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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel fluorescence tracer agent, MB-102, for conducting ocular angiography in dogs. ANIMALS 10 ophthalmologically normal dogs (2 to 4 years old) and 10 dogs with retinal degeneration or primary open-angle glaucoma (< 6 years old). PROCEDURES While anesthetized, all dogs received sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg, IV) or MB-102 (20 or 40 mg/kg, IV) first and then the other dye in a second treatment session 2 days later in a randomized crossover design. Anterior fluorescence angiography was performed on one eye and posterior fluorescence angiography on the other. Imaging was performed with a full-spectrum camera and camera adaptor system. Filter sets that were tailored to match the excitation and emission characteristics of each angiographic fluorescent agent were used. RESULTS All phases and phase intervals during anterior and posterior segment angiography were identified, regardless of the dye used. However, agent fluorescence and visualization of the iridal blood vessels were hindered in some dogs, irrespective of agent, owing to the degree of iridal pigmentation present. No significant difference was noted between the 2 dyes in any phase or phase interval, and slight improvement in image contrast was observed with MB-102 during the venous phases owing to a reduction of vessel wall staining in both normal and diseased eyes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that MB-102 would be useful for conducting ocular angiography in dogs.

OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize abnormalities of iris vasculature in dogs with diabetes mellitus, compared to clinically normal, age-matched control dogs, by means of anterior segment angiography. ANIMALS 10 dogs with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus and 10 age-matched control dogs with no ocular or systemic disease. PROCEDURES The day before iris vasculature abnormality (IVA) assessment, all dogs underwent complete physical and ophthalmic examinations and baseline clinicopathologic analyses. For diabetic dogs, serum fructosamine concentration and a 12-hour blood glucose concentration curve were generated. The next day, all dogs were sedated and anterior segment angiography (following IV injection of indocyanine green [1 mg/kg] and subsequently sodium fluorescein [20 mg/kg]) was performed with a full-spectrum camera and camera adapter system. Group findings were compared, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify potential factor associations with IVAs. RESULTS During anterior segment angiography, the arterial, capillary, and venous phases were identified in all dogs. Times to onset of all phases in diabetic dogs were significantly less than those in control dogs. Vascular disruptions within the peripupillary region (evident following sodium fluorescein administration) were common in diabetic dogs. Severity of dye leakage into the iris stroma and aqueous humor was significantly greater in diabetic dogs than in control dogs. Duration of disease, mean blood glucose concentration, and serum fructosamine concentration were significantly associated with IVAs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In diabetic dogs, anterior segment angiography revealed IVAs that were not evident in control dogs. The severity of those changes appeared to be associated with disease duration and blood glucose regulation.

Objective To describe acute compartment syndrome (CS) of the muscles of mastication in a working dog associated with a traumatic training event. Case summary A 2.5-year-old male Belgian Malinois was evaluated for acute blindness, severe diffuse swelling of the head, and inability to close the jaw following a traumatic incident during a bite training drill. During the exercise, the maxillary canine teeth were locked on a bite sleeve. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head and ocular system identified diffuse muscle swelling and hyperintensity, most severe in the muscles of mastication. Ocular abnormalities were not identified. Rhabdomyolysis, CS, and indirect optic nerve injury were supported by measurement of increased intramuscular pressure. Bilateral decompressive fasciotomies over the masseter and temporalis muscles resulted in immediate and marked resolution of the swelling and jaw movement. Blindness, however, did not resolve. New or unique information provided CS involving the muscles of mastication may occur as a complication of bite training and may result in irreversible and even life-threatening complications. Emergent decompressive fasciotomy is indicated to reverse swelling; however, visual deficits may not resolve.

Objective To assess the reproducibility and repeatability of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) device for imaging the optic nerve region of normal canines. Animals studied Twelve clinically healthy beagles. Procedures All animals were anesthetized, and an OCT device was used to image the optic disk region. Total disk area and retinal nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness in eight segments were obtained from each image. Images were collected by two operators in succession and each operator took five scans, repositioning the device between measurements. B-scan segmentations and disk outlines were subsequently redrawn to obtain manual measurements, allowing for comparisons between automated measurements. Results Operator 1 had a mean (±SD) NFL thickness (automatic) and disk area of 73.38 ± 7.41 μm and 3.69 ± 0.52 mm², while operator 2 had 74.27 ± 7.33 μm and 3.67 ± 0.51 mm², respectively. With manual corrections, operator 1 had a NFL thickness and disk area of 86.19 ± 8.26 μm and 3.74 ± 0.68 mm², while operator 2 had 86.85 ± 6.91 μm and 3.81 ± 0.56 mm², respectively. Operators did not obtain significantly different values for any region. Intraclass correlation ranged from 0.33 to 0.97 (average 0.78). Coefficient of variation ranged from 8.8 to 36.2%. Conclusion The OCT device demonstrated high inter-rater reliability. Intrarater reliability was strong for disk area and total NFL; however, the segmental regions demonstrated a higher degree of variability. Manual and automated measurements were significantly different for total NFL and some segmental regions; therefore, users should consistently use one method for longitudinal studies.

OBJECTIVE To determine corneal thickness of eyes of healthy goats, sheep, and alpacas by use of a portable spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) device and evaluate intraoperator reliability for measurements. ANIMALS 11 female goats, 10 female sheep, and 11 (4 males and 7 females) alpacas. PROCEDURES Each animal was sedated, and gentle manual restraint was used to ensure proper positioning of the head and globe. Corneal pachymetry was performed (in triplicate) with a portable SD-OCT device on both eyes of each animal. All corneal measurements were obtained manually by use of the integrated caliper function. Corneal epithelial thickness (CET), corneal stromal thickness (CST), Descemet membrane thickness (DMT), and total corneal thickness (TCT) were measured twice on each image, and a mean value was calculated. RESULTS Mean ± SD values for CET, CST, DMT, and TCT were 96.1 ± 5.0 μm, 486.0 ± 10.3 μm, 36.8 ± 4.8 μm, and 616.9 ± 7.1 μm, respectively, for the goats; 111.6 ± 5.7 μm, 599.8 ± 10.0 μm, 31.0 ± 4.5 μm, and 741.1 ± 9.9 μm, respectively, for the sheep; and 147.4 ± 5.7 μm, 446.1 ± 7.4 μm, 44.5 ± 5.0 μm, and 634.8 ± 6.2 μm, respectively, for the alpacas. Intraclass correlations ranged from 0.49 to 0.83 for CET, CST, and TCT and from 0.13 to 0.36 for DMT. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE SD-OCT provided manual measurement of corneal thickness (CET, CST, and TCT) with clinically acceptable intraoperator reliability for eyes of healthy goats, sheep, and alpacas.

OBJECTIVE To assess and compare 2 injection techniques for conducting ocular anterior segment indocyanine green angiography (ASICGA) and sodium fluorescein (SF) angiography in horses. ANIMALS 3 healthy adult female horses (age range, 19 to 25 years). PROCEDURES Horses were sedated, jugular catheters were placed, and manual restraint was used to ensure proper positioning for the angiography procedure. Two injection techniques (IV and intra-arterial) were performed for each horse 1 week apart. Intravenous injections of 0.25% indocyanine green (ICG; 50 mg) and 10% SF (10 mg/kg) were administered via the jugular catheter. Intra-arterial injections of ICG (1 mg) and SF (1 mg/kg) were administered into the common carotid artery with ultrasound guidance. Angiography was performed by use of an adaptor system comprised of a modified digital single-lens reflex camera, camera adaptor, and lens. Imaging was performed at a rate of 3 images/s for 60 seconds immediately following ICG injection, then at 2, 3, 4, and 5 minutes after injection. The SF was injected 5 minutes thereafter. RESULTS ASICGA allowed visual identification of the arterial, capillary, and venous phases of angiography. Intra-arterial administration provided superior dye fluorescence, sharper contrast, and faster dye passage than IV administration. Visibility of the iris vasculature was limited with SF, and extravasation of SF was noted. No clinically important adverse events were detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE ASICGA images were obtainable with both injection techniques; however, visibility of the iris vasculature was better with intra-arterial administration of ICG. The ASICGA technique may serve as a viable ocular imaging modality for horses.

OBJECTIVE To assess and compare results of anterior segment angiography of ophthalmologically normal cats following IV injection with indocyanine green and sodium fluorescein dyes. ANIMALS 10 client-owned cats. PROCEDURES Anterior segment angiography was performed in anesthetized cats following administration of 0.25% indocyanine green (1.0 mg/kg, IV) or 10% sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg, IV) solution. All cats received both treatments. Imaging (1 eye/cat) was performed with a full-spectrum digital single-lens reflex camera equipped with an adaptor (1 image/s for 30 seconds) immediately following IV dye injection and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 minutes after injection. Onset and duration of arterial, capillary, and venous phases of iris vasculature were identified and compared statistically between treatments. Degree of iridal pigmentation, leakage of dye from iris vasculature, and image quality were subjectively assessed. RESULTS No differences were found in onset or duration of vascular phases between treatments. Visibility of the iris vasculature was not impaired by poor or moderate iridal pigmentation with either method. Indocyanine green provided subjectively better vascular detail and image contrast than sodium fluorescein. No vascular dye leakage was observed following indocyanine green administration. Leakage of dye from blood vessels in the stroma (in 10 cats) and presence of dye in the anterior chamber (in 5 cats) were detected after sodium fluorescein administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Images obtained with either fluorescent dye were considered to be of diagnostic quality. Lack of leakage following indocyanine green administration suggested this treatment may have better diagnostic utility for anterior segment angiography. The photographic equipment used provided a cost-effective alternative to existing imaging systems.

An 18-year-old Percheron cross mare presented to the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University for evaluation of progressive corneal clouding and conjunctival swelling involving the right eye. Ophthalmic examination demonstrated widespread infiltrative opacification and vascularization of the right cornea, most extensive ventrally and extending dorsolaterally. The palpebral conjunctiva was hyperemic with moderate chemosis and demonstrated follicular proliferation ventrally. The bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva of the nictitating membrane appeared grossly thickened. A mild amount of fibrin was noted within the anterior chamber. The horse was placed under general anesthesia, and the right eye was enucleated using a transpalpebral approach. Light microscopic examination of the ocular tissues demonstrated a neoplasm consistent with lymphangiosarcoma, which was believed to have originated from the bulbar conjunctiva, with subsequent invasion into the neighboring cornea, sclera, and periocular muscles. Follow-up conversations with the owner and referring veterinarian revealed that the horse was doing well 9 months postoperatively. Lymphangiosarcoma is an extremely rare neoplasm that originates from the lymphatic endothelium. Lymphangiosarcoma is typically considered to be an aggressive, malignant tumor and is associated with high metastatic and mortality rates in both physician-based as well as veterinary medicine. This is the first case report of lymphangiosarcoma arising from the bulbar conjunctiva and subsequently affecting the cornea, sclera, and periocular muscles in any species. This case also describes a survival time longer than that reported for any equine with this neoplasm.

Case Description—A 2-year-old Morgan mare was evaluated because of a corneal ulceration. Clinical Findings—An irregular, deep stromal corneal ulcer in an area of malacia was noted in the left eye. Hypopyon was present in the ventral portion of the anterior chamber with moderate aqueous flare. The nictitating membrane of the left eye had hairs originating from its leading edge that contacted the corneal surface. Treatment and Outcome—General anesthesia was induced, and a bulbar pedicle conjunctival graft was performed. The conjunctiva at the leading edge of the nictitating membrane, including the aberrant hair follicles, was excised. Microscopically, a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, sebaceous glands, and hair shafts were present, confirming a choristoma of pilosebaceous origin at the leading edge of the nictitating membrane. Six weeks after surgery, the horse had no signs of discomfort, with no regrowth of the hairs; no loss of vision was evident. Clinical Relevance—Ocular choristomas develop secondary to defective fetal cellular differentiation and are rarely reported in the equine literature. The choristoma in this horse contained ectopic hair follicles with hair growth as well as sebaceous glands. This finding emphasizes the importance of a thorough adnexal examination in horses with corneal disease.

OBJECTIVE To compare results of anterior segment angiography of ophthalmically normal eyes of goats, sheep, and alpacas performed by use of indocyanine green (ICG) and sodium fluorescein (SF). ANIMALS 10 female goats (mean ± SD age, 6.8 ± 1.7 years), 10 female sheep (3.0 ± 2.2 years), and 10 alpacas (7 females and 3 males; 6.8 ± 3.8 years). PROCEDURES A catheter was aseptically placed into a jugular vein. Each animal was anesthetized and properly positioned, and 0.25% ICG was administered. Images were obtained by use of an adaptor system consisting of a modified digital single-lens reflex camera, camera adaptor, and camera lens. Images were obtained at a rate of 3 images/s for the 60 seconds immediately after ICG administration and then at 2, 3, 4, and 5 minutes after administration. Ten minutes later, 10% SF was administered IV and images were obtained in a similar manner. RESULTS Angiography with ICG provided visual examination of the arterial, capillary, and venous phases in all species. Visual examination of the iris vasculature by use of SF was performed in goats and sheep but was not possible in the alpacas because of iridal pigmentation. Extravasation of SF was a common finding in sheep and alpacas but not in goats. No adverse events were detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Quality angiographic images of the anterior segment were obtainable after IV administration of ICG to goats, sheep, and alpacas. This may provide a useful imaging modality for ocular research in these animal species.

Summary Reasons for performing study Corneal thickness measurements of the equine globe using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) have not been reported. Objectives To determine corneal thickness measurements and the intra- and interoperator reliability of a portable SD-OCT device in equine eyes. Study design Prospective observational study. Methods Horses free of ocular disease were used for this study. Gentle manual restraint, in combination with detomidine hydrochloride and a head stand, were employed to ensure proper animal positioning. Corneal pachymetry measurements were obtained from both eyes of each animal 3 times by 2 operators in succession. A 6 mm corneal pachymetry protocol was performed using a portable SD-OCT device. All measurements were obtained manually by one operator (C.G.P.) using the integrated calliper function. Measurements included epithelial thickness, stromal thickness, Descemet's membrane thickness and total corneal thickness. All recorded measurements were analysed to determine both intra- and interoperator reliability. Results Thirty horses with a mean age of 10.6 ± 6.4 years were examined. Mean epithelial, stromal, Descemet's membrane and total corneal thickness values obtained were, respectively, 174.7 ± 13.6, 599.2 ± 45.4, 38.4 ± 15.3 and 812.0 ± 44.1 μm for operator A and 175.9 ± 12.9, 599.2 ± 44.9, 38.4 ± 15.0 and 812.9 ± 42.9 μm for operator B. A positive correlation was found between Descemet's membrane thickness and age, whereby Descemet's membrane thickness increased by 2 μm/year (P

A 7-month-old male intact Boerboel presented to the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University for the evaluation of ocular discharge. Bilateral multifocal serous retinal detachments were noted on fundus examination as an incidental finding. Genetic testing confirmed the dog to be homozygous for a mutation in the BEST1 gene, where a C73 T/R25 X change results in premature termination codon. Further testing, including electroretinography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), demonstrated that there was no evidence of retinal photoreceptor dysfunction and confirmed that observed lesions were characteristic of canine multifocal retinopathy. No progression of the lesions was noted 3 months after the initial examination. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of canine multifocal retinopathy in the Boerboel breed.

Objective—To investigate whether differences existed between clinically normal dogs and dogs with goniodysgenesis-related glaucoma (GDRG) in serum autoantibodies against optic nerve antigens. Animals—16 dogs with GDRG, 17 healthy dogs with unremarkable pectinate ligament and iridocorneal angle morphology, and 13 euthanized dogs with no major ocular abnormalities or underlying diseases. Procedures—Western blotting was performed with optic nerve extracts from the euthanized dogs as an antigen source and serum from clinically normal dogs and dogs with GDRG as a primary antibody (autoantibody) source. Blots were evaluated for presence and density of bands. Results—Multiple bands were identified on western blots from all dogs with GDRG and all clinically normal dogs, with a high degree of variability among individual dogs. Dogs with GDRG were significantly more likely than healthy dogs to have bands present at 38, 40, and 68 kDa. Dogs with GDRG had significant increases in autoreactivity at 40 and 53 kDa and a significant decrease in autoreactivity at 48 kDa. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Significant differences in serum autoantibodies against optic nerve antigens were found in dogs with versus without GDRG. Although it remains unclear whether these differences were part of the pathogenesis of disease or were sequelae to glaucomatous changes, these findings provide support for the hypothesis that immune-mediated mechanisms play a role in the development or progression of GDRG. However, the high degree of variability among individual dogs and the considerable overlap between groups suggest that the clinical usefulness of this technique for distinguishing dogs with GDRG from clinically normal dogs is likely limited.

Case summary A 2-month-old, male kitten was presented for evaluation of unilateral blepharospasm and epiphora involving the right eye. Ocular examination revealed conjunctivitis, a superficial corneal ulcer, reflex anterior uveitis and a haired mass within the dorsal cornea of the right eye. The mass was subsequently removed surgically via a lamellar keratectomy. Histologic evaluation of the mass via light microscopy revealed it to be comprised of normal-haired skin with mild inflammation. One week after surgical removal and medical management of the corneal ulcer, all ocular clinical signs had resolved with minimal corneal scarring. On re-examination 6 months following surgical excision of the mass, the kitten was noted to be comfortable with no significant corneal scarring. Relevance and novel information To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a dorsally located corneal dermoid in a cat.

OBJECTIVE To determine central corneal thickness (total corneal thickness [TCT], epithelial thickness [ET], and stromal thickness [ST]), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and intraocular pressure (IOP) in Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii). DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 25 healthy rehabilitated juvenile Kemp's ridley sea turtles. PROCEDURES Body weight and straight-line standard carapace length (SCL) were recorded. All turtles underwent a complete anterior segment ophthalmic examination. Central TCT, ET, ST, and ACD were determined by use of a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography device. Intraocular pressure was determined with a rebound tonometer; the horse setting was used to measure IOP in all 25 turtles, and the undefined setting was also used to measure IOP in 20 turtles. For each variable, 3 measurements were obtained bilaterally. The mean was calculated for each eye and used for analysis purposes. RESULTS The mean ± SD body weight and SCL were 3.85 ± 1.05 kg (8.47 ± 2.31 lb) and 29 ± 3 cm, respectively. The mean ± SD TCT, ET, ST, and ACD were 288 ± 23 μm, 100 ± 6 μm, 190 ± 19 μm, and 581 ± 128 μm, respectively. Mean ± SD IOP was 6.5 ± 1.0 mm Hg when measured with the horse setting and 3.8 ± 1.1 mm Hg when measured with the undefined setting. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results provided preliminary reference ranges for objective assessment of ophthalmic variables in healthy juvenile Kemp's ridley sea turtles.

We present a series of three American Bulldogs with clinical signs of glaucoma and intraocular inflammation accompanied by bilateral uveal cysts and abnormal gonioscopic findings. All dogs proved refractory to medical management and were enucleated. Histopathologic findings were similar in all three and included significant preiridal fibrovascular membranes and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates in the anterior uvea. On microscopic evaluation, cysts appeared to arise primarily from the ciliary body and iridociliary sulcus, with smaller cysts also budding from the posterior iris. Pigment dispersion was variable but consistent, involving deposition of a small number of pigment-laden cells in the dependent trabecular meshwork. Cataract formation was not noted. Glaucoma associated with uveal cysts has been described previously in Golden Retrievers and Great Danes, although clinical and histopathologic findings in those breeds are not identical to those described here. American Bulldogs with uveal cysts should have gonioscopy performed and should be monitored carefully for signs of increased intraocular pressure and intraocular inflammation. Furthermore, documentation of cyst-associated glaucoma in a third breed suggests clinicians should exercise caution in dismissing uveal cysts in dogs as incidental findings.

Purpose To describe anterior segment fluorescein angiography (ASFA) of the normal canine eye using two different sedation/anesthetic protocols and a digital single lens-reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor. Methods Dogs free of ocular and systemic disease were used for this study. Dogs received maropitant citrate (1.0 mg/kg SQ) and diphenhydramine (2.0 mg/kg SQ) 20 min prior to butorphanol [n = 6] (0.2 mg/kg IV) or propofol [n = 6] (4 mg/kg IV bolus, 0.2 mg/kg/min CRI). Standard color and red-free images were obtained prior to administration of 10% sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg IV). Image acquisition was performed using a dSLR camera (Canon 7D), dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens (Canon EF-S 60 mm f/2.8 macro), and an accessory flash (Canon 580EXII). Imaging occurred at a rate of 1/s immediately following bolus for a total of 30 s, then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 min. Results Twelve dogs with a combined mean age of 5.1 years and various iris colors were imaged. Arterial, capillary, and venous phases were identified and time sequences recorded. Visibility of the vascular pattern was inversely related to iris pigmentation. Complete masking of blood flow was noted with heavily pigmented irises. Vessel leakage was noted in some eyes. Proper patient positioning and restricted ocular movements were critical in acquiring quality images. No adverse events were noted. Conclusion This study demonstrated that quality high resolution ASFA images were obtainable using a novel dSLR camera adaptor. ASFA of the normal canine eye is limited to irises, which are moderately to poorly pigmented. Use of general anesthesia produced higher quality images and is recommended for ASFA in the dog.

We present a case of reactive histiocytic disease involving the orbit, optic nerve, retina, and choroid in a Border Collie dog initially presenting for vision loss. Long-term partial return of vision has been achieved with systemic immunosuppression. Anterior segment and ocular surface manifestations of reactive histiocytic disease in dogs are relatively common. Posterior segment and orbital involvement, however, are minimally documented in the existing literature. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of disease confined to the orbit and posterior segment as well as the first report of vision loss as a presenting complaint for reactive histiocytic disease. Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, cytologic, and histopathologic findings are reviewed.

Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy, outcome, and complications following penetrating sclerokeratoplasty and frozen homologous corneoscleral grafting for the management of extensive canine epibulbar melanocytomas. Methods Medical records of canine patients treated at three different veterinary hospitals between 1999 and 2010 were reviewed. Signalment, location and extent of melanocytomas, recurrence rate, and early and late complications were reported. Patients were re-examined postoperatively to provide follow-up information. Results Patients included one intact male, three castrated males, six intact females, and one spayed female, with a median age of 5 years (range, 3–9). German Shepherds were overrepresented. Tumors extended from 2 to 4 clock hours at the limbus and up to 17 mm from clear cornea to globe equator. One case showed iridocorneal angle invasion; corneal involvement was present in all cases, and lipid keratopathy was present in four cases. In two cases, there was incomplete resection owing to tumor extent. Follow-up time ranged from 3 to 72 months (median, 17 months), with one case of intraocular tumor progression. Early complications included anterior uveitis (11/11), intracameral fibrin (5/11), hyphema (4/11), corneal edema (4/11), exuberant corneal granulation tissue (2/11), focal retinal edema (1/11), dyscoria (1/11), and partial suture dehiscence (1/11). Late complications included corneal fibrosis and/or pigmentation (11/11), faint anterior cortical cataracts (3/11), and lipid keratopathy (1/11). Vision was retained in all cases. Conclusions This technique offers a surgically challenging but effective treatment for extensive epibulbar melanocytomas. In this case series, complications were mild and transient, with preservation of ocular anatomy and function.

Purpose To describe histologic anterior segment changes in eyes affected with primary lens displacement (PLD) and secondary glaucoma. Methods Histologic sections stained with H&E from canine eyes enucleated because of PLD and secondary glaucoma were examined. Results Thirteen eyes from 12 patients were evaluated. Four dogs were castrated males and eight spayed females. Median age was 8 years of age (range 3–13). Breeds included seven terriers and five other breeds. All eyes examined demonstrated varying degrees of inflammation involving the iris and cleft. Mononuclear and melanophagic infiltration of the cleft was found in all specimens. Four globes also showed polymorphonuclear infiltrate. Pre-iridal fibrovascular membranes were clearly identified in 10 of 13 eyes. Total inflammatory score was significantly greater in all globes examined compared with an age-matched group of normal dogs. The posterior pigmented iris epithelium demonstrated a consistent pattern of hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy and cystic degeneration, more prominent in the more central regions. In some cases, hyperplasia was of greatest severity in the mid-iris and associated with thinning or flattening of the pupillary region. Conclusions These results suggest that lens instability may be associated with chronic inflammation and secondary glaucoma. Mechanical irritation from an unstable lens may result in hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of the posterior pigmented iris epithelium and subsequent cellular exfoliation and release of melanin. An inflammatory reaction directly or indirectly related to melanin release may obstruct the outflow pathways ultimately leading to glaucoma and loss of vision. Use of topical steroids may be warranted in dogs with PLD.

Purpose To describe the use of a digital single lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor for conducting posterior segment fluorescein angiography in canines. Methods Ten beagle dogs free of ocular and systemic disease were used. All dogs received maropitant citrate (1.0 mg/kg SQ), diphenhydramine (2.0 mg/kg SQ), and topical 1% tropicamide 20 min prior to sedation using butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg IV). Standard color and red-free fundus images were obtained prior to the administration of 10% sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg IV). Image acquisition was performed using a dSLR camera (Canon 7D), dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens (Canon 60 mm macro), and a 60D indirect ophthalmic lens, in addition to an accessory flash (Canon 580EXII). Two combinations of excitation and barrier filters were assessed (absorptive vs. interference). Imaging occurred at a rate of 1/s immediately following the fluorescein bolus for a total of 30 s and then at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min. Results Quality high resolution fluorescein angiographic images of the canine posterior segment were obtainable. All angiographic phases were identified and time sequences were recorded. Use of interference filters improved image contrast and transmission properties as compared to absorptive filters. No adverse events were noted. Conclusions The described dSLR camera adaptor provides an alternative to existing posterior segment imaging systems capable of performing fluorescein angiography. High resolution image acquisition occurred at a fraction of the cost of established imaging systems.

Purpose To describe a novel digital single lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor for anterior and posterior segment photography. Methods The adaptor was used to evaluate canine, feline, and equine patients presenting to Tufts Ophthalmology service. Anterior segment imaging was conducted with the adaptor mounted between a dSLR camera body (Canon 7D) and a macro lens (Canon EF-S 60mm/f2.8). Posterior segment imaging was performed with the aid of an indirect ophthalmic lens mounted in front of the macro lens. Coaxial illumination during viewing was provided by a single white light-emitting diode (LED) within the adaptor, while illumination during exposure was provided by the pop-up flash or an accessory flash. Corneal and/or lens reflections were eliminated using a pair of linear polarizers, having their azimuths at right angles to one another. Results This dSLR camera adaptor provides quality high-resolution, reflection-free, images of both the anterior and posterior segments. It was easy to transport, assemble, and handle. The necessary adjustments, positioning, and focusing required for quality images were easily performed. Conclusion The described dSLR camera adaptor provides an alternative to existing imaging systems. High-resolution image acquisition occurred at a fraction of the cost of established imaging system, particularly those devoted to the posterior segment.

We present a report of dendritic ulcerative keratitis in a 4-year old locally immunosuppressed dog suspected to result from acute primary canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) infection. The dog was presented for evaluation of mild blepharospasm and conjunctival hyperemia in the right eye (OD) shortly after attending a public boarding facility. For approximately 3 months, the dog had been receiving topical prednisolone acetate 1.0% and tacrolimus 0.02% in both eyes (OU) q12h for treatment of follicular conjunctivitis. Ophthalmic examination revealed three regions of corneal fluorescein retention OD. The lesions had a dendritic pattern, were approximately 2-3 mm in length, and were located at the dorsomedial, lateral, and ventromedial aspects of the cornea. No additional abnormalities were noted on complete ophthalmic and physical examinations. CHV-1 was identified in conjunctival samples OD by polymerase chain reaction, and paired CHV-1 serum virus neutralization antibody titers were positive and consistent with acute infection. Topical prednisolone acetate and tacrolimus were discontinued. The dog was treated with cidofovir 0.5% OU q12h for a period of 4 weeks, with resolution of corneal disease noted within 1 week of treatment. In conjunction with previous studies, this case report supports a central role for alterations in host immune status in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of CHV-1 ocular disease in dogs.

A 2-year-old male castrated Springer Spaniel with a 3-week history of waxing and waning right sided exophthalmos, periorbital swelling, chemosis, and fundic changes was examined. Ophthalmic examination of the right eye revealed slight chemosis and nictitating membrane protrusion. Indirect ophthalmoscopy showed an approximately 8 mm peripapillary hyporeflective tapetal lesion with subretinal edema consistent with a bulbar/retrobulbar disease process. Inflammatory or neoplastic diseases were the main differential diagnoses. Ancillary diagnostics (ocular ultrasound and computed tomography) showed a focal, poorly defined dense tissue involving the caudomedial aspect of the right globe, adjacent to the optic nerve head without apparent orbital involvement. Considering the duration, location, and severity of the clinical findings, enucleation of the right globe was performed. Histopathology revealed focal thickening of the posterior wall with severe pyogranulomatous inflammation, surrounding a foreign body most consistent with plant material embedded between the sclera and the choroid (suprachoroidal). This report describes a rare case of a scleral/suprachoroidal foreign body (plant material), and outlines the difficulty of establishing an etiological diagnosis using standard ocular imaging.

Objective – To report a case of bilateral uveitis believed to be a consequence of septic peritonitis in a 19-month-old cat. Case Summary – Bilateral anterior uveitis with suspicion of extension to the posterior segment was documented in a previously healthy young cat during hospitalization for severe septic peritonitis. Based on medical history and other findings uveitis was believed to result from concurrent abdominal sepsis, due either to metastatic seeding of bacterial organisms or to effects of bacterial toxins and inflammatory mediators on the blood-aqueous barrier. The cat was surgically and medically managed, and made a full recovery with respect to both his ocular and his abdominal disease. New or Unique Information Provided – Ocular complications secondary to systemic sepsis are well documented in people but seldom reported in the veterinary literature. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of uveitis linked to septic peritonitis in any veterinary species and the first to report sepsis-related uveitis in a cat. Ocular inflammatory disease in the context of critical illness deserves attention as a potential significant source of morbidity. The development of ocular inflammatory disease may serve as a sentinel lesion for systemic sepsis and other life-threatening conditions.

We present a report describing use of a 360-degree conjunctival graft for management of progressive keratomalacia refractory to medical treatment in a 5-month-old American Cocker Spaniel. In the dog of this report, the extension of melting to nearly the entire corneal surface limited surgical options. Following surgery and later resection of the graft, the patient is visual with minimal corneal opacity. Numerous corneal grafting techniques have been described in companion animals, but require special materials and may not be possible when melting is extensive. Although older animals or animals with additional corneal pathology may have less ideal outcomes in terms of corneal clarity than the patient of this report, we believe that 360-degree conjunctival grafting offers a viable and cost-effective option for management of cases with extensive keratomalacia that may otherwise have resulted in enucleation.

Objective To determine corneal sensitivity in 20 healthy adult alpacas (40 eyes) in order to establish reference values. Design Prospective study. Animals Twenty healthy, adult alpacas. Procedures Corneal sensitivity was determined by the corneal touch threshold (CTT) using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. Five different regions of the cornea were evaluated (nasal, ventral, lateral, dorsal, and central). Results Corneal touch threshold values (in mm filament length) obtained from five corneal regions demonstrated varying corneal sensitivities. The central region (34.5 ± 7.1 mm) was the most sensitive, followed by the ventral (29.5 ± 7.2 mm), medial (29.3 ± 7.3 mm), dorsal (25.6 ± 6.3 mm), and lateral (21.8 ± 5.7 mm) regions. All pairwise comparisons of regional differences were statistically significant (P

Objective Evaluate the influence of topically applied flurbiprofen 0.03% and latanoprost 0.005%, alone or in combination, in normal canines. Animals studied 10 Normal Beagles. Procedures Intraocular pressure (IOP), pupil size, aqueous flare, conjunctival hyperemia, and blepharospasm were evaluated bilaterally five times daily (8 am, 11 am, 2 pm, 5 pm, and 8 pm). The study consisted of a training and acclimation period, followed by 3, 1-week experiment periods. A 2-week washout period occurred between each experiment period. During period 1, all dogs received flurbiprofen (three doses 6-h apart) in the treated eye, whereas in period 2, all dogs received latanoprost (one dose 24-h apart). During period 3, both latanoprost (one dose 24-h apart) and flurbiprofen (three doses 6-h apart) were administered in the treated eye. Results Flurbiprofen resulted in a mean IOP elevation of 1.1 mmHg (8.65%) in the treated eye, as compared with the control eye. No effect on pupil size, conjunctival hyperemia, or aqueous flare was noted. Latanoprost resulted in a mean IOP reduction of 3.4 mmHg (30.19%). Combined latanoprost and flurbiprofen resulted in a mean IOP reduction of 2.7 mmHg (24.56%). Miosis was noted in the treated eyes during both latanoprost periods, with maximal pupil constriction 3-h post-dose. This was followed by relative mydriasis 24-h post-dose, persisting 48 h after the last dose. The degree of conjunctival hyperemia varied between individuals. Neither blepharospasm nor aqueous flare was noted at any time point. Conclusion Concurrent administration of latanoprost and flurbiprofen resulted in a 20.41% reduction in the ocular hypotensive effect relative to latanoprost therapy alone.

A 7 yr old, neutered male Japanese chin presented to the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University (CSVMTU) for evaluation of chronic unilateral orbital swelling that worsened following an episode of respiratory distress. The left eye had been enucleated 5 yr previously. Intermittent mild-to-moderate left orbital swelling had been noted by the owner since the initial surgery. Examination demonstrated a moderate-to-severe, soft, fluctuant swelling involving the left orbit with erythema of the overlying skin. Crepitus was noted over the occipital tuberosity. Computed tomography revealed a large volume of gas involving the left orbit. The gas extended caudally within the subcutaneous tissues to both hemimandibles, dorsal to the cranium, and partially surrounded the cranial neck. The presence of a mucosa-lined, air-filled space with a patent nasolacrimal duct was noted on orbital exploration. The lining was removed and the duct closed. Histopathology confirmed the presence of an epithelial lining. No recurrence of the swelling was observed on examination 8 wk after surgery. This is the first report documenting acute worsening of orbital swelling following an episode of respiratory distress. This case highlights the importance of addressing the nasolacrimal duct while performing an enculeation in a brachycephalic dog.

A novel method to photocrosslink silk fibroin protein is reported, using riboflavin (vitamin B2) as a photoinitiator and the mechanism of crosslinking is determined. Exposure of riboflavin-doped liquid silk solution to light results in the formation of a transparent, elastic hydrogel. Several applications for this new material are investigated including corneal reshaping to restore visual acuity and photolithography.

Canine conjunctival tumors of vascular endothelial origin are common, although under-reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of and potential risk factors for these tumors. This study evaluated 108 cases (70 hemangiomas, 38 hemangiosarcomas) from 8300 canine submissions between 1989 and 2004. Signalment, location, pigmentation, size, duration, diagnosis, margins, ancillary therapy, and geographic location were recorded. Follow-up information was available for 49 cases. Each case was matched with two unaffected controls and compared using logistic regression analysis. Average age upon presentation was 8.6 years; there was no sex predilection. Risk of conjunctival tumors was statistically different among breed groups (P = 0.0010), demonstrating a propensity to occur in groups likely to have increased outdoor activity. Primary involvement occurred within nonpigmented epithelium along the leading edge of the nictitating membrane (41/108) and temporal bulbar conjunctiva (33/108). The etiology remains unknown; however, the strong site predilection, involvement of nonpigmented epithelium, and development within specific breed classes strongly suggest ultraviolet (UV) light as a significant risk factor. In a full-logistic model including breed, gender, age, and UV exposure, UV was not a statistically significant variable (P = 0.1215). In a reduced-model including UV only, significance was approached (P = 0.0696) and posthoc contrast demonstrated a significant linear trend with increasing UV exposure (P = 0.0147). In separate analysis of risks associated with hemangiosarcoma, compared with hemangioma, breed was not significant while increasing UV exposure was significant (P = 0.0381). Early surgical therapy is recommended and may be curative; however, recurrence is possible and more likely with hemangiosarcomas (11/20).

The objective of this study was to assess and compare indocyanine green (IG) and sodium fluorescein (SF) angiographic findings in the normal canine anterior segment using a digital single lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor. Images were obtained from 10 brown-eyed Beagles, free of ocular and systemic disease. All animals received butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg IM), maropitant citrate (1.0 mg/kg SC) and diphenhydramine (2.0 mg/kg SC) 20 min prior to propofol (4 mg/kg IV bolus, 0.2 mg/kg/min continuous rate infusion). Standard color imaging was performed prior to the administration of 0.25% IG (1 mg/kg IV). Imaging was performed using a full spectrum dSLR camera, dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens (Canon 60 mm f/2.8 Macro) and an accessory flash. Images were obtained at a rate of 1/s immediately following IG bolus for 30 s, then at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 min. Ten minutes later, 10% SF (20 mg/kg IV) was administered. Imaging was repeated using the same adaptor system and imaging sequence protocol. Arterial, capillary and venous phases were identified during anterior segment IG angiography (ASIGA) and their time sequences were recorded. ASIGA offered improved visualization of the iris vasculature in heavily pigmented eyes compared to anterior segment SF angiography (ASSFA), since visualization of the vascular pattern during ASSFA was not possible due to pigment masking. Leakage of SF was noted in a total of six eyes. The use of IG and SF was not associated with any observed adverse events. The adaptor described here provides a cost-effective alternative to existing imaging systems.

Objective To compare central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements obtained from normal canines using a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography device (SD-OCT) and an ultrasonic pachymeter. Animals Fifteen clinically normal dogs. Procedures Dogs were briefly anesthetized with propofol. Central corneal thickness measurements were obtained from both eyes of each animal four times by one operator using a SD-OCT system. The CCT was automatically calculated using the pachymetry software generated from eight radial scans, 6 mm in length. Ultrasonic pachymetry was then performed in both eyes of each animal by one operator five times in succession. The CCT was recorded for each modality and compared statistically for agreement and bias. Results Fifteen dogs (seven castrated male, eight spayed female) with a mean age of 2.3 ± 1.3 years were examined. The mean CCT for all eyes examined via SD-OCT and ultrasonic pachymetry (velocity set at 1636 m/s) was 587.72 ± 32.44 μm and 598.54 ± 32.28 μm, respectively. Ultrasonic pachymetry consistently overestimated CCT as compared to OCT by a mean value of 10.82 μm (P

The purpose of this study was to describe fluorescein gonioangiography (FGA) of the normal canine eye using a digital single lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor. Dogs were anesthetized using intravenous propofol. Imaging was performed using a Lovac Barkan goniolens, dSLR camera, dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens, and accessory flash. Twelve dogs with a mean age of 2.0 +/− 0.8 years were imaged. No characteristic angiographic phases were observed. Leakage from the peri-limbal capillary network was a common finding and occurred 7.7 +/− 2.2 s post injection in 9 (75%) dogs. In 3 (25%) dogs, filling of the circumferential ciliary artery was observed 10.3 +/− 2.8 s post injection. Dye leakage within the iris base and into the aqueous humor was demonstrated in 4 (33%) and 6 dogs (50%) respectively. No adverse events were noted. This study demonstrates FGA findings in normal canine eyes using a cost effective dSLR camera adaptor.

The purpose of this study was to manually measure corneal thickness in canine eyes using a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) device and to assess intra- and inter-observer reliability of this technique. Twenty healthy dogs with a mean age of 4.7 y were examined. A 6-mm corneal pachymetry protocol was carried out by 1 operator using 1 SD-OCT device in both eyes of each animal. Measurements were obtained manually and in duplicate by 2 independent investigators (24 h apart), using the built-in caliper function. Measurements included epithelial thickness (ET), non-epithelial thickness (NET), and central corneal thickness (CCT). The overall mean ET, NET, and CCT for all eyes examined were 72.3 ± 4.6 μm, 538.9 ± 42.5 μm, and 611.2 ± 40.3 μm, respectively. There was no significant difference in ET, NET, or CCT based on the eye examined [oculus dexter (OD) versus oculus sinister (OS)], age, or gender of the animal. There was no significant difference in replicate measurements of ET, NET, or CCT done by the same operator, although a small but significant difference was noted between operators for ET measurements only. The mean difference in ET between operators was 0.6 μm (P = 0.03). The coefficient of variation ranged from 0.5% to 9.27% and intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.35 to 0.97. Based on these results, manual measurements of corneal thickness in canine eyes using a portable SD-OCT device provided ET, NET, and CCT measurements with clinically acceptable intra- and inter-observer reliability.L’objectif de la présente étude était de mesurer manuellement l’épaisseur de la cornée des yeux canins en utilisant un appareil à tomographie par cohérence optique du domaine spectral (SD-OCT) et d’évaluer la fiabilité intra- et inter-observateur de cette technique. Vingt chiens en santé d’un âge moyen de 4,7 ans furent examinés. Un protocole de pachymétrie a été mené par un opérateur utilisant un appareil SD-OCT dans les deux yeux de chaque animal. Les mesures ont été obtenues manuellement et en duplicata par deux chercheurs indépendants (24 h de délai), en utilisant la fonction de pied à coulisse incluse. Les mesures incluaient l’épaisseur épithéliale (ET), l’épaisseur non-épithéliale (NET), et l’épaisseur au centre de la cornée (CCT). Les moyennes globales d’ET, de NET et de CCT pour tous les yeux examinés étaient respectivement de 72,3 ± 4,6 μm, 538,9 ± 42,5 μm, et 611,2 ± 40,3 μm. Il n’y avait aucune différence significative des valeurs de ET, NET, ou CCT selon l’oeil examiné (oeil droit versus oeil gauche), âge, ou sexe de l’animal. Il n’y avait aucune différence significative dans les mesures répétées de ET, NET, ou CCT faites par le même opérateur, et une petite mais significative différence fut notée entre les opérateurs pour les mesures de ET seulement. La différence moyenne dans les mesures de ET entre les opérateurs était de 0,6 μm (

Objective To determine the intra and inter-user reliability of central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements obtained using a portable spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) device in healthy feline eyes. Animals Twenty clinically normal cats. Procedures Gentle manual restraint was utilized for proper animal positioning. Central corneal thickness measurements were obtained from both eyes of each animal three times by two operators in succession. A 6 mm, corneal pachymetry protocol was performed using the Optovue® iVue SD-OCT system. The CCT was automatically calculated using the pachymetry software generated from eight radial scans, 6 mm in length. The CCT was recorded for each operator and compared statistically for both intra and inter-user reliability. Results Twenty cats (11 CM, 9 SF) with a mean age of 4.7 years were examined. The mean CCT for all eyes examined was 629.08 ± 47.05 μm. No significant difference in CCT was found based on the eye examined (OD vs. OS) or age of the animal. However, the CCT of spayed females was significantly higher (42.64 ± 18.0 μm) as compared to castrated males (P = 0.03). There was no significant difference in CCT measurements between replicates performed by the same operator or between operators. The mean difference in CCT between operators was 0.38 μm. The coefficient of variation for each user and between users was very low (range 0.68–1.5%). The intra-class correlation coefficient comparing operators was 0.975. Conclusions The Optovue® iVue SD-OCT device is capable of obtaining CCT measurements with excellent intra and interoperator reliability in healthy feline eyes.

We present a series of three American Bulldogs with clinical signs of glaucoma and intraocular inflammation accompanied by bilateral uveal cysts and abnormal gonioscopic findings. All dogs proved refractory to medical management and were enucleated. Histopathologic findings were similar in all three and included significant preiridal fibrovascular membranes and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates in the anterior uvea. On microscopic evaluation, cysts appeared to arise primarily from the ciliary body and iridociliary sulcus, with smaller cysts also budding from the posterior iris. Pigment dispersion was variable but consistent, involving deposition of a small number of pigment-laden cells in the dependent trabecular meshwork. Cataract formation was not noted. Glaucoma associated with uveal cysts has been described previously in Golden Retrievers and Great Danes, although clinical and histopathologic findings in those breeds are not identical to those described here. American Bulldogs with uveal cysts should have gonioscopy performed and should be monitored carefully for signs of increased intraocular pressure and intraocular inflammation. Furthermore, documentation of cyst-associated glaucoma in a third breed suggests clinicians should exercise caution in dismissing uveal cysts in dogs as incidental findings.

To describe anterior segment fluorescein angiography (ASFA) of the normal feline eye using a digital single-lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor.Ten cats free of ocular and systemic disease were evaluated.All cats received maropitant citrate (1.0 mg/kg SQ) and diphenhydramine (2.0 mg/kg SQ) 20 min prior to anesthesia using propofol (4 mg/kg IV bolus, 0.2 mg/kg/min CRI). Standard color and red-free images were obtained prior to the administration of 10% sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg IV). Imaging was performed using a dSLR camera (Canon 7D), dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens (Canon EF-S 60 mm f/2.8 macro), and an accessory flash (Canon 580EXII). Imaging occurred at a rate of 1/second immediately following IV bolus of sodium fluorescein for a total of 30 s, then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 min.Ten cats with an average age of 3.7 ± 0.9 years and various iris colors were imaged. Arterial, capillary, and venous phases occurred 4.6, 7.8, and 8.9 s postinjection, respectively. Visibility of the vasculature was not impaired by the degree of iris pigmentation. Patency of a persistent pupillary membrane was noted in one cat. Vessel leakage was common, as well as, leakage into the aqueous humor. Proper patient positioning and restricted ocular movements were critical. No adverse events were noted.This study demonstrates ASFA findings in normal feline eyes using a cost-effective dSLR camera adaptor. Fluorescein leakage from vessels and into the aqueous humor was a common finding. Visibility of iris vasculature was not impaired by the degree of iris pigmentation.

PURPOSE To describe histologic anterior segment changes in eyes affected with primary lens displacement (PLD) and secondary glaucoma. METHODS Histologic sections stained with HE from canine eyes enucleated because of PLD and secondary glaucoma were examined. RESULTS Thirteen eyes from 12 patients were evaluated. Four dogs were castrated males and eight spayed females. Median age was 8 years of age (range 3-13). Breeds included seven terriers and five other breeds. All eyes examined demonstrated varying degrees of inflammation involving the iris and cleft. Mononuclear and melanophagic infiltration of the cleft was found in all specimens. Four globes also showed polymorphonuclear infiltrate. Pre-iridal fibrovascular membranes were clearly identified in 10 of 13 eyes. Total inflammatory score was significantly greater in all globes examined compared with an age-matched group of normal dogs. The posterior pigmented iris epithelium demonstrated a consistent pattern of hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy and cystic degeneration, more prominent in the more central regions. In some cases, hyperplasia was of greatest severity in the mid-iris and associated with thinning or flattening of the pupillary region. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that lens instability may be associated with chronic inflammation and secondary glaucoma. Mechanical irritation from an unstable lens may result in hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of the posterior pigmented iris epithelium and subsequent cellular exfoliation and release of melanin. An inflammatory reaction directly or indirectly related to melanin release may obstruct the outflow pathways ultimately leading to glaucoma and loss of vision. Use of topical steroids may be warranted in dogs with PLD.

To describe anterior segment fluorescein angiography (ASFA) of the normal canine eye using two different sedation/anesthetic protocols and a digital single lens-reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor.Dogs free of ocular and systemic disease were used for this study. Dogs received maropitant citrate (1.0 mg/kg SQ) and diphenhydramine (2.0mg/kg SQ) 20min prior to butorphanol [n = 6] (0.2 mg/kg IV) or propofol [n=6] (4 mg/kg IV bolus, 0.2 mg/kg/min CRI). Standard color and red-free images were obtained prior to administration of 10% sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg IV). Image acquisition was performed using a dSLR camera (Canon 7D), dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens (Canon EF-S 60 mm f/2.8 macro), and an accessory flash (Canon 580EXII). Imaging occurred at a rate of 1/s immediately following bolus for a total of 30 s, then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 min. Twelve dogs with a combined mean age of 5.1 years and various iris colors were imaged. Arterial, capillary, and venous phases were identified and time sequences recorded. Visibility of the vascular pattern was inversely related to iris pigmentation. Complete masking of blood flow was noted with heavily pigmented irises. Vessel leakage was noted in some eyes. Proper patient positioning and restricted ocular movements were critical in acquiring quality images. No adverse events were noted.This study demonstrated that quality high resolution ASFA images were obtainable using a novel dSLR camera adaptor. ASFA of the normal canine eye is limited to irises, which are moderately to poorly pigmented. Use of general anesthesia produced higher quality images and is recommended for ASFA in the dog.

To describe a digital single lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor for posterior segment photography.A total of 30 normal canine and feline animals were imaged using a dSLR adaptor which mounts between a dSLR camera body and lens. Posterior segment viewing and imaging was performed with the aid of an indirect lens ranging from 28-90D. Coaxial illumination for viewing was provided by a single white light emitting diode (LED) within the adaptor, while illumination during exposure was provided by the pop-up flash or an accessory flash. Corneal and/or lens reflections were reduced using a pair of linear polarizers, having their azimuths perpendicular to one another.Quality high-resolution, reflection-free, digital images of the retina were obtained. Subjective image evaluation demonstrated the same amount of detail, as compared to a conventional fundus camera. A wide range of magnification(s) [1.2-4X] and/or field(s) of view [31-95 degrees, horizontal] were obtained by altering the indirect lens utilized.The described adaptor may provide an alternative to existing fundus camera systems. Quality images were obtained and the adapter proved to be versatile, portable and of low cost.

We present a report of dendritic ulcerative keratitis in a 4-year old locally immunosuppressed dog suspected to result from acute primary canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) infection. The dog was presented for evaluation of mild blepharospasm and conjunctival hyperemia in the right eye (OD) shortly after attending a public boarding facility. For approximately 3 months, the dog had been receiving topical prednisolone acetate 1.0% and tacrolimus 0.02% in both eyes (OU) q12h for treatment of follicular conjunctivitis. Ophthalmic examination revealed three regions of corneal fluorescein retention OD. The lesions had a dendritic pattern, were approximately 2-3 mm in length, and were located at the dorsomedial, lateral, and ventromedial aspects of the cornea. No additional abnormalities were noted on complete ophthalmic and physical examinations. CHV-1 was identified in conjunctival samples OD by polymerase chain reaction, and paired CHV-1 serum virus neutralization antibody titers were positive and consistent with acute infection. Topical prednisolone acetate and tacrolimus were discontinued. The dog was treated with cidofovir 0.5% OU q12h for a period of 4 weeks, with resolution of corneal disease noted within 1 week of treatment. In conjunction with previous studies, this case report supports a central role for alterations in host immune status in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of CHV-1 ocular disease in dogs.

A 2-year-old male castrated Springer Spaniel with a 3-week history of waxing and waning right sided exophthalmos, periorbital swelling, chemosis, and fundic changes was examined. Ophthalmic examination of the right eye revealed slight chemosis and nictitating membrane protrusion. Indirect ophthalmoscopy showed an approximately 8 mm peripapillary hyporeflective tapetal lesion with subretinal edema consistent with a bulbar/retrobulbar disease process. Inflammatory or neoplastic diseases were the main differential diagnoses. Ancillary diagnostics (ocular ultrasound and computed tomography) showed a focal, poorly defined dense tissue involving the caudomedial aspect of the right globe, adjacent to the optic nerve head without apparent orbital involvement. Considering the duration, location, and severity of the clinical findings, enucleation of the right globe was performed. Histopathology revealed focal thickening of the posterior wall with severe pyogranulomatous inflammation, surrounding a foreign body most consistent with plant material embedded between the sclera and the choroid (suprachoroidal). This report describes a rare case of a scleral/suprachoroidal foreign body (plant material), and outlines the difficulty of establishing an etiological diagnosis using standard ocular imaging.

To determine corneal sensitivity in 20 healthy adult alpacas (40 eyes) in order to establish reference values.Prospective study.Twenty healthy, adult alpacas.Corneal sensitivity was determined by the corneal touch threshold (CTT) using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. Five different regions of the cornea were evaluated (nasal, ventral, lateral, dorsal, and central).Corneal touch threshold values (in mm filament length) obtained from five corneal regions demonstrated varying corneal sensitivities. The central region (34.5 ± 7.1 mm) was the most sensitive, followed by the ventral (29.5 ± 7.2 mm), medial (29.3 ± 7.3 mm), dorsal (25.6 ± 6.3 mm), and lateral (21.8 ± 5.7 mm) regions. All pairwise comparisons of regional differences were statistically significant (P0.05), except for the comparison between the ventral and medial regions (P = 0.88). Evaluation of the CCT while controlling for age (2-5 years vs. 6-10 years) demonstrated an increased CTT with an increasing age for the central, ventral, medial and lateral regions. A decrease in the CTT of the dorsal region was noted with increasing age.Corneal touch threshold values in 40 eyes of 20 healthy adult alpacas were determined using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. This study demonstrated the central corneal region to be most sensitive. Values obtained may serve as reference values in subsequent studies.

To report a case of bilateral uveitis believed to be a consequence of septic peritonitis in a 19-month-old cat.Bilateral anterior uveitis with suspicion of extension to the posterior segment was documented in a previously healthy young cat during hospitalization for severe septic peritonitis. Based on medical history and other findings uveitis was believed to result from concurrent abdominal sepsis, due either to metastatic seeding of bacterial organisms or to effects of bacterial toxins and inflammatory mediators on the blood-aqueous barrier. The cat was surgically and medically managed, and made a full recovery with respect to both his ocular and his abdominal disease.Ocular complications secondary to systemic sepsis are well documented in people but seldom reported in the veterinary literature. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of uveitis linked to septic peritonitis in any veterinary species and the first to report sepsis-related uveitis in a cat. Ocular inflammatory disease in the context of critical illness deserves attention as a potential significant source of morbidity. The development of ocular inflammatory disease may serve as a sentinel lesion for systemic sepsis and other life-threatening conditions.

We present a report describing use of a 360-degree conjunctival graft for management of progressive keratomalacia refractory to medical treatment in a 5-month-old American Cocker Spaniel. In the dog of this report, the extension of melting to nearly the entire corneal surface limited surgical options. Following surgery and later resection of the graft, the patient is visual with minimal corneal opacity. Numerous corneal grafting techniques have been described in companion animals, but require special materials and may not be possible when melting is extensive. Although older animals or animals with additional corneal pathology may have less ideal outcomes in terms of corneal clarity than the patient of this report, we believe that 360-degree conjunctival grafting offers a viable and cost-effective option for management of cases with extensive keratomalacia that may otherwise have resulted in enucleation.

A 13-year-old, female Llama presented for evaluation of a limbal based corneal mass involving the OD of 4 months duration. The mass was excised en bloc by a nonpenetrating keratectomy, followed by placement of a conjunctival advancement flap covering the keratectomy site. The mass was submitted for histological evaluation. Histopathology identified the mass to be a corneal epithelial inclusion cyst filled with necrotic squamous and neutrophilic debris. Surgical excision was complete and considered curative with no signs of recurrence 3 months postoperatively. There was no known prior ocular trauma; however, a previously performed corneal biopsy for evaluation of recurrent epithelial erosions may have been an initiating cause.