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Background: Mobilized colistin resistance (MCR) is a public health problem resulting in limited therapeutic options. Objective: This study aims to phenotypically detect mobilized colistin resistance (MCR)-mediated resistance in a setting where colistin is not used. Method: The combined disk test (CDT) technique and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were used to screen a total of 238 isolates for the existence of MCR producers. Results: Of the 238 isolates, 47 (19.75%) were CDT positive, and 37 out of the 47 had MIC >2mg/L and were referred to as MCR producers. Age, gender, type of specimen and the wards/clinics the isolates were recovered from did not significantly affect the prevalence of MCR producers (p>0.05). Type of isolate significantly (p=0.0184) affected the prevalence of MCR producers. Conclusion: This study underscores a high prevalence [15.55% (37/238)] of phenotypically detected MCR-mediated colistin resistance in a resource-poor setting were colistin is not used.

Septicemia is a major cause of death in neonates. Prompt diagnosis and effective treatment is necessary to treat patients with septicemia. However, the prevalence, etiology, and antibiotic susceptibility vary with location and time. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of neonatal septicemia and the effect of age and gender on this prevalence. In addition, the antibacterial susceptibility of etiologic agents was also determined. Blood samples were collected from 534 neonates (322 males and 212 females) between 1 day and 28 days of age with signs and symptoms of septicemia. The blood samples were processed to diagnose septicemia. Identification of bacterial isolates and disc susceptibility testing were performed using standard techniques. Age and gender did not significantly affect the prevalence of neonatal septicemia ( p = 0.554 and 0.127, respectively). Klebsiella species were the predominant microorganism causing neonatal septicemia, in males and within the first 14 days of life. Fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, and β-lactams (with the exception of cloxacillin) were the most active antibacterial agents. An overall neonatal septicemia prevalence rate of 38.95% was observed. Klebsiella species was the most predominant isolate causing neonatal septicaemia. The β-lactam antibiotics recommended in susceptibility testing and the data collected in this study will be helpful in empiric therapy of neonatal septicemia.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood glucose, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among DM patients as well as the risk factors involved in the acquisition of these parasitic infections. A total of 180 individuals were included in this study. The study group consisted of 150 (41 males and 109 females) DM patients attending clinics, and 30 (7 males and 23 females) non-DM individuals served as controls. Stool and blood specimens were obtained from each participant to detect intestinal parasites and to determine hemoglobin concentration using standard techniques. An overall prevalence of 18.7% of intestinal parasitic infections among DM patients was observed in this study. DM status was significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infections (odds ratio = 14.192; 95% confidence interval = 0.842, 239.22; p = 0.022). Age and type of toilet significantly (p = 0.047 and p

No abstract available. (Published: 21 April 2016) Citation: Libyan J Med 2016, 11 : 31290 -http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ljm.v11.31290

Female vaginal contraceptives are associated with increased susceptibility to infections. The prevalence of female reproductive tract infections (RTI) among contraceptive users was determined. A total of 187 female participants including 156 contraceptive users and 31 age-matched noncontraceptive users with signs and symptoms of RTIs were recruited for this study. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic information. High vaginal swabs were collected from each participant and processed using standard technique. Female contraceptive users (40.4%) had an increased risk for developing RTIs compared to noncontraceptive users (19.35%) (OR = 2.833, 95 CI = 1.095, 7.276; p = 0.044). Intrauterine device (IUD) users (53.07%; p = 0.032), users of contraceptives for less than 1 year (60.00%; p = 0.003) and age group of 26-30 years (68.18%; p = 0.0001) had significantly higher prevalence of RTIs among contraceptive users. Candida albicans was the most prevalent etiologic agent of RTIs among contraceptive users irrespective of types of contraceptives, bacteria vaginosis caused by other bacterial isolates was the most common RTIs among noncontraceptive users. In this situation, Klebsiella species was found only among IUD users. The study reveals an overall prevalence of 36.90% of female RTIs. Contraceptive users had 1-7 fold increase in developing RTIs. Vaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis were the most common female RTIs observed among contraceptives and noncontraceptive users. Some valuable measures to reduce infections associated with contraceptive use are advocated.

Aim. To determine the prevalence of otitis media in Okada, a rural community in Nigeria, and the effect of age and gender on its prevalence as well as susceptibility profile of the bacterial agents in the community.Material and Methods. Ear discharge from 500 (240 males and 260 females) patients with signs and symptoms of otitis media were processed to recover bacterial agents. Susceptibility test was performed on all bacterial isolates. Results. Male gender was a significant (P = 0.011) risk factor for acquiring otitis media (male Vs female; 36.25% Vs 25.38%. OR = 1.671 95 CI = 1.139, 2.454). Age significantly (P < 0.0001) affected the prevalence of otitis media with children within the age range of 0 – 5years having the highest prevalence of 78.41%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the predominant bacteria isolate causing otitis media generally and in both gender. All bacterial isolates showed were poorly susceptible to the antibacterial agents used as less than 50 percent of any bacteria genera were susceptible to any antibacterial agent.Conclusion. An overall prevalence of 30.6% of bacteriologically proven otitis media was observed in this study. The prevalence were higher in males and in children 5 years and younger. Following the high level resistance observed, rational use of antibacterial agents is advocated.

The elderly have an increased risk of developing urinary tract infection (UTI). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of UTI among elderly (≥ 60 years) patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Clean-catch midstream urine was collected from 943 (362 males and 581 females) elderly patients with signs and symptoms of UTI. Significant microbial isolates were identified in the urine specimens and an antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed on bacteria isolates using standard techniques. Male sex was a significant risk factor for acquiring UTI in the elderly (odds ratio = 6.584; 95% confidence interval = 4.081, 10.62; p < 0.0001). There was an inverse relationship between age and prevalence of UTI, as the prevalence of UTI significantly declined with increasing age (p = 0.023). Escherichia coli was the most common uropathogen (36.79%) in both sexes of elderly patients. Bacterial isolates were poorly susceptible to antibacterial agents used. An overall prevalence of 11.03% of UTI was observed among the elderly. Male sex showed an approximately 4-11-fold increased risk of acquiring UTI. The prevalence of UTI among the elderly decreases with increasing age. Rational use of antibiotics is advocated to stem the tide of high antibacterial resistance.

Background: Reproductive tract infections are public health problems in women of reproductive age and can result in serious consequences if not treated. Aims: To determine the prevalence and causes of reproductive tract infections among in-patients and out-patients attending a tertiary health institution in Benin City. The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of bacterial agents will also be determined. Patients and methods: High vaginal swabs or endocervical swabs and blood were collected from 957 patients consisting of 755 out-patients and 202 in-patients. The swabs were processed and microbial isolates identified using standard technique. Disc susceptibility tests were also performed on microbial isolates. The blood samples were used for serological diagnosis of syphilis. Results: There was no significant difference in the prevalence of female reproductive tract infections between in-patients (52.48%) and out-patients (47.02%), although in-patients showed a significantly higher risk of developing mixed infections (in-patients vs. out-patients; 34.91% vs. 22.25%, OR = 1.873 95% CI = 1.169, 3.001; P = 0.01). Candida albicans was the most prevalent etiologic agent among out-patients studied while Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent etiologic agent among in-patients. Trichomonas vaginalis was observed only among out-patients. Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin were the most active antibacterial agents. Syphilis was not detected in any patient. Conclusion: An overall prevalence of 48.17% of female reproductive tract infection was observed among the study population. Although there was no significant difference between in-patients and out-patients, in-patients appeared to have 1-3-fold increase risk of developing mixed infections. The most prevalent etiologic agent differs between in-patients and out-patients. Despite the high activity of ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin against bacterial isolates from both in-patients and out-patients, prudent use of antibacterial agents is advocated.

Aim: To determine the effects of gender and seasonal variations on the prevalence of bacterial septicaemia among children 5 years and younger, and to identify the bacterial agents responsible for septicaemia and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Methods: Blood was collected from 1,724 children (967 males and 757 females) aged 1 day to 5 years with clinical signs and symptoms of septicaemia. This study was carried out from 1 January to 31 December 2007 at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. The blood samples were processed to diagnose bacterial septicaemia. Bacterial isolates were identified and susceptibility test was performed using standard techniques. Results: An overall prevalence of 22.10% of confirmed bacterial septicaemia was observed in this study. Generally, gender and seasonal variations did not significantly affect the prevalence of bacterial septicaemia, though females (50.57%) during the dry season had significantly (p < 0.001) higher prevalence than their male counterparts (19.91%). Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant bacterial isolate causing septicaemia in both seasons, while Citrobacter freundii was the least frequent. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not recovered during the dry season. Most isolates were susceptible to gentamicin and cefuroxime, but only 1.44% of Staphylococcus aureus strains were susceptible to ceftriaxone. Conclusion: Bacterial septicaemia was observed in 22.1% of children 5 years and younger with clinical signs and symptoms of septicaemia. Seasonal variation did not affect the prevalence. Effect of gender was only noticed in the dry season, where females had a higher prevalence than males. Gentamicin and cefuroxime were the most active antibacterial agents. Rational use of antibiotics is advocated. Key words: Gender, Seasonal variation, Bacterial septicaemia

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common serious bacterial infection found in febrile infants and young children who present without an obvious source of infection. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of UTIs among neonates in Benin City, Nigeria. Suprapubic urine aspirate or catheter urine specimens were obtained from 266 (85 male and 181 female) neonates with signs and symptoms of UTI. Significant microbial isolates were identified in the urine specimens, and an antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed on bacterial isolates using standard techniques. Male sex was a significant risk factor for acquiring UTI in the neonates (odds ratio = 4.336, 95% confidence interval = 1.546–12.112, p = 0.0064). Klebsiella species were the organisms most prevalent in causing UTIs (28.57%) within all age groups of neonates. Candida albicans was recovered only from neonates within the first week of life. Although bacterial isolates were more susceptible to nitrofurantoin, the susceptibility profiles of bacterial isolates were generally poor. An overall UTI prevalence rate of 6.39% was observed among neonates. Male infants had an approximately 2–12-fold increased risk of acquiring a UTI, and Klebsiella species were the isolates most predominant in causing neonatal UTI. Rational use of antibiotics is advocated to stem the tide of antibacterial resistance.