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To align the company with local, global and planetary concerns and aspirations for our economy and to deliver the social outcomes we hope for and imagine, we must address our constrained thinking about the possibilities inherent in the form. What might become possible in Aotearoa New Zealand through innovating our conception of the company?

Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous cannulation (USGPIVC) benefits patients with difficult intravenous access (DIVA) through visualising otherwise non-visible and non-palpable veins. Supervised live-case training is an important component of learning this skill, but supervisor availability can present a barrier limiting or delaying staff completing their training.The aim of this study was to determine the first-attempt success rate of newly trained USGPIVC inserters using remote supervision and timely written feedback based on app-based screen recordings taken during insertion. Secondary aims were overall procedural success, and inserter and patient experiences.This study is an observational cohort study carried out between October and December 2021. Fourteen newly trained junior medical officers (JMOs) were eligible to utilise USGPIVC on a minimum of five consenting patients while simultaneously recording the ultrasound screen during insertion to capture their technique. Feedback was generated following expert review of these recordings against a standardised feedback tool.Average first-attempt success was 71% (n = 72) in the 102 patients recruited. The average time for JMOs to receive feedback was 30 h, and 13 JMOs (93%) felt well supported and completed the remote training pathway. The majority of patients were female (n = 59; 58%), were aged 41-80 years (n = 75; 74%) and had ≥2 risk factors for DIVA (n = 57; 56%).First-attempt success rates were similar when comparing remote supervision used in this study to direct supervision used by other studies.This finding supports incorporating remote supervision into training guidelines for USGPIVC as an alternative method of supervision, particularly when supervisor availability is limited.

This article explores impact investing within the renewable energy sector. Drawing on ethical decision making and sensemaking, this article contributes to an enhanced understanding of the complex ethical sensemaking process of impact investors when facing plausible situations in a world of contested truths. Addressing the ethical tensions faced by impact investors with mixed motives, this study investigates the way decision makers use context-specific reasons to make sense of and shape the renewable energy investment (REI) process. This represents an initial attempt to understand ethical sensemaking in impact investing made within the renewable energy (RE) sector using a multi-stakeholder approach. Our findings show that prosocial, personal, reputational, and economic motives are the main drivers of REI, with prosocial and personal motives being value-based, and reputational and economic motives being evidence-based. We find three different modes of ethical sensemaking (pragmatic, retrospective, and forecasting), allowing for the construction of the four motives noted above. These motives are based on the context-specific reasons of impact investing decision makers in the RE sector. This article contributes to the academic discourse on ethical sensemaking with some key processes involved in ethical decision making, and a better understanding of the underlying motivations of impact investing in the RE sector.

It is expected that all students in the United States learn to read English well. This task is more complex for emergent bilinguals (EBs), the majority of whom speak Spanish, who are simultaneously developing their English language proficiency. Although several syntheses have documented the positive effects of shared book reading (SBR) in school settings on students’ language growth, the majority of these have either not included EBs or addressed their participants’ language learner status. In this review, we sought to identify all peer-reviewed experimental study reports examining the effects of SBR on language-related outcomes for Spanish-speaking EBs. We identified 17 relevant studies, 11 of which we determined met What Works Clearinghouse™ (WWC) quality standards with or without reservations. Of these, 10 also demonstrated statistically significant effects on at least one language-related outcome. Included studies primarily examined vocabulary outcomes, with mostly medium to large effect sizes found on researcher-designed (RD) measures. We reported on components found across different SBR interventions, and made recommendations for practice and future research.

Decolonization is an ongoing process of addressing power imbalances and knowledge hierarchies requiring critical self-reflection from those teaching in business schools today (Smith, 2012; Joy & Po...

This special issue showcases research exploring the work of settler individuals and groups in support of projects of decolonisation in Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia, Canada and Israel. The papers gathered here were developed from presentations at an international symposium held in Auckland, New Zealand and online in February 2021. As symposium organisers and editors of this collection, we speak and write as settler subjects ourselves, and this collection is situated within the field of Settler Colonial Studies (SCS). This editorial provides an opening framing of the field into which these papers speak, and a survey of some of the key themes within the wider literature. We aim firstly to locate this work within the wider field of scholarship and activism on decolonisation and decoloniality, delimiting the particular focus of decolonisation within settler-dominated contexts. We then discuss the critiques that have been mounted against SCS and some important defences of the field. We argue that while settler colonialism persists, work in SCS has a contribution to make – in highlighting and critiquing settler logics and in identifying changes that it is within the power of settler peoples themselves to make as a contribution towards Indigenous-led decolonisation. Further, we argue that decolonising settler societies must involve settlers learning to be ‘in relation’ with Indigenous worlds and people outside of deeply habituated logics and practices of domination. The papers gathered here provide examples of settler subjects at various points on the path of decolonising themselves and learning the work of ‘being in relation’.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how a complexity informed understanding of Indigenous–settler relationships helps people to better understand Indigenous social innovation. To do this, this paper uses the attractor concept from complexity thinking to explore both the history and possible futures of Indigenous Maori social innovation as shaped by Te Tiriti o Waitangi/Treaty of Waitangi. Design/methodology/approach This paper frames Te Tiriti as a structural attractor for social innovation in Aotearoa-New Zealand and explores the dynamics at play in the social and economic activities related to Te Tiriti and the ongoing settlement process in Aotearoa-New Zealand. This paper outlines this as an illustrative case study detailing the relevant contextual spaces and dynamics that interact and the emergence of social innovation. Findings This paper suggests that the convergent, divergent and unifying dynamics present in a structural attractor provide a useful framework for building ongoing engagement between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people whereby Indigenous worldviews are given space to be articulated and valued. Originality/value In spite of the increase in research into social innovation, including in Indigenous contexts, the “context” of “postcolonial” context remains under-theorised and people’s understanding of the power dynamics at play here limits the understanding of how the mechanisms of Indigenous–settler partnerships structure social innovation and its impact.

This article examines the contribution of Jesus as an innovator to a public world in need of change. Jesus, as the fulfilment of God, is interpreted using the insights of Josef Schumpeter who argued for innovation as social change through creative recombination. The potential of recombination is located in the wisdom literature of the Hebrew Bible and then in Pauline literature, with ministry in 1 Corinthians portrayed as serving, gardening, building, resourcing, risking and parenting. These six practices are theorized as recombinations in which Paul seeks social change. Recombination is further tested through analysis of Jesus as a socially (ir)responsible innovator. An illustrative example, of an innovative Christian response to food insecurity, is provided to demonstrate a recombination that is socially (ir)responsible in challenging existing practices of consumption. Hence innovation is sourced in Jesus, as One who empowers socially (ir)responsible public formations that bear witness to God’s wisdom.

Background: A vascular access registry is a key strategy proposed to improve patient safety and quality, but its impact will be shaped by the attitudes, experience and resources of end-user stakeholders. This study aimed to examine stakeholders’ perspectives and experiences regarding the feasibility and utility of a standardized platform to collect vascular access data and to identify potential barriers and facilitators of a vascular access clinical quality registry. Methods: Individual (n = 17) and group (n = 1) semi-structured interviews were conducted between October–December 2018 with directors from various healthcare disciplines and policy makers in Australian healthcare facilities. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Overall, participants supported the idea of a standardized platform to capture vascular access data. Three main themes were identified: (1) data challenges (sub themes: standardized data capture, data quality and data sharing); (2) staff capability (lack of resources and feeling unsupported); and (3) logistics (resource capacity and implementation challenges). Conclusion: Stakeholder engagement and universal agreement on standardized vocabulary and data items are vital to registry development, implementation and sustainability. Continuous iterative cycles will be required to reflect upon, review and improve the processes around vascular access data collection using a standardized registry software platform.

The Lighthouse was a learning activity that offered entrepreneurship pedagogy outside the academic structures of higher education, in a religious context, and among grassroots practitioners. Over three years, participants passionate about their local communities were gathered nationally from across Aotearoa New Zealand. A weekend workshop introduced two artifacts: an Idea to Mission Opportunity Canvas and a Next Steps template. These were process-facilitation structures that through contextualised approaches, empowered participants to embed entrepreneurship processes in their local context. Pedagogical concepts of boundary-crossing and collaborative spirals of learning provides ways to understand the Lighthouse as a transdisciplinary learning innovation. Boundary-crossing learning mechanisms, including identification, coordination, perspective-making and transformation, inform analysis of the weekend. The mechanisms of identification and coordination provided ways to subvert traditional clergy structures. A collaborative spiral of learning provided a way to weave together religious resources with entrepreneurial processes. Participants felt empowered by the perspective-making of the Apostle Paul as an innovator. Participant feedback pointed to the need for a fifth boundary crossing learning mechanism, life-long learning.

Purpose The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analyses was to examine interventions that aimed to improve narrative language outcomes for preschool and elementary school–age children in the United States. Our goal was to examine peer-reviewed publications to describe the characteristics of these interventions and synthesize their overall effectiveness on narrative comprehension and production via meta-analysis. Method We searched electronic databases, examined previously published reviews, and consulted experts in the field to identify published studies that employed robust experimental and quasi-experimental designs. We included randomized controlled trials, studies with nonrandomized comparison groups, and single-case design (SCD) studies. We completed a qualitative synthesis of study factors for all identified studies and calculated meta-analyses for the studies that had sufficient data. All included studies were analyzed for risk of bias. Results Our systematic search yielded 40 studies that included one or more narrative language outcomes as part of their assessment battery. Twenty-four of the included studies were group design studies, including randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs, and the other 16 were SCD studies. Effect sizes were analyzed based on narrative production and comprehension outcomes. The meta-analyses of 26 studies indicated overall positive effects of the interventions, with effect sizes of d = 0.51 and 0.54 in the group design studies and d = 1.24 in the SCD studies. Conclusions A variety of effective interventions were found that improve narrative production and comprehension outcomes in children with diverse learner characteristics. Some common characteristics across these interventions include manualized curricula, opportunities to produce narrative language, verbal and visual supports, direct instruction of story grammar, and use of authentic children's literature. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.15079173

Patient engagement in health care has been an emerging priority in the global effort and move toward the consideration of patients as experts of their own conditions. However, the input of pediatric patients and their families have not been consistently requested nor regarded as valuable when deriving protocols for, as well as assessing the outcomes of, pediatric clinical trials. Extending this mutual collaboration further upstream is important, especially in the area of pediatric drug development where the lack of formalized trials for children and adolescents result in the increased use of off-label prescribing and risk of adverse effects. While recent changes to European and North American legislation contributed to the inclusion of children and youth in pediatric drug development, the lack of systematic guidelines and methodologies in literature serve as barriers for practical application. When combined with the work of external pediatric advocacy and patient advisory groups, the hope is that pediatric patient voices can be brought forward for the future. This article brings together international experts to review current best practices, progress from regulatory agencies, as well as global advocacy efforts to involve patients and families in the pursuit of drug development processes that value the voice of children and youth.

To explore nurses' decision-making regarding intravenous administration set replacement for vascular access device infusions in paediatric and adult clinical settings.Intravenous administration sets are routinely replaced at regular intervals in clinical practice with the goal of preventing catheter-related bloodstream infection; however, emerging evidence is challenging traditional hang-time durations. Nurses' perceptions and contextual factors affecting decision-making for administration set replacement have not been assessed previously.Qualitative study using focus groups with contextualism methodology and inductive analysis.During November-December 2016, eight semi-structured focus groups were conducted with 38 nurses at two metropolitan hospitals in Queensland, Australia. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Two authors independently reviewed transcripts and extracted significant statements using Braun and Clarke's 7-step method of thematic analysis. The COREQ checklist provided a framework to report the study methods, context, findings, analysis and interpretation.Five key themes emerged from the analysis: (a) infection prevention, (b) physical safety, (c) patient preference, (d) clinical knowledge and beliefs, and (e) workload. Administration set replacement can be a complex task, particularly when patients have multiple infusions and incompatible medications. Nurses drew on perceptions of patient preference, as well as previous experience, knowledge of peer experts and local policies, to aid their decisions.Nurses use clinical reasoning to balance patient safety and preferences with competing workplace demands when undertaking administration set replacement. Nurses rely on previous experience, hospital and medication manufacturer policies, and peer experts to guide their practice.Nurses at times deviate from clinical guidelines in the interests of patient acuity, nurses' experience and workload. The findings of this study indicate nurses also balance considerations of patient preference and safety with these competing demands.

Background: Vascular access devices are widely used in healthcare settings worldwide. The insertion of a vascular access device creates a wound, vulnerable to irritation, injury and infection. Vascular access-associated skin complications are frequently reported in the literature, however very little evidence is available regarding the incidence and risk factors of these conditions to inform practice and technology development. Objectives: To estimate the incidence of vascular access-associated skin complications, and to identify patient, catheter and healthcare-related characteristics associated with skin complication development. Design: Secondary data analysis from 13 multi-centre randomised controlled trials and observational studies evaluating technologies and performance of vascular access devices in clinical settings between 2008 and 2017. Settings: Six hospitals (metropolitan and regional) in Queensland, Australia. Participants: The 13 studies involved paediatric and adult participants, across oncology, emergency, intensive care, and general hospital settings. A total of 7669 participants with 10,859 devices were included, involving peripheral venous (n = 9933), peripheral arterial (n = 341), and central venous access (n = 585) devices. Analysis: Standardised study data were extracted into a single database. Clinical and demographic data were descriptively reported. Cox proportional hazards regression models (stratified by peripheral vs central) were used for time-to-event, per-device analyses to examine risk factors. Univariate associations were undertaken due to complexities with missing data in both outcomes and covariates, with p < 0.01 to reduce the effect of multiple comparisons. Results: Over 12% of devices were associated with skin complication, at 46.2 per 1000 catheter days for peripheral venous and arterial devices (95% confidence interval, CI 42.1–50.7), and 22.5 per 1000 catheter days for central devices (95% CI 16.5–306). The most common skin complications were bruising (peripheral n = 134, 3.7%; central n = 33, 6.8%), and swelling due to infiltration for peripheral devices (n = 296; 2.9%), and dermatitis for central devices (n = 13; 2.2%). The significant risk factors for these complications were predominantly related to device (e.g., skin tears associated with peripheral arterial catheters [hazard ratio, HR 16.0], radial insertion [HR 18.0] basilic insertion [HR 26.0])) and patient characteristics (e.g., poor skin integrity associated with increased risk of peripheral device bruising [HR 4.12], infiltration [HR 1.98], and skin tear [HR 48.4]), rather than management approaches. Conclusions: Significant skin complications can develop during the life of peripheral and central vascular access devices, and these are associated with several modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Further research is needed to evaluate effectiveness technologies to prevent and treat skin complications associated with vascular access devices.

Executive SummaryWalk tall: The story of REX Bionics is about the key decisions faced by the founders Richard Little and Robert (Robbie) Irving to commercialise a ‘walking skeleton’ for people who are wheelchair-bound for extended periods. The changing role of the founders in a technology-based business and the interplay between the founders’ vision and the reality of growing technology-based businesses is the focus. The history of REX Bionics lies in the founders’ first-hand experiences with people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Over 15 years the company evolved from a ‘workshop idea’ in a garage to public listing on the London AIM Stock Exchange. Facing multiple institutional hurdles, rapidly moving technology and high start-up costs, REX Bionics successfully commercialised the walking robotic exoskeleton inspirited by the ‘Power Load’ in the movie Aliens. Little and Irving faced some tough choices about which commercialisation pathways to pursue in the light of diverse perspectives from the board of directors, an advisory board, various investors to their personal mission.

Athletic participation at all levels of proficiency is an encouraged activity. Physicians evaluating athletes are tasked with assessing the benefits and risks of participating in vigorous physical activity and should engage in shared decision making with the athlete. Identifying the neurologic sequelae is an essential part of the assessment that is often not covered. This chapter will review the association of a wide range of cardiac disorders that can be related to or associated with subsequent neurologic sequelae, along with a brief overview of recommendations for management. Prevalent neurological complications of cardiac disease in athletes include stroke and seizures. There are also certain channelopathies that result in concurrent cardiac dysrhythmias and epilepsy. In addition, physiologic cardiac rhythm changes and the athlete's heart are discussed in the context of the differential diagnoses of subsequent cardiac and neurologic disease. The primary objective of this chapter is to prepare the physician for accurate recognition of cardiac disease in athletes that could result in neurologic complications if not diagnosed and managed early on.

The prototypical M13 peptidase, human Neprilysin, functions as a transmembrane "ectoenzyme" that cleaves neuropeptides that regulate e.g. glucose metabolism, and has been linked to type 2 diabetes. The M13 family has undergone a remarkable, and conserved, expansion in the Drosophila genus. Here, we describe the function of Drosophila melanogaster Neprilysin-like 15 (Nepl15). Nepl15 is likely to be a secreted protein, rather than a transmembrane protein. Nepl15 has changes in critical catalytic residues that are conserved across the Drosophila genus and likely renders the Nepl15 protein catalytically inactive. Nevertheless, a knockout of the Nepl15 gene reveals a reduction in triglyceride and glycogen storage, with the effects likely occurring during the larval feeding period. Conversely, flies overexpressing Nepl15 store more triglycerides and glycogen. Protein modeling suggests that Nepl15 is able to bind and sequester peptide targets of catalytically active Drosophila M13 family members, peptides that are conserved in humans and Drosophila, potentially providing a novel mechanism for regulating the activity of neuropeptides in the context of lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis.

Athletic participation at all levels of proficiency is an encouraged activity. Physicians evaluating athletes are tasked with assessing the benefits and risks of participating in vigorous physical activity and should engage in shared decision making with the athlete. Identifying the neurologic sequelae is an essential part of the assessment that is often not covered. This chapter will review the association of a wide range of cardiac disorders that can be related to or associated with subsequent neurologic sequelae, along with a brief overview of recommendations for management. Prevalent neurological complications of cardiac disease in athletes include stroke and seizures. There are also certain channelopathies that result in concurrent cardiac dysrhythmias and epilepsy. In addition, physiologic cardiac rhythm changes and the athlete's heart are discussed in the context of the differential diagnoses of subsequent cardiac and neurologic disease. The primary objective of this chapter is to prepare the physician for accurate recognition of cardiac disease in athletes that could result in neurologic complications if not diagnosed and managed early on.

The prototypical M13 peptidase, human Neprilysin, functions as a transmembrane “ectoenzyme” that cleaves neuropeptides that regulate e.g. glucose metabolism, and has been linked to type 2 diabetes. The M13 family has undergone a remarkable, and conserved, expansion in the Drosophila genus. Here, we describe the function of Drosophila melanogaster Neprilysin-like 15 (Nepl15). Nepl15 is likely to be a secreted protein, rather than a transmembrane protein. Nepl15 has changes in critical catalytic residues that are conserved across the Drosophila genus and likely renders the Nepl15 protein catalytically inactive. Nevertheless, a knockout of the Nepl15 gene reveals a reduction in triglyceride and glycogen storage, with the effects likely occurring during the larval feeding period. Conversely, flies overexpressing Nepl15 store more triglycerides and glycogen. Protein modeling suggests that Nepl15 is able to bind and sequester peptide targets of catalytically active Drosophila M13 family members, peptides that are conserved in humans and Drosophila, potentially providing a novel mechanism for regulating the activity of neuropeptides in the context of lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis.

Changing careers in librarianship is not easy. Although they have many transferable skills, librarians trying to get a job in a different type of library may experience difficulties. This article aims to provide concrete steps to help anyone interested in making a career change.

Pediatric youth advisory groups were created to provide insight and guidance to the clinical research community. Such efforts have become a priority and parallel the demand for patient-centered health care. While steps are being made to integrate the patient voice into research, there remains a lack of pediatric-specific engagement in the development of pharmaceuticals and in clinical research. For example, a significant number of children are still treated with medications that are not approved for use in this age group, due to a lack of clinical trials involving younger children and neonates. The American Academy of Pediatrics noted that physicians are faced with an ethical dilemma, as they must frequently either not treat children with potentially beneficial medications or treat them with medications based on adult studies or anecdotal empirical experience in children. By improving the approach to pediatric study design, indications for pediatric-specific therapies can be developed. We describe a structured organization with empowered youth and parents who are beginning to play a key role in the research process that suggests ways to improve pediatric research and for innovative medical products to be more "child friendly" and usable. We will also describe how investigators can engage the International Children's Advisory Network to obtain valuable youth perspectives on many aspects of clinical research and health care advocacy.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review family businesses as a subset of sustainable entrepreneurship. It is intended that another avenue of scholarship for the growing interest in family businesses and their continuity across generations will be outlined. Design/methodology/approach Relevant journal articles were selected and broadly analysed to gather an understanding of the current state of existing sustainable entrepreneurship literature. The main themes extrapolated related to sustainable entrepreneurship and potential directions for future research. Findings Although sustainable entrepreneurship has been traditionally concentrated in the environmental and social responsibility literature, there are emerging paths where family businesses can be considered alongside community-based enterprise. Research limitations/implications The findings suggest that future research into sustaining family businesses across generations could be situated under sustainable entrepreneurship scholarship. Originality/value This paper presents a novel review and summary of recent literature at the juncture of family business and sustainable entrepreneurship. It is useful for directing scholars towards an avenue which has not traditionally had attention from family business researchers.

Purpose Exploring the links between resilience, sustainability and entrepreneurship from an indigenous perspective means exploring the historic and socio-cultural context out of which a community originates. From this perspective, informed insight into a community’s ability to adapt and to transform without major structural collapse when confronted with exogenous challenges or crises can be gained. This paper explores the interplay between resilience and entrepreneurship in a New Zealand indigenous setting. Design/methodology/approach The authors provide a theoretical and case study approach, exploring four intersecting leadership roles, their guiding value system and application at a micro kin family level through a tourism venture and at a macro kin tribal level through an urban land development venture. Findings The findings demonstrate the importance of historical precedent and socio-cultural values in shaping the leadership matrix that addresses exogenous challenges and crises in an entrepreneurship context. Research limitations/implications The research is limited to New Zealand, but the findings have synergies with other indigenous entrepreneurship elsewhere. Further cross-cultural research in this field includes examining the interplay between rights and duties within indigenous communities as contributing facets to indigenous resilience and entrepreneurship. Originality/value This research is a contribution to theory and to indigenous community entrepreneurship in demonstrating what values and behaviours are assistive in confronting shocks, crises and challenges. Its originality is in the multi-disciplinary approach, combining economic and social anthropological, indigenous and non-indigenous perspectives. The originality of this paper also includes an analysis of contexts that appear to fall outside contemporary entrepreneurship, but are in fact directly linked.

This article investigates areas for possible improvement in the governance and management of large New Zealand Māori dairy farm businesses. Building on the innovative practices of their tūpuna (ancestors), Māori are defining their own aspirations, realities and goals in the dairy farming world and their accompanying challenges, as expressed by individuals and collectives currently engaged in Māori dairy farm businesses. The Māori way of doing business is described in this study as having a ‘quadruple bottom line’ of profit, people, environment and community business objectives. Māori are genuine leaders of dairy farm environmental management, due in part to their attitudes to land ownership, business values and holistic world views. The top tier of Māori farming trusts comprises fast growing enterprises, which are rapidly improving business performance. The expertise and governance of large corporate farms have much to offer other farming businesses.

This All-Academy panel symposium will facilitate ‘broadening the sight’ of the Academy through focused dialogue about Indigenous ways of seeing and managing cyclical time. Participants will discuss...

This panel symposium brings together Indigenous and non- Indigenous scholars to address the issues of global and theoretical diversity within the Academy of Management and meaningful trans- and int...

This paper explores Impact Investing (II) within the renewable energy sector drawing on ethical decision-making and Behaviour Reasoning Theory (BRT) to achieve an enhanced understanding of the comp...

Analysts are increasingly demanding access to more detailed data about individuals and organisations. However, the level of detail is such that these data are often considered "personal, sensitive, or confidential"; therefore access is restricted to a controlled environment or "safe setting". Many safe settings have statistical disclosure control (SDC) systems in place to review statistical results, to mitigate the risk of releasing confidential information and to prevent a data subject from being identified. While SDC is being used by many organisations in the UK, there is no common code of practice for the review of statistical results. Since 2017, the UK working group for Safe Data Access Professionals has been developing a handbook to help analysts and staff checking statistical results in a safe setting, by offering practical examples and tips. It also provides guidance to organisations on how to implement an efficient SDC processes. This presentation will give an overview of the contents of the SDC handbook, the general approach and aims behind this work and potential uses within the UK community.

World Vision exists to eradicate extreme poverty. The primary fundraising mechanism that has fuelled its growth into one of the largest international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) has been Child Sponsorship, which connects over 10 million individual donors with vulnerable children around the world. However, shifts in the market, geopolitical landscape, and institutional logics have seen this once innovative product come under increasing pressure. Using World Vision New Zealand (WVNZ) as a case study, we explore the challenges of implementing social entrepreneurship strategies, including the institutional constraints of developing new business models, through hybridization. Hybridity has gained increasing attention in the field of entrepreneurship and has been offered as a sense-making frame for business model innovation within social entrepreneurship. The use of institutional logics to understand the challenges of hybrid organizing in social entrepreneurship has been invaluable. However, as with any theoretical perspective, this approach has limitations. We suggest that nuanced challenges and sources of resistance to social entrepreneurship in established sectors and organizations might usefully be explored through concepts drawn from complexity theory. Specifically, we propose the use of the concept of structural attractors, which enables the explication of convergent, unifying, and generative dynamics. Our case study findings suggest that, paradoxically, the very essence of historical success may constrain future success. To wit, when faced with changes to institutional and market conditions, WVNZ was constrained by the very construct that enabled its initial growth. The challenge that this case demonstrates is that despite ostensibly hybrid shifts occurring in the management, governance, and espoused innovation strategy of the organization, the governing structural attractor of Child Sponsorship has constrained innovation and change.

This paper explores how stakeholder expectations are managed through the social entrepreneurship process of opportunity construction, evaluation and pursuit. Building on an in-depth case study, a model of stakeholder engagement through identity, governance and legitimacy is presented. Stakeholders are managed by an identity constructed through an integration of the organization's multiple identities to form a meta-identity. Governance is important in the management of stakeholders in order to be entrepreneurial while being accountable. Stakeholders support the organization based on legitimacy that is gained through creating stakeholder value and by conforming to existing social structures as well as creating new operating models, practices and ideas.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing an appreciative inquiry approach for entrepreneurship research within the family business context. We argue that there is an opportunity to shift the focus of family business studies from a“deficit oriented approach” toward adopting a positive organizational lens through“appreciative inquiry” principles. We review the background to appreciative inquiry including from its inception in the 1980s; the definitions, principles, models for appreciative inquiry; and the theoretical foundations of the appreciative inquiry approach. We will draw on examples from a recent study that applied appreciative inquiry principles to investigate what worked well in entrepreneurial family businesses. By exploring the generative characteristics, we are better placed to understand the strengths of a family firm. This leads to research that presents what works well, and can be built on in family businesses, rather than objectifying the problems to be solved. Our contribution lies in how, as a positive organizational lens, appreciative inquiry principles inform research in the entrepreneurial family business context. In practice, finding the advantages and disadvantages of using an appreciative protocol could lead to future studies adopting this lens, and possibly past studies being reinvigorated with a shift of focus.

Social entrepreneurship emerges from social and historical contexts. These contexts also bring the institutional norms, routines, and conventions that challenge and constrain innovation processes. This article contributes to the emerging theoretical discourse of social entrepreneurship by explicating the Schumpeterian notion of resistance. It discusses the context-dependent manifestation of opportunity in, and resistance to, social entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurship opportunities are the constructed outcomes of entrepreneurial alertness and motivation, and the organizational, societal, institutional, and market contexts in which the entrepreneur is embedded. Likewise, these contextual forces resist and refine social innovations such that they become the products of the financial, social, cultural, and political expectations of stakeholders of social entrepreneurship ventures. A deeper understanding of how context shapes social innovation will give scholars and practitioners a greater apprec...

Purpose – Continued research around innovation within small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) family businesses is needed to better understand the influence of specific resources and capabilities that might promote and/or constrain entrepreneurial activities. The purpose of this paper is to develop an organising framework investigating SME family business innovation drawing on a Schumpeterian understanding of innovation as the introduction of new combinations. Design/methodology/approach – Four guiding principles are developed and applied to an illustrative case study of an entrepreneurial family business that highlights the usefulness of complexity thinking for understanding innovation. Findings – NZ Sock provides a rich illustrative case study to highlight how principles of complexity thinking along with Schumpeterian notions of innovation can usefully inform the authors’ understanding of entrepreneurial SME family businesses. The proposed guiding principles offered are borne out in application to the illustrative case example. Research limitations/implications – The findings suggest that complexity thinking and a Schumpeterian lens can usefully inform and extend the authors’ understanding of innovation within entrepreneurial SME family businesses. Further research would benefit from exploring the guiding principles proposed in other entrepreneurial SME family businesses to further substantiate this field of inquiry. Practical implications – Principles of complexity thinking may provide additional understanding and insight for SME family business members needing to innovate and adapt to ever-changing operating environments. Originality/value – Innovation is critical to the long-term survival and success of such firms; yet, to date little theoretical contribution and research has been offered in the field of innovation within the context of SME family businesses. Complex adaptive systems provide a lens from which to understand such businesses and that that a complexity framework helpfully allows attention to be given to such phenomena as emergence, adaptability and combinations through which innovation outcomes and processes may be understood. This paper offers four guiding principles that can be further tested and refined.

One of the goals of autoethnography is to “offer lessons for further conversation”. In this article, the author reflects on several lessons that were learnt along a journey in management education in the area of indigenous entrepreneurship. In particular, the author outlines her pedagogical practice as an academic engaged in teaching entrepreneurship to Māori students in a university setting. In developing the pedagogical approach for the course, the author has drawn on the metaphor of spiral; this approach involves the teacher and students forming a collaborative double spiral of learning through a process of acknowledgment, adaptation, and advancement. It is hoped that this discussion stimulates conversation and reflection for the reader in much the same manner that writing this article has enabled the author to examine, question, and develop her own pedagogical practice.

This article explores some of the theoretical insights emerging from work in the field of social entrepreneurship and complexity theory. It draws on a neo-Schumpeterian understanding of innovation as self-organization, as it arises in the process of social entrepreneurship. Drawing on complexity theory, we use the lens of self-organization and complex adaptive systems to consider entrepreneurial activity in Maori communities where innovation occurs through the interaction of the young opportunity seeking entrepreneur (potiki) and the elder statesperson (rangatira). The interplay between these two actors in the Maori tribal community illustrates the double spiral (takarangi) dance of innovation (creation) that occurs at and between the edges of chaos and stability. Two theoretical insights emerge from this research. First, we are reminded that tradition and heritage can form the path to innovation while opportunity-seeking adventurers are necessary if steps are to be taken along the path. Second, the histo...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the importance of taking into account contextual factors when building governing mechanisms, so that the subsequent processes and structures are appropriate and sustainable.Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilises the singular case study illustration of Māori Maps, an indigenous social and entrepreneurial venture to illustrate the notion of contextualised governance. Considering this focus centres on notions of context, the case study method is most appropriate as it allows for a fuller explanation of the specific contextual factors relating to the study.Findings – In taking into account the unique contextual factors relating to Māori Maps, the paper shows that they have incorporated culturally appropriate models and processes of governance.Research limitations/implications – This context‐specific case study illustration supports new governance research avenues that assert that context matters, and contributes to the body of evidence that sugges...

Schumpeter formulated a ‘conduct model’ of entrepreneurial behaviour. Received wisdom has emphasised the economic functions of Schumpeter’s entrepreneur, neglecting behavioural aspects. Schumpeter’s model is examined; it posits a continuum of behaviours which are ‘entrepreneurial’, that rely on socially situated, tacit knowledge and are expressions of conscious, subjective rationality. Schumpeter’s model excluded unconscious optimisation and decision rules derived from bounded rationality. Comparisons are drawn with modern neoclassical, Austrian, and the older behavioural characterisations of entrepreneurial behaviour. The newer ‘effectuation’ model of entrepreneurial behaviour is also contrasted with Schumpeter’s approach. We find, among other things, that modern Schumpeterian economics associated with Nelson and Winter is not a natural continuation of Schumpeter’s model. However, some developments in neo-Schumpeterian economics, including the effectuation model deriving from the older behavioural tradition, are congruent with both the original ‘conduct model’ and Schumpeter’s directions for further research.