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Background Previous studies have tried to determine the relationship between sexting and risky behaviour to discover whether sexting fits into a deviance or normalcy discourse. This study investigated the relationship between sexting and sexual risk behaviours, contraception use and gender. Methods The design was a cross-sectional analysis of data from the sixth National Survey of Secondary Student and Adolescent Sexual Health, collected in 2018. There were 8263 Australian adolescents (aged 14–18 years). Participants were fairly evenly split by gender, and 73% identified as heterosexual. Participants were asked a series of questions about their engagement in sexting, sexual behaviour and sexual health behaviours. Results A total of 52% of participants had sent a sext in the previous 2 months, with most being text-based sexts. Sexters were 3.29 times more likely to have engaged in anal or vaginal intercourse, and 2.88 times more likely to have gotten pregnant than non-sexters. Sexters (M = 2.76) had significantly more partners than non-sexters (M = 2.35), t(3763) = −10.99, P

Combined Hf-O isotopic analyses of zircons from tuffs and lavas within the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) silicic large igneous province are probes of petrogenetic processes in the lower and upper crust. Existing petrogenetic and tectonomagmatic models diverge, having either emphasized significant crustal reworking of hydrated continental lithosphere in an arc above the retreating Farallon slab or significant input of juvenile mantle melts through a slab window into an actively stretching continental lithosphere. New isotopic data are remarkably uniform within and between erupted units across the spatial and temporal extent of the SMO, consistent with homogeneous melt production and evolution. Isotopic values are consistent with enriched mantle magmas (80%) that assimilated Proterozoic paragneisses (~20%) from the lower crust. δ18Ozircon values are consistent with fractionation of mafic magma and not with assimilation of hydrothermally altered upper crust, suggesting that the silicic magmas evolved at depth. Isotopic data agree with previous interpretations where voluminous juvenile melts entered the lithosphere during the transition from a continental arc experiencing slab rollback (Late Eocene) to the arrival of a subducting slab window (Oligocene and Early Miocene) and failure of the upper plate leading to the opening of the Gulf of California (Late Miocene). An anomalously large heat flux and extension of the upper plate allow for the sustained fractionation of the voluminous SMO magmas and assimilation of the lower crust.

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The tectonic setting of the Australian sector of the eastern Gondwanan margin during the Jurassic and Cretaceous is enigmatic. Whether this involved convergent tectonism and a long-lived continental magmatic arc or rift-related extension unrelated to subduction is debated. The paucity of Australian Jurassic–Cretaceous igneous outcrops makes resolving these competing models difficult. We used the detrital zircon record of the Jurassic–Cretaceous Great Australian Superbasin (GAS) as a proxy for igneous activity. We attribute the persistent magmatism recorded in GAS sedimentary fill throughout the Mesozoic to ca. 95 Ma to continuation of the established Paleozoic continental arc system. The detrital zircon record signals short (~10 m.y.) pulses of elevated Jurassic and Cretaceous magmatic activity and strongly positive εHf values, indicating juvenile crust or mantle-derived magmatism. Margin reconstruction indicates sustained continental growth at rates of at least ~55 km3 km–1 m.y.–1, mainly to the tract now represented by submerged northern Zealandia, due to the retreat of this arc system. We posit that arc retreat was a key factor in rapid crust generation and preservation, and that continental sedimentary systems globally may host cryptic records of juvenile crustal addition that must be considered in estimating crustal growth rates along convergent plate margins.

The ecology of endangered and rare species can be difficult to study due to their low abundances and legal limits on scientist’s ability to catch, sample, and track them. This is particularly true of sawfish (family Pristidae) whose numbers have declined precipitously, placing all five species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species worldwide. Best known for their distinctive, toothed rostrum, the ecology, movement, and life-history of sawfish is poorly understood.Sawfish rostral teeth are modified placoid scales, which grow continuously throughout the life of the fish. This continuous growth, combined with their stable calcified makeup, makes sawfish rostral teeth a potential source of temporal records of chemical and isotopic changes through the life of the fish.Rostral teeth are often preserved in museums and as curios, potentially providing a source of life-history data to inform conservation actions without the need for field study, or as an important compliment to it. This is the first study to recover temporally explicit chemical data from sawfish rostral teeth.Using archived samples of largetooth sawfish (Pristis pristis) we show that multiple chemical tracers can be recovered from sawfish rostral teeth, and that these tracers can be used to understand movement across salinity gradients. We further show that sawfish rostral teeth contain repeated structures and indistinct banding which could potentially be used for aging or growth analysis of fish.

Teachers need training to provide high-quality sexuality education to adolescents. The recent release of a new Australian health curriculum provides a timely opportunity to examine the experiences of Australian sexuality education teachers since the release of this curriculum. Australian teachers who had taught sexuality education since the 2015 release of the national health curriculum (N = 239) participated in this cross-sectional survey between 2017 and 2018. Survey items investigated teaching and training experiences; comfort with, and hours spent teaching, sexuality education; and the topics taught. Analyses included comparative means, correlations, and a standard multiple regression. Half of the sample taught health while the other half taught seven other subjects. Teachers who had received any training or professional development had higher scores on having had the “right” training (all ps

We addressed fundamental questions about the lithology, age, structure, and thermal evolution of the deep crust of the retroarc hinterland of the North American Cordilleran orogen through systematic investigation of zircons from Cretaceous plutons in the Snake Range and Kern Mountains of east-central Nevada. Geochronological (U-Pb) and geochemical (trace element, O and Hf isotopes) characterization of pre- and synmagmatic growth domains of zircons, coupled with traditional petrologic methods (petrography, field relationships, and whole-rock major-element, trace-element, and Sr-Nd and Pb isotope geochemistry), fingerprinted temporal variations in crustal contributions to magmatism. The samples are typical felsic, peraluminous Cordilleran interior granitoids that formed between 102 ± 2 Ma and 71 ± 1 Ma (95% confidence). Over the entire time span of magmatism, 87Sr/86Srinitial, εNd(t), 208Pb/204Pb, and εHf(t) exhibit incrementally more “crustal” ratios. The oldest and youngest samples, respectively, predate and postdate all published timing constraints of Cretaceous peak metamorphism in the region and exhibit the least and most radiogenic whole-rock isotopic results in the study (87Sr/86Srinitial = 0.7071 vs. 0.7222; εNd(t) = −3.4 vs. −18.8; 208Pb/204Pb = 38.8 vs. 40.1). Accordingly, the least intrasample variability of εHf(t), δ18OZrc, and trace-element ratios in magmatic zircon domains is also observed in these oldest and youngest samples, whereas greater intrasample variability is observed in intermediate-age samples that intruded during peak metamorphism. The geochemistry of zircon growth in the intermediate-age samples suggests assimilation of partially molten metasedimentary crust led to increased heterogeneity in their magma chemistry. Interaction of magmas with distinctive crust types is indicated by contrasts between four categories of inherited zircon observed in the studied intrusions: (1) detrital zircon with typical magmatic trace-element ratios; (2) zircon derived from high-grade 1.8–1.6 Ga basement; (3) zircon with anomalously low δ18O of uncertain origin, derived from 1.7/2.45 Ga basement (or detritus derived thereof); and (4) zircon from variably evolved Jurassic–Early Cretaceous deep-seated intrusions. The progression of zircon inheritance patterns, correlated with evolving geochemical signatures, in Late Cretaceous granitic plutons is best explained by early, relatively primitive intrusions and their penecontemporaneously metamorphosed country rock having been tectonically transported cratonward and superposed on older basement, from which the later, more-evolved Tungstonia pluton was generated. This juxtaposition consequentially implies tectonic transport of synorogenic plutonic rocks occurred in the Cordilleran hinterland during the Sevier orogeny as a result of the interplay of retroarc magmatism and convergent margin tectonism.

Relationships and sexuality education (RSE) for young people in Australia and elsewhere is a contentious topic. While focus has been on sexting practices, curriculum and policy and teachers and schools, few studies have examined how discourses of silencing are reflected in what young people want from their RSE. Using thematic analysis on 1258 open-ended comments from a 2018 survey of young people and sexual health and a theoretical framework of ‘Thick Desire,’ this paper explores what students in Australia desire from a RSE program and how they have come to understand those desires. This analysis reveals that young people in Australia understand and are articulate about the gaps in their RSE. Young people are negotiating a ‘silencing’ of knowledge and education around several important factors and are drawing from broader social, cultural and political influences that shape their experiences. Specifically, young people actively desire a RSE that includes more in-depth information about sexually transmissible infections (STIs) and sexual health issues, programs that are inclusive of diverse genders and sexualities, RSE that is delivered by qualified providers and programs that include discussions concerning relationships, consent and pleasure. The findings of this study suggest several important policy recommendations to improve RSE education, particularly focusing on the sexual rights of young people, the lack of consistency and clarity in existing RSE national policy and the impact that silencing can have on young people’s knowledge and safety in engaging in sexual activity.

Purpose South Sudanese people form the largest number of resettled refugees in Australia between 2003 and 2004. This study aims to explore how this community understands and responds to health and illness. No study has specifically examined the concept of health and illness in the broader socio-cultural context of the South Sudanese people in Australia. Design/methodology/approach The design was a qualitative study using interviews and focus group discussions with 33 South Sudanese people in Adelaide, South Australia. Participants were asked to reflect on their understanding of health and illness and influences on their access and use of health and other services. Data were electronically audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Findings Three main themes emerged from the analysis demonstrating complex and multifaceted views on health and illness. Participants described health as both a lack of disease and wider issues involving social belonging and participation, cultural well-being, living conditions and harmony in the society. They revealed that illnesses are predetermined by God or caused by a curse, breaking a cultural taboo, disharmony with the environment, community and ancestral spirits. Participants deeply tied their beliefs about illness causation and treatment to their historical, social and cultural lived realities, shaping their responses and health-care-seeking decisions. Originality/value The current study revealed a complex understanding of health and health-care-seeking practices amongst South Sudanese Australians. The multifaceted views of health and health-care-seeking practices underscore the importance of person-centred care for culturally and linguistically diverse people.

Background Trans and gender-diverse people with a cervix experience difficulties accessing cervical cancer screening because of structural, interpersonal, and individual barriers. Objective The aim of this study was to explore issues with cervical cancer screening participation, awareness, and healthcare provider recommendation for trans and gender-diverse people. Methods A national Australian survey was conducted in 2018 to 2019. Participants included 196 trans and gender-diverse people with a cervix. Data were analyzed using descriptive and multiple regression analyses. Two awareness items related to cervical cancer screening, healthcare provider recommendation, and cervical cancer screening participation were assessed. Four variables associated with cervical cancer screening were included in the regression: age, healthcare provider recommendation, like for body, and gender. Results The sample was young; half (52.6%) were aged 20 to 24 years. Almost half (44.6%) had never had a healthcare provider recommend cervical cancer screening to them. Around half (48.0%) had never participated, with 21.9% reporting that they are regular screeners. More than a quarter (27.5%) of people who had screening had an abnormal result. The most common reasons for not participating in screening were that it is emotionally traumatic for them (55.3%) and inability to find a healthcare provider with whom they are comfortable (38.3%). Conclusions Trans and gender-diverse Australians with a cervix are unlikely to be regular participants in cervical cancer screening. To continue reducing cervical cancer rates, healthcare providers must address underscreening in this community. Implications for practice Gender diversity training needs to be provided to healthcare providers. In addition, healthcare providers need to promote participation in cervical screening in this trans and gender-diverse community.

The Acasta Gneiss Complex (AGC) of the Northwest Territories, Canada, contains some of the oldest evolved terrestrial crust and has a sustained record of more than a billion years of magmatism (>4.0–2.9 Ga). These rocks provide an opportunity to investigate the nature of continental crust formation on the early Earth. Because complexities in zircons and bulk rocks are characteristic of the early Earth record—including the AGC—strategies are needed to extract accurate and meaningful age and isotopic information. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the early Earth Hf isotope record, we examined AGC zircons from a range of lithologies using paired chemical abrasion isotope dilution U-Pb age and solution Lu-Hf isotope analysis and compared these with previous results obtained using laser ablation split-stream (LASS) analysis. We describe an approach whereby LASS is used to identify rocks with the least complex zircons, and, when appropriate, solution methods are then used to refine the age and Hf isotopic composition to the highest precision. This two-pronged analytical approach results in a more robust determination of the age and Hf isotopic record of complex rocks and zircons and allows identification of complexity in the Hf isotopic record that would not be apparent by solution analysis alone, thereby refining the record of magmatic evolution on the early Earth. Despite the better precision, solution techniques are unsuitable for rocks with complexly zoned zircons. In particular, zircons from the two oldest AGC rocks in this study have positive initial eHf values when determined by solution analysis (+2.8 and +4.9 at 4.0 and 3.9 Ga, respectively) but have negative eHf values when determined by LASS (−3.4 and −4.7, respectively). This is attributable to the presence of later radiogenic overgrowths on the zircon grains which are incorporated in solution analyses but can be avoided using LASS. This provides important clarity to the AGC Hf isotope record. In total, all but one of the AGC rocks we analyzed, including the oldest samples, have negative eHf values and indicate derivation from an enriched reservoir; none of these samples—in contrast to whole rock Nd isotope compositions—have sufficiently positive eHf values to indicate their derivation from a depleted mantle reservoir. Despite the presence of ancient AGC crust, there is no record of corresponding mantle depletion. This implies that extraction of Hadean crust in this region did not happen in sufficient volume to result in widespread mantle depletion in the AGC source by the Eoarchean. Our results underscore the importance of identifying different components in ancient zircons—and the rocks that contain them—and accurately determining the age and isotopic composition of those components. This is critically important for clarifying the record of the formation of enriched crust and development of the depleted mantle in Earth’s early history.

Much of the global picture of crustal evolution has been constructed using zircon. While this has revealed a rich and complex history, this view is necessarily incomplete because of the lithology-specific affinity of zircon and the high temperatures needed to reset the U-Pb and Lu-Hf systems inherent within it. Here we use a five mineral, multi-isotope system approach to compare the record of crustal evolution recorded by zircon versus the picture provided by monazite, titanite, apatite, and rutile from the Yong-Ding and Luan rivers, northern China. These other minerals sample more diverse lithologies and temperature-pressure conditions that reflect additional tectonothermal events to those recorded solely by zircon. Zircon from both studied rivers predominantly reflects magmatic features, yielding age peaks at 2.6–2.3, 2.0–1.8, and 0.38–0.13 Ga, corresponding to the major magmatic events in their catchments. However, the detrital zircon record from both catchments fails to record and detail several important tectonothermal events. Specifically, the detrital monazite U-Pb ages cluster into two Paleoproterozoic peaks of ca. 1.95 and 1.85 Ga, while detrital apatite and rutile ages document unimodal and protracted U-Pb age peaks at 1.9–1.6 Ga. The different U-Pb closure temperatures of monazite, apatite, and rutile likely record two metamorphic events and the subsequent cooling history—key details that are absent from or obscured in the zircon record. The Phanerozoic mineral U-Th-Pb ages correspond to multiple magmatic events between 0.40 and 0.24 Ga and subsequent 0.24–0.20 Ga metamorphism. The 0.60–0.25 Ga rutile U-Pb ages along with 0.33–0.24 Ga U-Pb ages in some zircon grains with radiogenic Hf isotope compositions from the Luan River do not match the geological records in the North China Craton, but instead reflect the protracted subduction-accretionary history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. In addition to their U-Th-Pb ages, Nd model ages of monazite, titanite, and apatite, plus zircon Hf model ages provide additional constraints on regional crustal evolution. The Nd model age information is blurred by the fact that the relationship between the Sm/Nd of these minerals and their former host rocks is not precisely known. Taken at face value, the monazite Nd model ages have two Neoarchean peaks at 2.9–2.7 and ca. 2.5 Ga, that may correspond to two crustal growth episodes, while the titanite Nd model ages with predominant peaks at 2.2–1.8 and 1.5–1.3 Ga broadly correspond with those derived from the whole-rock analyses of the wide spread Phanerozoic granitoids, and hence record extensive crustal reworking. In contrast, the zircon Hf model ages are strongly skewed to a 2.9–2.7 Ga period and fail to record the post-Archean evolution of this region. These data highlight the power of integrating the U-Th-Pb age and Lu-Hf/Sm-Nd isotope compositions of multiple detrital minerals, with a broad range in geochemical behavior and closure temperatures, to gain a more complete understanding of tectonothermal history and crustal evolution than zircon alone.

Parent–child communication about gender and sexuality has received increasing attention since the late 1990s, in response to growing awareness that open dialogue plays a vital role in sex and relat...

Effective school-based relationship and sexuality education (RSE) can improve youth sexual outcomes, including knowledge and behaviour. National pedagogical guidance in the form of the Australian C...

The aim was to explore issues in relation to accessing cancer care for the Australian trans and gender diverse community through key informant interviews to inform a larger study on the topic. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants who either had clinical and/or research experience with trans and gender diverse populations or were members of the community who act as advocates (total n = 14). Participants had diverse genders, including three transwomen, one transman, three non-binary people, six cis woman and one cis man. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the transcripts. Four themes were identified in the data: 'More Important Issues' than Cancer Concern, Experiences of Cancer Care, Barriers to Cancer Care and (Potential) Facilitating Factors to Access Cancer Care. The findings show the inconsistencies in awareness of cancer in the trans and gender diverse population, both within the community itself and in healthcare. There are issues concerning underutilization of screening services, healthcare workers lacking knowledge and an invisibility within organizations and systems. Education is needed in cancer care, as are partnerships with community organizations, inclusive policies, improved data collection on gender, targeted health promotion and research.

Iceland exemplifies the potential for generation of abundant silicic magma in the absence of mature island arc or preexisting continental crust. Zircon ages (U-Th and U-Pb) and isotope comp...

Different genetic and timing models for gold mineralization in the Kalgoorlie gold camp (Yilgarn craton, Western Australia) suggest either broadly synchronous, late-stage mineralization related to metamorphic fluids at ca. 2640 Ma or a punctuated mineralization history from ca. 2675 to 2640 Ma with the involvement of early magmatic-hydrothermal systems (represented by the Fimiston, Hidden Secret, and Oroya gold-telluride lodes) and late metamorphic fluids (represented by the Mt. Charlotte gold stockwork veins). The results of U-Pb and Sm-Nd geochronological studies of zircon, apatite, and titanite from pre-ore dikes and syn-ore dikes constrain the absolute timing of mineralization and provide new evidence to this timing controversy. Emplacement ages constrained by U-Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) zircon data are interpreted to be similar for both the pre-ore dikes (n = 10) and syn-ore dikes (n = 7) at ca. 2675 Ma. An inferred emplacement age of ca. 2675 Ma for the syn-ore dikes is supported by a Sm-Nd isochron age from apatite (laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; LA-ICP-MS) of 2678 ± 15 Ma and by a U-Pb titanite age (LA-ICP-MS) of 2679 ± 6 Ma. The results of chemical abrasion-isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry U-Pb zircon analysis from the pre- and syn-ore dikes are complicated by multistage Pb loss, reverse discordance, and potential inheritance. However, the data are compatible with the emplacement of Fimiston/Hidden Secret gold mineralization at ca. 2675 Ma and suggest a younger age for Oroya mineralization at ca. 2665 Ma. These results contrast with models for orogenic gold deposits that invoke broadly synchronous, late-stage mineralization related to metamorphic fluids at ca. 2640 Ma. The bulk of the Kalgoorlie gold camp’s estimated 2,300 t Au endowment was emplaced at ca. 2675 Ma as Fimiston/Hidden Secret Au mineralization. This early Au mineralization was deformed and overprinted twice by subordinate Au mineralization at ca. 2665 (Oroya mineralization) and ca. 2640 Ma (Mt. Charlotte mineralization). Gold mineralization in the Kalgoorlie gold camp was protracted in nature from ca. 2675 to 2640 Ma and reflects the interplay of early magmatic (Fimiston, Hidden Secret, Oroya) and late metamorphic (Mt. Charlotte) hydrothermal fluid systems in the formation of hybrid intrusion-related and metamorphic orebodies.

The social construct of masculinity evolves in response to changes in society and culture. Orthodox masculinity is mostly considered to be hegemonic and is evidenced by the dominance of men over women and other, less powerful men. Contemporary shifts in masculinity have seen an emergence of new masculinities that challenge traditional male stereotypes. This systematic review aims to review and synthesize the existing empirical research on contemporary masculinities and to conceptualize how they are understood and interpreted by men themselves. A literature search was undertaken on 10 databases using terms regularly used to identify various contemporary masculinities. Analysis of the 33 included studies identified four key elements that are evident in men’s descriptions of contemporary masculinity. These four elements, (a) Inclusivity, (b) Emotional Intimacy, (c) Physicality, and (d) Resistance, are consistent with the literature describing contemporary masculinities, including Hybrid Masculinities and Inclusive Masculinity Theory. The synthesized findings indicate that young, middle-class, heterosexual men in Western cultures, while still demonstrating some traditional masculinity norms, appear to be adopting some aspects of contemporary masculinities. The theories of hybrid and inclusive masculinity suggest these types of masculinities have several benefits for both men and society in general.

Sex education both in and beyond the classroom has been shown to have the potential to ameliorate negative sexual health outcomes for adolescents. School-based sex education and sexual health servi...

The Adamello intrusive suite is a composite batholith in Northern Italy, with an estimated 2000 km3 volume, assembled incrementally over a time span of 10 to 12 million years. The history of crystallization has been studied in detail through laser ablation ICP-MS and SIMS U–Pb geochronology of zircon, which records prolonged crystallization of each of the different intrusive units at mid-crustal levels between 43·47 and 33·16 Ma. The magmas were episodically extracted from this storage area and ascended to the final intrusion level at ∼6 km paleo-depth. Each batch of melt cooled very rapidly down to the ambient temperature of 250°C, evidenced by distinct cooling paths recorded by amphibole, biotite and K-feldspar 40Ar/39Ar dates. The magma source area was moving from SW to NE with time, causing increasing thermal maturity in the mid-crustal reservoir. The resulting temporal trend of higher degrees of crustal assimiliation in the course of the evolution of the magmatic system can be traced through Hf and O isotopes in zircon. Rough estimates of magma emplacement rates (‘magma flux’) yield very low values in the range of 10-4 km3/yr, typical of mid-to-upper crustal plutons and increase with time. Although we cannot discern a decrease of magma flux from our own data, we anticipate that a dramatic decrease of magma flux between 33 and 31 Ma along the northern contact lead to cessation of magma emplacement. ISSN:0022-3530 ISSN:1460-2415

Sexuality education is a trusted source of information and guidance for adolescents and young people on sexual health, sexuality and relationships, and it can improve the sexual health of this population. Such education is most effective when informed by the views of young people themselves; however, there is limited research that investigates young people’s experiences of school-based sexuality education. This paper presents findings related to sexuality education from the Fifth National Survey of Secondary Students and Sexual Health, which surveyed 2,193 Australian Year 10, 11 and 12 students from diverse school systems. Descriptive analyses were used to describe the nature of sexuality education the students report having received. Chi-square and T-test analysis were used to determine associations between the relevance of sexuality education, the nature of sexuality education and demographic characteristics, as well as associations between students’ knowledge of HIV, STIs and HPV and their receipt of sexuality education. Additionally, a thematic analysis of the open-ended qualitative responses was performed to provide additional context to the quantitative results. Findings from the study elucidate students’ own perceptions of their school-based sexuality education and provide valuable insight for designing and implementing school-based sexuality education based on students’ opinions and needs.

Objectives This study sought to explore perspectives of trans and gender diverse (TGD) people of ways to alleviate gender dysphoria in service provision and to develop a framework for application in health and other areas that can be used by researchers and service providers to design study protocols, assess organisations and enhance everyday practice in ways that are sensitive to TGD people’s experiences. Methods Data from a national Australian survey on TGD people conducted in 2018–2019 (n = 340) were used to develop a framework for alleviating dysphoria. Participants were asked an open-ended question on ways that body discomfort could be minimised in clinical encounters. Inductive thematic analysis was used to develop themes true to participant sentiment, which formed the basis for the development of a framework. Results The sample was overall young, with 60.6% aged 18–24, and a strong representation of gender diverse people (42.6%). The most important theme for participants was the context of the experience, which included the subthemes of the interpersonal qualities of service providers, language and pronouns, and practical aspects. Aspects of systems were also important, with education and awareness being particularly emphasised, followed by inclusive environments. Access to gender affirming medical and surgical procedures was rarely mentioned (2.6%). A minority of participants indicated that there was nothing that could be done to alleviate their gender dysphoria (4.4%). Conclusions The study proposes a framework that can help facilitate assessment of a service’s current practices, inform a practitioner’s daily practice and be used by researchers to appropriately design studies. The most important areas to address centre on the context of the immediate experience, which may be influenced through systems-level characteristics.

Background There is little research that addresses the needs of trans and gender diverse people with cancer. Emerging evidence shows unique concerns, particularly in relation to gendered cancers such as breast and gynecological. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the intersubjective experiences in cancer care of trans and gender-diverse people to inform a microethical approach to improving care for this community. Methods Qualitative interviews (n = 12) were conducted with trans and gender-diverse people who had a diagnosis of cancer. Analysis was phenomenologically inspired and used Braun and Clarke's inductive thematic methods. Results The intersubjective experiences revealed that interactions were often characterized by a sense of alienation and invisibility. Six intertwined themes demonstrate the emergence of these feelings for the participants, these included Gender Stereotypes and Assumptions, Negation of Identity, Dismissed Concerns, Invisibility in the System, Alienation in Waiting Rooms and Support Groups, and Uniquely Gendered Bodies and Interactions. Conversely, 1 theme showed how participants could be made to feel connected and recognized-Affirming Experiences. Conclusions The unique experiences of trans and gender-diverse people in cancer care shed light on the effect of gender biases and barriers to empathic care. Findings provide professionals with insights that can enhance their clinical practice through informing the ways they provide care to people with diverse genders. Implications for practice Cancer care nurses should be reflecting on their own assumptions related to gender and engaging their patients in genuinely empathic communication.

Introduction: Chronic hepatitis B presents significant issues to public health and clinical practices. The infection requires lifelong clinical management and is a leading risk factor for liver cancer and liver cirrhosis. Limited studies currently exist on the social impacts of living with chronic hepatitis B, especially for people from Sub-Saharan Africa. The current study explored the experiences of South Sudanese people living with chronic hepatitis B in Australia.Methods: A qualitative inquiry using face-to-face interviews with fifteen South Sudanese people with chronic hepatitis B in Australia explored the social impacts of living with chronic hepatitis B. The study purposively sampled participants who self-identified as South Sudanese with hepatitis B and over 18 years of age. Interviews were coded and analysed using thematic analysis.Results: The study identified three themes relating to the experiences of living with chronic hepatitis B, and were grouped into psychological, interpersonal and healthcare system levels. Psychological level experiences related to the uncertainty of living with chronic hepatitis B and liver cancer risk, where participants expressed persistent fear of disease progression and anxiety around death related to the disease. Interpersonal level experiences involved the disclosure of hepatitis B and its social impacts including stigma, social distancing and isolation. Healthcare system level experiences included receiving mixed messages about hepatitis B, challenges with regular testing and difficulty receiving hepatitis B treatment.Conclusion: The findings provide valuable insights into the social impacts of hepatitis B. It underlines the importance of integrated public health interventions at the community level to improve knowledge and awareness of hepatitis B which address stigma in the South Sudanese community in Australia.

Chronological data from hard structures have been instrumental in reconstructing information about the past across numerous disciplines. Isotopic and trace elemental chronologies from the depositional layers of speleothems, corals, bivalve shells, fish otoliths and other structures are routinely used to reconstruct climate, growth, temperature, geological, archeological and migratory histories. Recent in situ analytical advances have revolutionized the use of these structures. This is particularly true of fish, in which detailed origin, life-history, and migration history can be reconstructed from their otoliths. Specifically, improvements in laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) have allowed increases in temporal resolution, precision, and sample throughput. Many studies now combine multiple chemical and isotopic tracers, taking advantage of multivariate statistical methods and multiple trace-elements and isotope systems to glean further information from individual samples. This paper describes a novel laser ablation split-stream (LASS) methodology which allows simultaneous collection of the Sr isotope composition (87Sr/86Sr) and trace-elemental data from chronologically deposited carbonate samples. The study investigates the accuracy and precision of varying laser spot sizes on a marine shell standard and fish otoliths using LASS and presents a comparison to traditional “single stream methods” using pre-existing otolith data on the same samples. Our results indicate that LASS techniques can be used to provide accurate and precise data at the same laser spot sizes as previous otolith studies, thereby doubling analytical throughput, while also providing improved spatially and temporally-matched data reduction using newly developed features for the Iolite data reduction platform.

Background The development of effective health promotion practices and education programs to reduce rates of sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy requires accurate, up-to-date information about young people's sexual behaviors. Aims To provide prevalence rates on sexual behaviors and condom and contraceptive use for Australian year 10–12 heterosexual students in a nationally representative sample. Methods A nationally representative sample of 2,301 male and 2,055 female year 10 through 12 heterosexual students were recruited to an online survey about their lifetime sexual behaviors and condom and contraceptive use. Means and 95% confidence intervals of weighted data, based on the national census, were reported. Outcomes The main outcomes of this study were prevalence of sexual behaviors by gender (excluding trans and gender diverse) and prevalence of contraception and condom use among sexually active students by gender. Results The most common sexual behavior was masturbation (96.3% of male students, 78.9% of female students), and the least common behavior was anal or vaginal sex (43.7% of male students, 48.5% of female students). Of the sexually active students, condoms were used by 78.1% of male students and 77.5% of female students at first sexual experience and by 65.1% of male students and 56.8% of female students at their most recent sexual experience, whereas 91.6% of male students and 92.3% of female students used some form of contraception at most recent sexual experience. Clinical Translation Results provide up-to-date information on the practices clinicians who are likely to encounter with heterosexual cisgender adolescent populations in Australia. Strengths & Limitaitons The study represents the largest representative cohort of adolescents in Australia to date. However, comparisons with previous representative studies were limited owing to differing samples by age and culture. Conclusions Compared with earlier Australian studies, young heterosexual cisgender people today engage in slightly less oral and penetrative sexual behaviors, with the exception of more women receiving oral sex, and are generally consistent in condom and contraceptive use.

Relationships and sexuality education for young people in Australia and elsewhere is a controversial topic. Numerous studies in Australia have focused on curriculum, policy, teachers, schools, sexting and other behaviours, and knowledge regarding sexually transmitted infection (STI)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and pregnancy prevention. Few large-scale national studies have engaged with young people about what they want out of their sex education, and what they suggest would be most valuable for future programs in Australia. Data for the study included qualitative comments about experiences of sex education (n = 2316) provided in a national survey of adolescent sexual health. An initial thematic inductive analysis identified comments falling into two dominant themes: positive and negative experiences of their sex education. Results indicate that young people in Australia are articulate and understanding of the gaps in their sex education. A majority of comments highlighted negative experiences. These comments primarily discussed issues of delivery (timing, environment, person) and content quality (comprehensiveness). A minority highlighted positive commentary also around delivery (environment, person) and content quality (comprehensiveness). The findings of this study illuminate contemporary adolescent concerns regarding their experiences of education. Understanding these experiences can inform future curriculum development, teacher training and the design and implementation of policy.

This article examines the sexuality education component of the national Australian Curriculum: Health and Physical Education (AC:HPE) with a focus on sexuality education discourses. A criti...

The North Atlantic craton hosts extensive exposures of Eoarchean crust, spread through areas of Western Greenland and Northern Labrador (Canada). Of these two areas, the crust of the Saglek Block of Northern Labrador has received far less attention from the scrutiny of modern analytical methods than its better documented Western Greenland equivalent, the Itsaq Gneiss Complex. Here, we present the first coupled trace element and U–Pb/Hf/O isotope dataset for zircon from an early TTG component of the Saglek Block. The combination of textural, elemental and isotopic in-situ analyses enables selection of the least disturbed zircon domains. From these it is demonstrated that the oldest felsic remnants exposed in the Saglek Block were emplaced 3.86 ± 0.01 billion yr (Ga) ago through partial melting of basaltic protoliths. The Hf isotope signature of the oldest zircon domains from the Saglek Block TTG indicates derivation from sources that did not undergo substantial Lu/Hf fractionation, resulting in initial Hf isotope compositions that are chondritic within uncertainty. The oxygen isotope ratios of the least disturbed zircon portions vary from 5.38 ± 0.16‰ to 6.64 ± 0.19‰ and document the interaction of the TTG protoliths with Earth's early hydrosphere at low temperature (≤150–200 °C) prior partial melting in the Eoarchean. The results support TTG production in the Eoarchean from variably hydrated basaltic protoliths.

Southern West Greenland contains some of the best-studied and best-preserved magmatic Eoarchean rocks on Earth, and these provide an excellent vantage point from which to view long-standing questions regarding the growth of the earliest continental crust. In order to address the questions surrounding early crustal growth and complementary mantle depletion, we present Laser Ablation Split Stream (LASS) analyses of the U–Pb and Hf isotope compositions of zircon from eleven samples of the least-altered meta-igneous rocks from the Itsaq (Amitsoq) Gneisses of the Isukasia and Nuuk regions of southern West Greenland. This analytical technique allows a less ambiguous approach to determining the age and Hf isotope composition of complicated zircon. Results corroborate previous findings that Eoarchean zircon from the Itsaq Gneiss (∼3.85 Ga to ∼3.63 Ga) were derived from a broadly chondritic source. In contrast to the Sm–Nd whole rock isotope record for southern West Greenland, the zircon Lu–Hf isotope record provides no evidence for early mantle depletion, nor does it suggest the presence of crust older than ∼3.85 Ga in Greenland. Utilizing LASS U–Pb and Hf data from the Greenland zircons studied here, we demonstrate the importance of focusing on the magmatic (rather than detrital) zircon record to more confidently understand early crustal growth and mantle depletion. We compare the Greenland Hf isotope data with other Eoarchean magmatic complexes such as the Acasta Gneiss Complex, Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt, and the gneissic complexes of southern Africa, and all lack zircons with suprachondritic Hf isotope compositions. In total, these data suggest only a very modest volume of crust was produced during (or survived from) the Hadean and earliest Eoarchean. There remains no record of planet-scale early Earth mantle depletion in the Hf isotope record prior to 3.8 Ga.

Initial Hf and Nd isotope compositions of Earth's oldest rocks provide essential information on the differentiation of the Earth into enriched crustal and depleted mantle reservoirs in its early history. The majority of Eo-Paleoarchean rocks worldwide, however, have isotope compositions that appear to be decoupled: initial Hf isotope compositions, determined on zircon, are broadly chondritic with little variation; initial Nd isotopes on bulk rocks, in contrast are highly variable with both supra- and sub-chondritic compositions. Most of these studies are from polymetamorphic terranes where the potential for disturbance of the isotope system is high. This is particularly true for the Sm-Nd system where more easily altered REE-rich accessory phases are the major repositories for these elements. In order to better understand crust-mantle evolution during the Archean—and to address the issue of Hf and Nd isotope decoupling—we examine a suite of well-preserved Paleoarchean granites from the Pilbara Craton. Our approach integrates the initial Hf isotope composition and U-Pb ages of zircon, the initial Nd isotope compositions of titanite and apatite, and U-Pb ages of titanite by laser ablation split stream (LASS) analysis. The zircon and titanite U-Pb data yield crystallization ages of 3.47 to 3.28 Ga, in good agreement with the combined apatite-titanite-WR Sm-Nd isochron ages of each sample, demonstrating that both the U-Pb and Sm-Nd systems have not been modified since igneous crystallization. The initial Hf isotope compositions of zircon from all samples are broadly chondritic with eHf(i) values of −0.3 to +0.8, in agreement with the bulk-rock Hf. The initial Nd isotope compositions of the titanite and apatite are also broadly chondritic (eNd(i) titanite, −1.0 – +2.0; apatite, −0.6 – +0.9) and agree with the Nd isotope composition of the bulk-rock (eNd(i) = +0.2 to +1.2) and the initial 143Nd/144Nd ratios determined from the titanite-apatite-WR isochrons (eNd(i) −0.9 to +1.3). From these data, we make two fundamental observations. First, the granites in this study were derived from a source that was chondritic with respect to both Hf and Nd isotopes from 3.47 to 3.28 Ga; neither system supports the presence of either a strongly depleted mantle or enriched crustal source. Second, the Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotope systems in the Pilbara samples are in full agreement. This stands in stark contrast to the record of rocks from Eo-Paleoarchean terranes of higher metamorphic grade, where the Hf and Nd isotope compositions have been “decoupled”. This further underscores the importance of recognizing potential effects of high-grade metamorphism on the Sm-Nd bulk-rock record. The integrated age-isotope approach taken here illustrates a way to assess the integrity of bulk-rock Nd isotope data through examination of the Sm-Nd isotope systematics of the LREE-rich accessory minerals in rocks.

Rock clasts entrained in glacial deposits sourced from the continental interior of Antarctica provide an innovative means to determine the age and composition of ice-covered crust. Zircon U-Pb ages from a suite of granitoid clasts collected in glacial catchments draining central East Antarctica through the Transantarctic Mountains show that crust in this region was formed by a series of magmatic events at ∼2.01, 1.88–1.85, ∼1.79, ∼1.57, 1.50–1.41, and 1.20–1.06 Ga. The dominant granitoid populations are ca. 1.85, 1.45 and 1.20–1.06 Ga. None of these igneous ages are known from limited outcrop in the region. In addition to defining a previously unrecognized geologic history, zircon O and Hf isotopic compositions from this suite have: (1) mantle-like δ18O signatures (4.0–4.5‰) and near-chondritic Hf-isotope compositions (eHf ∼ +1.5) for granitoids of ∼2.0 Ga age; (2) mostly crustal δ18O (6.0–8.5‰) and variable Hf-isotope compositions (eHf = −6 to +5) in rocks with ages of ∼1.88–1.85, ∼1.79 and ∼1.57 Ga, in which the ∼1.88–1.79 Ga granitoids require involvement of older crust; (3) mostly juvenile isotopic signatures with low, mantle-like δ18O (∼4–5‰) and radiogenic Hf-isotope signatures (eHf = +6 to +10) in rocks of 1.50–1.41 Ga age, with some showing crustal sources or evidence of alteration; and (4) mixed crustal and mantle δ18O signatures (6.0–7.5‰) and radiogenic Hf isotopes (eHf = +3 to +4) in rocks of ∼1.2 Ga age. Together, these age and isotopic data indicate the presence in cratonic East Antarctica of a large, composite igneous province that formed through a punctuated sequence of relatively juvenile Proterozoic magmatic events. Further, they provide direct support for geological correlation of crust in East Antarctica with both the Gawler Craton of present-day Australia and Proterozoic provinces in western Laurentia. Prominent clast ages of ∼2.0, 1.85, 1.57 and 1.45 Ga, together with sediment source linkages, provide evidence for the temporal and spatial association of these cratonic elements in the Columbia supercontinent. Abundant ∼1.2–1.1 Ga igneous and metamorphic clasts may sample crust underlying the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains, indicating the presence of a Mesoproterozoic orogenic belt in the interior of East Antarctica that formed during final assembly of Rodinia.

Mapping the age and trace element and Sm-Nd isotope compositions of monazite grains from a peraluminous Cretaceous granite using laser ablation–split stream analysis reveals a wide range in Nd isotope and rare earth element (REE) compositions within and between single grains. These data corroborate isotopic variability indicated by Hf isotope analysis of zircon in the same granite sample. The REE variations indicate that monazite grew during fractional crystallization. Hf and Nd isotopes indicate that the granitic magma was generated from at least two distinct Proterozoic sources of approximately the same age: one component that had highly radiogenic initial 176Hf/177Hf and 143Nd/144Nd and a second component that was notably less radiogenic. This study highlights the utility of in situ REE and Sm-Nd isotope data in monazite in magmatic systems. Further, it refines the zircon-based constraints on magmatic processes because of sensitivity of light REEs to fractional crystallization, lower probability of complications owing to inheritance, and smaller analytical volumes required.