabhu, Barbara Wosiek, M. Goebel, D. Joffe, A. T. Waugh, Michael Begel, S. Rajek, Minoru Hirose, Robert McPherson, Anthony Weidberg, A. Dotti, Viktor Kramarenko, Haijun Yang, G. Kilvington, Marco Bruschi, L. S. Groer, H. Li, Antonio Zoccoli, Mitsuaki Nozaki, Massimiliano Bellomo, S. Sandvoss, Michal Vlasak, Z. Drasal, Hugh Williams, N. Davidson, V. A. Gapienko, Lily Asquith, K. Ishii, Michael Kobel, A. Taga, Osamu Sasaki, Aranzazu Ruiz-Martinez, E. Lund, M. P. Sanders, Andrea Catinaccio, W. Iwanski, Hyun-Chul Kim, M. Tylmad, Shinhong Kim, C. Shaw, Christophe Royon, D. Tsionou, C. Le Maner, J. A. Bogaerts, G. Y. Mitrofanov, E. Brambilla, M. Karnevskiy, E.N. Spencer, Alison Holmes, N. Boelaert, K. Tokunaga, H. Dietl, E. Brodet, Douglas Wright, John Hill, M. Rammensee, Jahred Adelman, Antonio Sbrizzi, I. Wilhelm, E. Gornicki, R. Van Berg, S. Eckweiler, Tony Liss, A. C. Falou, Robert Stanek, C. Cerna, Frederic Brochu, Ryszard Stroynowski, T. Doherty, S. Persembe, Margherita Primavera, Renat Sadykov, Paul Nilsson, S. Prasad, T. Byatt, Rudiger Voss, J. Fleckner, T. Haruyama, Moritz Backes, Sofia Chouridou, Jason Nielsen, G. S. Huang, Vivek Jain, C. Osuna, Veysi Erkcan Ozcan, Alison Lister, Boris Dolgoshein, M. S. Alam, A. Neusiedl, P. Giovannini, Laurent Vacavant, K. Hashemi, Giancarlo Spigo, J. Meinhardt, Kathleen Whalen, J. Fopma, Giuseppe Francesco Tartarelli, Joe Kroll, P. D. Thompson, Paul Laycock, G. Volpini, M. Deile, Anna Lipniacka, Ivan Peric, Christian Ohm, Alexandre Glazov, K. Bernardet, Sigve Haug, Kelby Anderson, J. Coggeshall, Michael Dührssen, Armen Vartapetian, Maria-Teresa Dova, Tord Ekelof, Monica Verducci, E. B. Klinkby, A. Paoloni, Marina Rotaru, Uta Klein, K. Pretzl, N. Ghodbane, F. Grancagnolo, N. Guttman, O. Silbert, M. J. Fisher, Pierre Barrillon, Paul Tipton, Allen Mincer, Anatoly Kozhin, D. G. Underwood, Nigel Hessey, H. Matsunaga, F. Koetsveld, Ricardo Gonçalo, B. R. Ko, Marco Delmastro, Maria Smizanska, D. Goldin, J. Blocki, J. G. Drohan, Qun Ouyang, V. J. Guarino, M. S. Twomey, D. M. Seliverstov, Gabriella Pasztor, Shih-Chieh Hsu, B. Wrona, P. Perrodo, J. Therhaag, K. Leonhardt, M. Lewandowska, Gregor Kramberger, Christina Potter, S. Winkelmann, Troels Petersen, S. Dean, K. Grybel, S. Braccini, C. Puigdengoles, Michel Raymond, T. A. Dietzsch, Bruce Schumm, John Oliver, Kathryn Grimm, M. Morii, Michael Schernau, M. Potekhin, O. B. Dogan, B. Sopko, Gordon Watts, Stefan Valkar, Andrea Coccaro, M. Barisonzi, M. Nožǐka, W. L. Ebenstein, R. C. Scholte, A. Harvey, J. Mc Donald, M. S. Kayl, J. Idarraga, F. Kayumov, Andrew Pilkington, V. G. Bondarenko, Vitaliano Chiarella, Bobby Samir Acharya, H. A. Neal, Koichi Nagai, R. Dhullipudi, G. Luijckx, M. A. Dufour, Arno Straessner, M. King, Joern Grosse-Knetter, Sergio Grancagnolo, Miriam Watson, R. Febbraro, Cedric Serfon, Dirk Zerwas, Aleandro Nisati, Beate Heinemann, Fridolin Dittus, E. Ptacek, Peter Steinberg, G. Choudalakis, M. Heldmann, A. T. 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Penson, R. W. Clifft, Susumu Terada, M. Robinson, Julien Donini, Vladimir Smakhtin, Andreas Kugel, Ilias Efthymiopoulos, S. N. Golovnia, R. A. McLaren, Ikuo Ueda, Luca Spogli, Sebastian Grinstein, Wolfgang Mader, Jean François Marchand, A. B. Lazarev, A. J. Martin, B. D. Cooper, Lj Simic, M. Olcese, C. Handel, Thomas LeCompte, G. Marchiori, Alexander Khanov, Alexander Lincoln Read, M. Lehmacher, M. I. Martínez, S. Fazio, J. A. Gray, Cesare Bini, Vadim Kostyukhin, M. Moreno Llácer, M. Ramstedt, R. Asfandiyarov, Konstantin Toms, Yuri Kulchitsky, B. Martin dit Latour, Si Xie, A. Yurkewicz, K. Perez, P. de Saintignon, Manuela Venturi, A. H. Mahmood, Luis March, H. Przysiezniak, Tomas Davidek, G. Blanchot, W. T. Meyer, R. D. Schamberger, Eram Rizvi, M. Tyndel, Frederik Rühr, Tomasz Hemperek, Sandrine Laplace, B. Epp, P. E. De Castro Faria Salgado, Elliott Cheu, T. Henß, A. Jantsch, P. Amaral, M. Gouanère, A. Khomich, M. Legendre, A. Napier, K. Egorov, G. L. 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Sinervo, Liza Mijović, E. Torrence, M. Leyton, L. E. Kirsch, Karsten Köneke, E. von Toerne, M. D. Joergensen, Alexander Kupco, J. R. Keates, Felix Rauscher, Peter Schacht, B. Martin, L. Duflot, E. Spiriti, K. F. Loureiro, S. Yu. Sivoklokov, H. Duran Yildiz, N. Kundu, Takahiko Kondo, T. Buran, S. Mohrdieck-Möck, Mauro Iodice, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, F. Spila, Tomas Sykora, Valery Schegelsky, Sabine Elles, R. Mackeprang, V. Perez Reale, O. Norniella Francisco, V. Scharf, Lydia Iconomidou-Fayard, Emmerich Kneringer, G. Amorós, Daniel Turecek, Pierre-Francois Giraud, Ian Dawson, Henric George Wilkens, S. Taboada Gameiro, E. I. Rosenberg, A. Lavorato, Rachid Mazini, I. D. Manjavidze, P. Savva, S. P. Mc Kee, C. Lange, Reisaburo Tanaka, Livio Mapelli, John Penwell, Luc Goossens, H. Garitaonandia, Dimitris Varouchas, K. Wraight, F. Tarrade, Igor Aleksandrov, G. Negri, D. van der Ster, U. Mallik, Georges Aad, G. Steele, R. Zitoun, V. I. Vassilakopoulos, Manolis Dris, Bianca Osculati, Itsuo Nakano, N. Krieger, D. Buira-Clark, C. Guicheney, Antonio Boveia, J. Petersen, Dave Robinson, I. Orlov, S. Horner, J. Zhong, Juergen Kroseberg, Will Davey, A. Pacheco Pages, A. Trivedi, Douglas Benjamin, Harald Fox, Lashkar Kashif, F. Marchese, V. Rossetti, R. Soluk, Sophio Pataraia, B. Abi, Iwona Grabowska-Bold, M. Johansen, R. Di Sipio, T. K. Nelson, Peter Watkins, Fred Loebinger, Oldrich Kepka, S. Caughron, V. Ryadovikov, Arnulf Quadt, Jiangyong Jia, Kevin Kroeninger, W. Fernando, V. V. Zmouchko, T. Kohriki, M. Medinnis, Oleg Bulekov, Yueh-Feng Liu, M. Imhaeuser, Armin Michael Nairz, W. Ji, Hasko Stenzel, R. Crupi, I. Stekl, Edisher Tskhadadze, S. Rodier, Yorihito Sugaya, Simon George, Sami Kama, P. Fischer, Maurice Garcia-Sciveres, B. Resende, A. Lazzaro, Emilio Petrolo, Wouter Verkerke, F. Sarri, H. Matsumoto, M. zur Nedden, N. D. Patel, D. Smith, Satoshi Tanaka, P. Perus, J. Stahlman, Jesse Ernst, Sebastien Binet, Christoph Amelung, Paolo Iengo, E. Arik, B. Fatholahzadeh, Marco Fraternali, E. L. Barberio, A. Beddall, W. A. Mann, Naoki Kimura, Judita Mamuzic, M. Abolins, Torre Wenaus, D. Milstein, Robert Harper, Ivor Fleck, N. Massol, M. Weber, Dominic Hirschbuehl, Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Irene Vichou, Florian Bauer, C. Menot, Joleen Pater, Edoardo Gorini, J. N. Lilley, Vladimir Tikhomirov, J. Hartert, J. Yamaoka, Ioulian Budagov, Makoto Tomoto, David H. Adams, P. Poffenberger, Monica Dunford, Fernando Barreiro, R. Popescu, Ricardo Neves, Andreas Salzburger, G. Nicoletti, S. Migas, C. Boaretto, D. della Volpe, Hal Evans, W. J. Mills, Fabrizio Ferro, T. Greenshaw, R. Taylor, A. Kreisel, G. P. Kirsch, Eduard Kladiva, A. Battaglia, M. L. Gonzalez Silva, Guido Gagliardi, L. Zhao, F. Canelli, B. Di Girolamo, Adam Trzupek, C. Borer, Peter Bussey, P. Kadlecik, M. M. Diaz Gomez, J. Garvey, Helen Hayward, M. Uhrmacher, Y. Xie, T. 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Pan, D. Schroff, Bertrand Laforge, S. K. Nderitu, Adele Rimoldi, J. Freestone, Kristin Lohwasser, M. Fehling-Kaschek, Manuella Vincter, S. L. Cheung, L. S. Gomez Fajardo, K. Fowler, Marc Weber, Torbjoern Moa, V. G. Zaets, F. Baltasar Dos Santos Pedrosa, J. C. Gayde, Christopher Meyer, Sylvain Tisserant, Wolfgang Walkowiak, M. Perantoni, B. C. Legeyt, R. Kowalewski, Pedro Urrejola, Carlos Escobar, M. Uslenghi, B. Brelier, S. J. Wheeler-Ellis, Peter Hansen, A. Kootz, J. W. Dawson, J. Lundberg, M. L. Chu, Peter Kodys, N. Soni, Toshi Sumida, Auke-Pieter Colijn, S. Yu. Smirnov, G. Comune, M. Marchesotti, F. F. Martin, Lorenzo Feligioni, S. Fleischmann, Oxana Smirnova, T. Todorov, S. V. Mouraviev, S. Jin, P. Gagnon, T. J. McMahon, Konstantinos Bachas, S. Cheng, F. Vannucci, C. N. Booth, Frank Berghaus, A. Bogouch, L. Vertogardov, Ben Waugh, M. Aharrouche, J. B. Blanchard, D. M. Strom, V. Savinov, A. Reichold, K. Amako, L. G. Johansen, Valerio Dao, Bruno F. Fernandes, Peter Buchholz, L. Merola, J. Bohm, E. N. Thompson, L. Rumyantsev, Zdenek Dolezal, Mark Sutton, José Salt, S. Nelson, Abdeslam Hoummada, E. Fullana Torregrosa, Viacheslav Rud, Tatsuo Kawamoto, D. H. Saxon, Laura Jeanty, D. Vudragovic, N. van Eldik, O. Peters, V. Gilewsky, David Rousseau, S. Rolli, Serban Protopopescu, Igor Boyko, J. Colas, A. Vitale, J. M. Maugain, M. Schroers, Craig Wiglesworth, Uladzimir Kruchonak, Gideon Alexander, B. Rensch, Cristian Stanescu, P. Branchini, Ovsat Abdinov, M. Karagoz, Els Koffeman, N. Delruelle, L. V. Kalinovskaya, S. Mättig, N. J. Collins, G. D. Carrillo Montoya, Andy Haas, F. Quinonez, F. Vives Vaque, Christoph Rembser, Dimitrios Iliadis, T. Zhao, Sabine Crépé-Renaudin, G. Battistoni, L. Miralles Verge, M. Tatarkhanov, Pascal Pralavorio, M. Shamim, Giovanni Siragusa, Henri Bachacou, Daniel Fournier, C. Caso, H. Ahmed, K. Runge, M. Della Pietra, Jessica Levêque, K. Bos, T. J. Sloan, V. R. Lacuesta, D. Fasching, B. Mohn, Barbara Liberti, A. Wilson, Xingguo Li, Seog Oh, Leonardo Paolo Rossi, John H. L. Hansen, G. Cortiana, M. Fiascaris, M. Schram, M. G. Wilson, T. Matsushita, R. Maenner, Teresa Barillari, Andrew Lankford, C. Pizio, L. Tomášek, Jianming Qian, M. Lamanna, D. Kollar, Y. Munwes, D. C. Bailey, Louis Fayard, C. Oliver, S. Schuh, E. Williams, A. J. Lowe, H. Czirr, L. Labarga, M. Mazur, O. Kvasnicka, Frank Paige, M. Aderholz, Else Lytken, Marine Kuna, Camille Belanger-Champagne, S. Malyukov, Tomas Slavicek, C. Boulahouache, D. Reljic, Andrea Ventura, L. Vasilyeva, L. Capasso, R. Veness, Mikhail Mineev, P. Lichard, C. P. Marino, Yu Bai, Victor Kukhtin, Marcela Mikestikova, Ana Firan, J. Boudreau, D. R. Yu, W. Stiller, C. M. Tevlin, Jean-Francois Laporte, H. von der Schmitt, Giuseppe Iacobucci, E. Valladolid Gallego, Diego Casadei, Doris Chromek-Burckhart, Tadaaki Isobe, Maria Rescigno, Lidia Dell'Asta, Danilo Giugni, K. P. Potter, M. Le Vine, J. Bremer, C. Schroeder, Dj. Sijacki, M. Asai, Fabrice Hubaut, James Chapman, Erez Etzion, Francois Corriveau, Elias Coniavitis, K. Mueller, E. J. Buis, M. Cambiaghi, X. Espinal Curull, Y. Hernández Jiménez, M. Aurousseau, I. Turk Cakir, I. M. Nugent, Max Baak, O. Scallon, S. McGarvie, Sophie Henrot-Versille, Claudio Gatti, Stefan Kluth, Felix Mueller, S. Viret, A. Kasmi, Shlomit Tarem, Gabriela Navarro, Tiesheng Dai, X. Prudent, F. Wicek, T. Kittelmann, Kazunori Hanagaki, G. Nanava, P. Mättig, C. Daum, Shoji Asai, T. Yamamura, M. E. Zeller, E. Sedykh, A. P. Vorobiev, B. M. Salvachua Ferrando, S. J. M. Peeters, A. Canepa, I. van Vulpen, E. van der Kraaij, Giulio Aielli, W. S. Lockman, M. J. Price, Qingmin Zhang, V. Canale, D. Schouten, A. Shibata, MarioPaolo Giordani, Jørgen Beck Hansen, Charles Leggett, Fabian Huegging, Alexey Maslennikov, F. Anulli, N. Schroer, Thomas Lohse, S. König, S. Kortner, M. Mazzanti, Serkant Ali Cetin, Givi Sekhniaidze, A. Barashkou, J. Palla, J. Farley, E. N. May, P. Sturm, A. Di Simone, Roger Jones, M. Leahu, Aldo Saavedra, Atsuhiko Ochi, F. Polci, M. Maaßen, Masahiro Kuze, R. Coluccia, Vit Vorobel, Zhenwei Yang, Stephen Haywood, C. Santamarina Rios, Sotirios Vlachos, Walter Lampl, O. Runolfsson, P. Malecki, T. J. Brodbeck, D. Pomeroy, M. Flechl, J. Cranshaw, F. Parodi, Edward Moyse, C. Fabre, T. N. Trinh, A. Tonazzo, V. Sipica, A. I. Kononov, E. Stefanidis, Takashi Kubota, Michael Ernst, Raphael Vuillermet, David Miller, R. C. Jared, S. Jorgensen, Vladimir Vinogradov, Claudia Glasman, C. J. Kenney, Yoshiji Yasu, K. Edmonds, Yoram Rozen, F. Luehring, P. O. Defay, E. Piccaro, Brinick Simmons, Louise Heelan, Daniel Froidevaux, S. Kolos, Z. van Kesteren, Gabriel Stoicea, Z. Kohout, S. Bordoni, James Mueller, Junichi Tanaka, A. Barbaro Galtieri, B. Sellden, M. Miñano, M. Ugland, D. Eriksson, A. C. Schaffer, B. Van Eijk, Hermann Kolanoski, Matthias Schott, C. Haber, Junichi Kanzaki, P. Jež, Joao Seixas, M. Dosil, Horst Oberlack, Andrzej Olszewski, B. Toggerson, Theodoros Alexopoulos, Bettina Mikulec, T. Chen, Martin Tripiana, C. Posch, James Pinfold, G. E. Pospelov, V. Martinez Outschoorn, Andrea Messina, Aidan Robson, Yo K. Zalite, D. Errede, James Monk, F. J. Tique Aires Viegas, Sanda Dita, Allison McCarn, James Ferrando, Attila Krasznahorkay, Julius Hrivnac, Andrew D. Hamilton, T. Cuhadar Donszelmann, R. Hackenburg, M. V. Gallas, Robert Szczygiel, Igor Gavrilenko, N. Dressnandt, G. P. Benincasa, H. S. Chen, Antonio Limosani, R. Marshall, D. Y. Bardin, Raymond Brock, G. Sauvage, Klaus Mönig, B. Sanny, S. Moed, Ph. Schune, Konrad Kleinknecht, Alexander Fenyuk, Olga Beltramello, M. Tsiakiris, C. Horn, P. J. Hendriks, Nicoletta Garelli, D. Schweiger, Remi Lafaye, Paul Jackson, C. Dionisi, D. Ludwig, S. Zheng, B. R. Mellado Garcia, Jemal Khubua, Peter Wienemann, W. Willis, Stephen Watts, M. Nash, P. G. Bright-Thomas, Johannes Erdmann, Ch. Geich-Gimbel, V. Vorwerk, Katsuo Tokushuku, C. Omachi, A. Gaponenko, Igor Potrap, S.W. O'Neale, Pavlos Ioannou, E. Jansen, A. Di Mattia, Philippe Mermod, Giorgi Arabidze, S. V. Kopikov, L. Nicolas, Michel Vetterli, James Pilcher, Heidi Sandaker, D. Sherman, A. Ishikawa, R. Pengo, Sharka Todorova-Nova, U. Bitenc, V. Chavda, I. Mussche, W. H. Bell, F. Ahles, Martin White, Eric Feng, L. Di Ciaccio, Oleg Solovyanov, Alan Litke, R. Cherkaoui El Moursli, Helfried Burckhart, Karlheinz Meier, J. Almond, A. Dos Anjos, Kristof Schmieden, Lucia Masetti, Shu Chen, T. Ince, Yann Coadou, G. M. Kolachev, John Wilson, Gilbert Poulard, Yuta Takahashi, A. Camard, A. A. Nepomuceno, J. Boek, E. O. Ortega, Koji Nakamura, Dimitrios Sampsonidis, Mikhail Ivanovitch Gostkin, I. V. Gorelov, O. M. Harris, Simone Campana, Kamil Augsten, M. A. Houlden, A. M. Henriques Correia, Karel Smolek, Heather Gray, Imma Riu, A. V. Zenin, D. Fortin, R. J. Miller, Andrey Karyukhin, Yi Jiang, E. Castaneda-Miranda, J. Maneira, A. M. Moisseev, Ilija Vukotic, S. Owen, R. Yoosoofmiya, F. Krejci, A. Cazzato, A. Kapliy, Riccardo Vari, Maria Pilar Casado, W. G. Plano, M. Kollefrath, Enrico Pasqualucci, J. Mechnich, A. E. Nuncio-Quiroz, Daniel M. Levin, S. Kaiser, Theodota Lagouri, A. M. Castaneda Hernandez, J. N. Jackson, A. Gonidec, D. Notz, A. Poblaguev, J. J. Veillet, George Stavropoulos, A. Chilingarov, V. M. Romanov, Toyonobu Okuyama, C. Schwanenberger, T. Rador, P. Sandhu, T. W. Jones, Anna Goussiou, Petr Gallus, V. Ferrara, K. Murakami, P. F. Klok, Joaquin Poveda, E. Acerbi, D. Arutinov, D. R. Botterill, Alexandre Vaniachine, P. Booth, R. St. Denis, A. W. Phillips, J. Mayer, C. Valderanis, Sally Seidel, Irinel Caprini, Stephen Maxfield, Guido Ciapetti, Z. Qian, S. Aefsky, P. Cavalleri, A. Henrichs, D. Bartsch, P. Zarzhitsky, L. Neukermans, Francesco Ragusa, O. G. Grebenyuk, Ivan Sykora, Abraham Seiden, T. R. McMahon, S. Zenz, Thomas Trefzger, Elliot Hughes, Daniel Scheirich, T. Liu, Bing Zhou, Martin Kocian, J. Deng, F. Bellina, Lidia Smirnova, Laurent Chevalier, Tetiana Hryn'ova, Andrew Mehta, R. Wall, Tetsuro Mashimo, B. Auerbach, Simon Lin, Kerstin Jon-And, Robert Orr, C. Ay, Christian Schmitt, M. Schaller, G. Zevi della Porta, S. R. Whitehead, D. Silverstein, B. Giacobbe, Takanori Kono, K. Mahboubi, Kiyotomo Kawagoe, J. Yuan, Hans-Christian Schultz-Coulon, J. Drees, R. Lifshitz, Michael Hance, Robert Henderson, D. Naito, James Shank, Christian Weiser, Randall Sobie, Paolo Laurelli, N. Khovanskiy, M. Davies, Halina Abramowicz, A. Braem, Martin Hoeferkamp, Daniel Whiteson, A. Chafaq, M. Bindi, M. Caprio, Bradley Cox, C. L. Lampen, Vladimir Peshekhonov, P. Coe, A. Muir, Gianpaolo Carlino, Milos Lokajicek, F. Marroquim, Michael Andrew Parker, Flera Rizatdinova, T. Sugimoto, A. R. Gillman, I. Nasteva, R. Porter, T. Sarangi, W. Kozanecki, H. M. Braun, J. Dodd, S. Patricelli, Alan Barr, H. G. Sander, N. Möser, E. Urkovsky, Calin Alexa, C. Wright, Jyothsna Rani Komaragiri, Marcella Capua, Michele Prata, A. G. Schamov, Timothée Theveneaux-Pelzer, A. Ludwig, Stephen Burke, Stéphane Viel, A. Manara, N. Hill, Michele Bianco, Ilya Tsukerman, B. Maĉek, Guenter Duckeck, Michael Flowerdew, Reyhaneh Rezvani, J. Jakubek, E. Graziani, P. Speckmayer, A. M. Bach, Stephanie Majewski, S. Hamilton, Reiner Hauser, S. Cuneo, A. Reinsch, Bruce Gallop, Aaron Angerami, Alejandro Alonso, M. Donega, Mustafa Yilmaz, S. Mima, Markus Elsing, Ulrich Parzefall, Scott Snyder, G. Vandoni, Lee Sawyer, B. Demirkoz, Andreas Hoecker, T. T. Voss, A. N. Sisakyan, D. Lopez Mateos, Harald Joerg Stelzer, C. Raine, Andreas Korn, J. Odier, Carlos Lacasta, N. Amram, M. He, Masaya Ishino, P. Ghez, C. Tsarouchas, Haiyan Wang, Denis Salihagic, B. Jackson, M. Shimojima, R. J. Thompson, Krzysztof Korcyl, Simone Coelli, S. T. French, Liyuan Han, Stan Bentvelsen, M. Hatch, Didier Ferrere, Odette Benary, B. T. Gorski, M. Klein, J. Sjölin, J. Gunther, Andreas Warburton, Trisha Farooque, G. Calderini, Carmen García, Dirk L. Hoffmann, M. Villaplana Perez, Iro Koletsou, M. Franklin, Philippe Calfayan, M. Aleppo, C. Biscarat, Brian Petersen, Juan Antonio Aguilar-Saavedra, Tamar Djobava, P. van Gemmeren, F. E. Taylor, J. D. Dowell, Z. L. Ren, J. Labbe, Richard Teuscher, Stephane Willocq, M. Dobbs, A. Zsenei, Benjamin Wynne, A. De Salvo, Koji Terashi, Alina Corso-Radu, Claudia Gemme, Michel Janus, John Hart, Yury Ryabov, A. Antonaki, L. Tremblet, P. Waller, Craig Buttar, R. Mameghani, Daniela Salvatore, D. Greenfield, G. Sartisohn, Annick Lleres, Sebastian Schaetzel, J. Grognuz, B. Panes, Laurent Serin, V. Rumiantsev, Sau Lan Wu, Kaushik De, Abbas Kenan Ciftci, Alessandro Guida, F. G. Oakham, Dmitri Dedovich, A. Marin, J. L. Holzbauer, A. Gutierrez, Georgios Iakovidis, Timothy Barklow, T. H. Moye, T. Horazdovsky, E. Magradze, Jorge Alonso, Andrei Snesarev, J. A. Macana Goia, Ahmimed Ouraou, J. D. Palmer, Mikhail Demichev, Milind Purohit, I. Ludwig, V. V. Ammosov, I. Dolenc, Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny, P. Renkel, T. Göpfert, Ping-Kun Teng, Jan Stark, Henry Lubatti, Raquel Pezoa, Y. Mahalalel, H. O. Danielsson, V. M. Malyshev, Mark Slater, Andrew Nelson, Anupam Gupta, and M. Cascella

Subjects
Quark, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Luminosity (scattering theory), Large Hadron Collider, Scale (ratio), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Atlas detector, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Standard Model, Nuclear physics, medicine.anatomical_structure, Atlas (anatomy), 0103 physical sciences, medicine, High Energy Physics::Experiment, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Dijet angular distributions from the first LHC pp collisions at center-of-mass energy sqrt(s) = 7 TeV have been measured with the ATLAS detector. The dataset used for this analysis represents an integrated luminosity of 3.1 pb-1. Dijet $\chi$ distributions and centrality ratios have been measured up to dijet masses of 2.8 TeV, and found to be in good agreement with Standard Model predictions. Analysis of the $\chi$ distributions excludes quark contact interactions with a compositeness scale $\Lambda$ below 3.4 TeV, at 95% confidence level, significantly exceeding previous limits.

Published
2011

50. A fluorescence-based assay for the uptake of CPD0801 (DB829) by African trypanosomes

Author

Christopher P. Ward, Harry P. de Koning, Richard Burchmore, Karl Burgess, and Michael P. Barrett

Subjects
Drug, media_common.quotation_subject, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Amidines, Trypanosoma brucei, Pharmacology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Fluorescence, Mass Spectrometry, Ethidium, Fluorometer, Animals, Humans, Rats, Wistar, Molecular Biology, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Fluorescent Dyes, Trypanocidal agent, media_common, biology, Drug candidate, Reproducibility of Results, Transporter, biology.organism_classification, Trypanocidal Agents, Rats, Trypanosomiasis, African, Biochemistry, Female, Parasitology, Function (biology)
Abstract

Drug therapies currently used for second stage Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) exhibit problems with toxicity, difficulty of administration, and resistance linked to the loss of transporter function. Key to the development of new drugs for HAT is a better understanding of the transport properties of candidate compounds. Standard methods for studying transport utilize radio-labelled permeant or HPLC-MS, however the natural fluorescence of many trypanocidal compounds can be exploited. Here we present a fluorescence-based assay for measuring uptake, by trypanosomes, of CPD0801, a drug candidate for second stage HAT. Sample fluorescence is measured in a 96-well format using a benchtop fluorimeter. Our method is directly applicable to the study of other diamidines with similar fluorescent properties and readily adapted for use with other cell types or fluorescent molecules as we demonstrate for the veterinary trypanocide ethidium.

Published
2010

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