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Purpose Minimum training recommendations to become a specialist geriatrician in the EU have been published and in this study we compared these recommendations with content from the post-graduate training scheme in Geriatric Medicine in Ireland. Methods We examined the content of didactic study-day lectures delivered during Geriatric medicine training in Ireland. We compared how both the formal Irish curriculum and the content of the study days match up with the 36 items that are identified as core knowledge content areas. Results The Irish geriatric medicine curriculum outlined that 30 of the 36 knowledge areas from the European curriculum should be covered. Formal teaching was delivered on 33 of the 36 knowledge components that are outlined in the European curriculum. 24 of 36 topics were covered at least twice. Conclusion There was a high concordance between the content of the Irish and European post-graduate curriculum in Geriatric medicine.

In New Zealand most extant dolls' houses from the second half of the twentieth century are home-made. The venture by the Auckland firm Jomax into mass-producing a single-storey dolls' house in the mid-sixties was unusual. This venture may have been spurred on by the traditional two-storey dolls' houses being produced by the New Zealand Tri-ang factory, also in Auckland. The Jomax "Little Princess" dolls' house does not, like the New Zealand Tri-ang houses, reflect a UK heritage, but is clearly a New Zealand house similar in form to many being built and published in the 1960s. Jomax also made sets of modern-style furniture suitable for fitting out its four rooms and a hallway. The paper examines the interiors of this New Zealand-designed house and compares them with those of UK (Tri-ang) and East German (Gottschalk) toy houses of the same vintage. The comparison explores the interiors, with their obvious differences and some similarities, and asks whether they reflect the full-scale versions of the time, or whether they were to some extent aspirational.

The net rate of snow accumulation b is predicted to increase over large areas of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets as the climate warms. Models disagree on how this will affect the thickness of the firn layer – the relatively low-density upper layer of the ice sheets that influences altimetric observations of ice sheet mass change and palaeo-climate reconstructions from ice cores. Here we examine how b influences firn compaction and porosity in a simplified model that accounts for mass conservation, dry firn compaction, grain-size evolution, and the impact of grain size on firn compaction. Treating b as a boundary condition and employing an Eulerian reference frame helps to untangle the factors controlling the b dependence of firn thickness. We present numerical simulations using the model, as well as simplified steady-state approximations to the full model, to demonstrate how the downward advection of porosity and grain size are both affected by b but have opposing impacts on firn thickness. The net result is that firn thickness increases with b and that the strength of this dependence increases with increasing surface grain size. We also quantify the circumstances under which porosity advection and grain-size advection balance exactly, which counterintuitively renders steady-state firn thickness independent of b. These findings are qualitatively independent of the stress-dependence of firn compaction and whether the thickness of the ice sheet is increasing, decreasing, or steady. They do depend on the grain-size dependence of firn compaction. Firn models usually ignore grain-size evolution, but we highlight the complex effect it can have on firn thickness when included in a simplified model. This work motivates future efforts to better observationally constrain the rheological effect of grain size in firn.

Gerald Jones' assertion, on the need for honesty and nails, characterises the inherent tension of a country striving for independence and identity while dominated by influences from elsewhere. The lineage of a pioneering number eight wire mentality could easily slide into the rhetoric of honesty and authenticity that underpinned the intellectualism fast footing modernism, but change and contradiction can always be amplified in any history, particularly when one senses cadences of that decade in sync with the current one, 100 years later.

1913 marked the close of New Zealand's first prison tree-planting camp (Waiotapu). The 1910s also saw the closure of the Hanmer and Waipa Valley camps. Dumgree was the first to close in 1908 and Kaingaroa the last in 1920. Tree-planting also occurred at Point Halswell from 1904 continuing through the 1910s, resulting in the forestation of Miramar Peninsular with over 160,000 trees having been planted by 1915. Tree-planting, like other work camps, were considered to be suitable for only some prisoners, with Hume stating that: "Some men are safe only under lock and key and behind a fourteen-foot boundary-wall. The class of prisoner required for tree-planting or similar work in the country is the man who is determined to shorten his term of imprisonment by good conduct and industry, whose last thought is to escape, and who therefore needs little supervision." Additionally, tree-planting camps reflected late nineteenth-century shifts in criminology, which emphasised individual pyschology (over physical punishment), in both the selection of inmates suitable for tree-planting and the potential for behavioural change. This paper will examine this period of New Zealand's tree-planting prison camps.

This paper will look at the celebrations of concrete apparent in the Brutalist architecture of the 1970s. It will particularly examine Toomath's Wellington Teachers' Training College (Stage I design 1962-65, built 1966-69; Stage II design 1966-69; built 1972-75), Chris Brooke-White's Central Institute of Technology campus in Heretaunga, Upper Hutt (Stage 1, 1969-72; Stage II, 1972-77), and Ted McCoy's additions to Otago University (namely the Archway Theatres (1972-73) and the Hocken Building (1979-80)). Concrete is understood on these sites as textures as well as spatial articulators. Helmut Einhorn's 1975 consideration of concrete surfaces for the Wellington Urban Motorway, Charles Fearnley's 1975 Where have all the Textures gone? and Banham's 1955 "The New Brutalism," will provide the prime theoretical context.

This paper is the introduction to the Space and Culture special issue “Inside inside,” which examines the persistent use of architecture as punishment. It provides an overview of the use of architecture as punishment with specific reference to Anglo-American prison architecture. It additionally examines developments occurring in architecture and the architectural profession contemporary with the emergence of the modern prison and acknowledges the geospatial politics of Guantánamo Bay Detention Center on the year of its 20th anniversary.

Purpose:We performed detailed genomic analysis on 87 cases of de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of germinal center type (GCB DLBCL) to identify characteristics that are associated with survival in those treated with R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone).Experimental Design:The cases were extensively characterized by combining the results of IHC, cell-of-origin gene expression profiling (GEP; NanoString), double-hit GEP (DLBCL90), FISH cytogenetic analysis for double/triple-hit lymphoma, copy-number analysis, and targeted deep sequencing using a custom mutation panel of 334 genes.Results:We identified four distinct biologic subgroups with different survivals, and with similarities to the genomic classifications from two large retrospective studies of DLBCL. Patients with the double-hit signature, but no abnormalities of TP53, and those lacking EZH2 mutation and/or BCL2 translocation, had an excellent prognosis. However, patients with an EZB-like profile had an intermediate prognosis, whereas those with TP53 inactivation combined with the double-hit signature had an extremely poor prognosis. This latter finding was validated using two independent cohorts.Conclusions:We propose a practical schema to use genomic variables to risk-stratify patients with GCB DLBCL. This schema provides a promising new approach to identify high-risk patients for new and innovative therapies.

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This paper addresses a gap in research regarding the design of the main elevations of the Gordon Wilson Memorial Flats (GWF). The GWF is the only surviving post-war example of high-rise multi-unit state housing in New Zealand. Its identification as a heritage building has been controversial, but this status was recently confirmed in New Zealand’s Environment Court. This paper examines the GWF elevations in the context of the building’s precedent, the London County Council-designed Alton West housing blocks. It concludes that the GWF façade designs are compellingly New Brutalist because they directly express conditions of living, including the structure, construction, and maisonette planning of the building, while negotiating the aesthetic dilemmas of mid-twentieth century flat block design, positioning the building as an important development in modernist residential high-rise blocks.

In 1925, the Child Welfare Act was passed. The Act introduced the idea of the Children's Court as a space "separate from the premises in which another Court usually exercises jurisdiction" (s28). In 1927, an amendment to the Act provided further elaboration, clarifying that: "persons attending any sittings of a Children's Court shall not be brought into contact with persons in attendance at any other Court." To achieve this the amendment stipulated that: "for this purpose the sittings of the Children's Court shall not, except in cases where no other suitable room is available, be held in any room in which any other Court ordinarily exercises jurisdiction; nor shall a sitting of the Children's Court, if held in the same premises as any other Court, be held at a time when such other Court is sitting, if other arrangements can reasonably be made" (s18(1)). This paper investigates the locations, and interior architectures of Children's Courts in New Zealand in the 1930s. It aims to establish whether or not the interior architecture of Children's Courts, with their legislated requirement to be physically distinct from the rest of the court system, was also distinct, and in what ways children were specifically accommodated for in this interior architecture.

It is often considered that the 1930s was a mundane period in the history of New Zealand prison architecture. This paper re-evaluates this conclusion by examining the specific aspect of prison interior architecture and the incremental changes that occurred to prison buildings during this period of New Zealand's prison history.

Homelessness in 1880s New Zealand, as reported in the press, appears to be more intimate and less melodramatic than overseas examples. House fires, such as that of William Beals' eight-roomed house in Epsom, the destruction by fire of Mr Keogh's seven-roomed dwelling on the north-west side of Mount Pukekaroro, and the 1884 fire which broke out "on the grounds of St. Mary's Orphanage, Ponsonby" are examples. Chronic homelessness, when it appears, occurs via the reporting of institutional and architectural support structures. The paper will examine a specific example of an architecture for the homeless: the Home for the Needy Aged in Newtown, Wellington.

The Depression began in the late 1920s, but was not simply triggered by the October 1929 crash in Wall Street. In the two years between 1928-29 and 1930-31, "export income nearly halved. ... The government ... slashed expenditure," including severe cuts to public spending in health and education. As Ann Calhoun notes:[t]he effect of the 1930s Depression on [Schools of Art] students and instructors alike was massive: salaries were reduced, the school admission age was raised, overscale salaries were limited, grants for sewing and science were withdrawn, administration grants were cut back, training colleges in Wellington and Dunedin closed and student allowances decreased, and grants to kindergartens were withdrawn.A proposal for a town-planning course by John Mawson (the Director of Town Planning)) and Cyril Knight (Head of Architecture, Auckland University College) likewise failed due to "lack of numbers and Depression cutbacks." Helen Leach also notes the impact of cuts to education more generally, writing that: "[m]others of young children who expected them to start school at four or five learned in May 1932 that the age of entry would be raised to six."

Subglacial seismicity provides the opportunity to monitor inaccessible glacial beds at the epicentral location and time. Glaciers can be underlain by rock or till, which determines the mechanics of slip and, if unstable, characteristics of resulting seismicity. Utilizing a double direct shear apparatus, we found conditions for instability at freezing temperatures and high slip rates for both bed types, although with very different frictional evolution. During stick-slip stress-drops, we recorded acoustic emissions with piezoelectric transducers frozen into the ice. Supervised machine learning can classify recorded waveforms and spectra as coming from rock or till beds. The Random Forest Classifier is interpretable, with the prediction based on the initial oscillation peaks and high frequency energy. Till events are generally higher stress-drop, with more impulsive first arrivals compared to rock waveforms. These seismic signatures of mechanical slip processes and associated bed conditions can potentially greatly enhance interpretation of subglacial seismic data.

Introduction: After orbiting and landing on an ocean world such as Europa or Enceladus, the next step will be to “rove”. However, rather than traveling along the surface, a cryobot probe would instead vertically traverse in order to reach the ocean and explore for signs of life. Many challenges exist for technologies to function within the harsh conditions at ocean worlds, including extreme temperatures, pressures, faulting, and the presence of potentially corrosive chemicals. Yet, these must be overcome. In order to return valuable science and engineering data, cryobot communication devices must be capable of transmitting data after deployment through ice shells of a few to 10s of km thick, and over mission lifetimes of several years. A strategy for cryobot communication that employs both optical tethers coupled with radio frequency (RF) relays has been suggested as part an ocean world cryobot mission architecture (e.g. Oleson et al., 2019). Here we present work on a NASA Concepts for Ocean worlds Life Detection Technology (COLDTech) project called Signals Through the Ice (STI) Tech for Ocean Worlds (OW), that builds on previous NASA SESAME STI work, to develop communication hardware solutions (e.g. Craft et al., 2022). Technology developments: Building on previous characterizations of optical tether robustness shear testing (Singh et al, 2022& in review; McCarthy et al., this meeting), RF relay antenna design (Lorenz et al, 2022), and modeling efforts to characterize Europa’s ice shell conditions (Walker et al., 2020), the OW STI Tech team is expanding efforts to consider conditions at Enceladus and other factors affecting cryobot communication technologies. Optical Tethers. A main hazard for tethered communication is the potential faulting activity inducing strain on the tether and causing data transmission reduction, or even severance the tether. Numerical models have been performed to simulate fault slip resulting from tidal forcing at multiple time points during one Europa tidal cycle. Calculations at multiple time points allow consideration of motion throughout the orbital cycle and evaluates the accumulation of strain on a tether crossing a fault at a range of different strikes, angles, and depths (Lien et al., 2022 & in prep). Calculations have also been performed to constrain Europa's deformation induced by tidal forcing and how it affects the thermal equilibrium state of the ice shell (Walker and Rhoden, 2022). Improving our understanding of the temperature and heat profiles within ice shells provides important estimates of the specific temperature and pressure environments both tethered and RF technologies will encounter on their journey through an ice shell. Also, a factor not yet constrained for ocean worlds is how a tether’s jacket material would potentially adhere to the ice. This ice-tether behavior would influence the resulting strain induced on the optical fibers during fault motion. Adhesion tests and design trades on candidate jacket and strength layer materials are in progress with a focus on making improvements for Europa and Enceladus temperatures, strain, and chemical conditions. Additionally, tethers are undergoing environmental chamber “soaks”, with tethers embedded in ice of different compositions for months. Material degradation and transmission performance is measured during and upon removal. RF relays. An initial RF relay thermo-mechanical design is undergoing evaluation to assess if the essential elements that must be housed and thermally insulated in an Europa or Enceladus ice shell can be kept at the necessary operational conditions. Essential components include batteries, power/heating elements, electronics, and antennas. Prototypes are being built and will undergo thermal and mechanical environmental tests (including thermal balance and rapid & cyclic loading). Summary: Development of optical tethers and RF relay devices for communication through ice on ocean worlds is underway by the OW STI Tech team. Through modeling of the extreme conditions at Europa and Enceladus, design and build of prototypes, and thermo-mechanical testing, these technologies will be robust to the environmental conditions and will therefore enable the search for extraterrestrial life in the subsurface of ocean worlds. Acknowledgments: We would like to acknowledge funding from grants 80NSSC19K0613 and 80NSSC21K0995 for this work. References: Craft et al. (2022) 53rd LPSC, Abstract #2753. Lien et al. (2022) AbSciCon, Abstract #518-05. Lorenz et al. (2022) NETS, May, 2022, Cleveland. Oleson et al. (2019) Europa Tunnelbot, NASA/TP—2019-220054. Singh et al. (2022) AbSciCon, Abstract #518-02. Walker and Rhoden (2022), PSJ, accepted. Walker et al. (2020) 51st LPSC, Abstract #2448.

Understanding the rheology of ice in the outer shells of ocean worlds is important for a variety of reasons. The mechanical behavior has long been studied to make sense of intriguing surface morphologies, some of which bear striking resemblance to rocky features on Earth and other bodies, some of which are totally unique. The mechanical behavior of planetary ice also is used to provide possible answers to questions related to transport and conveyance of melt and/or chemical species, which in turn addresses potential habitability. Finally, in the era of ocean world exploration, knowledge of the mechanical behavior of very cold and moderately impure ice provides critical information needed to manage expectations and inform protocols for future missions. In this presentation I will share results from experiments conducted in our lab on ice and ice-mixtures that are designed to measure the mechanical behavior at planetary conditions. In particular we use a custom cryogenic, servo-controlled biaxial apparatus to measure frictional response of ice sliding on ice to explore faulting behavior in the upper, brittle portion of an icy shell. Moving beyond simple Coulomb analysis, we measure fault stability as a function of temperature and velocity, which point to a predicted source region for icequakes at depth, a so-called “seismogenic zone” for icy worlds. We employ rate- and state- dependent frictional properties determined from experiments in numerical models to describe a variety of fault and boundary types, including thrust, subduction, and strike-slip faulting. We explore the nature of unstable frictional behavior by analyzing laboratory stick-slip events for frequency-magnitude, or recurrence, relations. Such information can inform expected seismic activity and be useful for planning instrument sensitivity and can be used ultimately to interpret results from a lander-based seismometer. Additionally we will present results from performance testing of communications hardware that may be deployed in the vicinity of such active faults. We will share mechanical and optical results from a series of shear-testing experiments on fiber optic communication tethers embedded in ice and will articulate the feasibility of their use in future probe missions that will descend into an icy shell. The experimental work coming out of our lab seeks to unravel the dynamic properties of ice on icy moons, identify challenges that may arise when spacecraft interact with it, and develop the technology required for assessing the habitability of ocean worlds.

Observations of glacier slip over till beds, across a range of spatial and temporal scales, show abundant seismicity ranging from Mw∼−2 microearthquakes and tremor (submeter asperities and millisecond duration) to Mw∼7 slow-slip events (∼50 km rupture lengths and ∼30 min durations). A complete understanding of the mechanisms capable of producing seismic signals in these environments represents a strong constraint on bed conditions. In particular, there is a lack of experimental confirmation of velocity-weakening behavior of ice slipping on till, where friction decreases with increasing velocity—a necessity for nucleating seismic slip. To measure the frictional strength and stability of ice sliding against till, we performed a series of double-direct-shear experiments at controlled temperatures slightly above and below the ice melting point. Our results confirm velocity-strengthening ice–till slip at melting temperatures, as has been found in the few previous studies. We provide best-fit rate-and-state friction parameters and their standard deviations from averaging 13 experiments at equivalent conditions. We find evidence of similar velocity-strengthening behavior with 50% by volume debris-laden ice slid against till under the same conditions. In contrast, velocity-weakening and linear time-dependent healing of ice–till slip is present at temperatures slightly below the melting point, providing an experimentally supported mechanism for subglacial seismicity on soft-beds. The stability parameter (a−b) decreases with slip velocity, and evolution occurs over large (mm scale) displacements, suggesting that shear heating and melt buildup is responsible for the weakening. These measurements provide insight into subglacial stiffness in which seismicity of this type might be expected. We discuss glaciological circumstances pointing to potential field targets in which to test this frozen seismic asperity hypothesis.

Background: In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the presence of MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 translocations, so-called double-hit lymphoma (DH), has been associated with an aggressive clinical course. Recently, it was reported that gene expression profiling (GEP) could also identify cases with the biological and clinical characteristics of DH lymphoma, including some without the requisite translocations (DHITsig-positive cases)1. The purpose of this study was to develop a molecular subtyping schema for germinal center B-cell type (GCB) DLBCL using genomic studies such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) cytogenetic analysis, GEP, and mutation analysis to risk-stratify patients with GCB DLBCL. Method and Results: We performed a detailed genomic analysis of 87 cases of de novo GCB DLBCL to identify characteristics that are associated with survival in those treated with R-CHOP. The cases were extensively characterized by combining the results of immunohistochemistry, cell-of-origin GEP (Nanostring), DH GEP (DLBCL90)1, FISH cytogenetic analysis for DH lymphoma, copy number analysis (CNA), and targeted deep sequencing using a custom mutation panel of 334 genes. These studies were used to divide the cases into four groups. GCB1: DHITsig-positive with TP53 inactivation (DHIT+TP53): DLBCL with TP53 mutations and/or deletions has a poor prognosis in patients treated with R-CHOP. We found 7 cases (8% of all cases) of GCB DLBCL that were DHITsig-pos with TP53 abnormalities. By FISH analysis, two cases had a triple-hit (TH), one was DH with MYC/BCL2, and 2 cases had a MYC translocation only. Cases in GCB1 had the worst overall survival (OS; Hazard Ratio (HR)=9.2, P=0.0018) and shortest progression-free survival (PFS; HR=6.1, P=0.002) compared to other groups (Figures 1 A/B). However, cases with TP53 abnormalities that were DHITsig-neg did not have the same poor survival. GCB2: DHITsig-positive (DHITsig-pos): The other 8 cases (9%) who were DHITsig-pos from the DBLCL90 GEP but lacked TP53 abnormalities showed a predilection (88%) for having an EZH2 mutation and/or BCL2 translocation (EZB of Schmitz et al2). These cases also had a high frequency of MYC mutations (63%) but lacked mutations in SGK1 and had a low frequency of mutations in linker histone genes (e.g. HIST1H1E). By FISH analysis, 3 cases were DH lymphoma with MYC/BCL2, 2 cases were TH lymphoma, and 1 case had a MYC translocation only. Typically DHITsig-pos cases have a poor OS when compared to DHITsig-neg cases1, however this group demonstrated good survival in our study, after removing the cases with TP53 abnormalities. GCB3: DHITsig-negative and EZH2 mutation and/or BCL2 translocation (EZB-like): We had 28 cases (32%) that were DHITsig-neg and had an EZH2 mutation and/or BCL2 translocation. These were categorized as EZB-like with some overlapping features with the DLBCL in Cluster 3 of Chapuy et al3. The survival of this group was intermediate compared to the other groups (Figures 1A/B). GCB4: DHITsig-negative and not EZB-like (GCB Other): The largest group of cases (51%) were DHITsig-neg and lacked EZH2 mutations and BCL2 translocations. These cases had frequent mutations in SGK1 (16%) and histone modifying genes (50%), as well as TET2 mutations (25%). These cases have similarities to Cluster 4 of Chapuy et al3 and the ST2 group from Wright et al4. The survival of this group was excellent (Figures 1 A/B). These groups were validated in an independent cohort of 188 cases of GCB DLBCL4 (Figures 1 C/D). Conclusions: We have identified four distinct biologic subgroups of GCB DLBCL with different survival rates, and with similarities to the genomic classifications from recent large retrospective studies of DLBCL. Patients with the DH signature but no abnormalities of TP53 (GCB2), and those lacking EZH2 mutation and BCL2 translocation (GCB4), had an excellent prognosis. However, patients with an EZB-like profile (GCB3) had an intermediate prognosis, whereas those with TP53 inactivation combined with the DH signature (GCB1) had an extremely poor prognosis. We propose this as a practical schema to risk-stratify patients with GCB DLBCL. This schema provides a promising new approach to identify high-risk patients for new and innovative therapies. Figure 1 Disclosures Herrera: AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Karyopharm: Consultancy; Genentech, Inc./F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy, Research Funding; Merck: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Other: Travel, Accomodations, Expenses, Research Funding; Gilead Sciences: Consultancy, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Immune Design: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding. Zain:Kyowa Kirlin: Research Funding; Mundai Pharma: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding. Popplewell:Pfizer: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Roche: Research Funding. Kwak:Celltrion Healthcare: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; CJ Healthcare: Consultancy; Sellas Life Sciences Grp: Consultancy; Enzychem Life Sciences: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Antigenics: Other: equity; InnoLifes, Inc: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pepromene Bio: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Xeme Biopharma/Theratest: Other: equity; Celltrion, Inc.: Consultancy. Scott:NIH: Consultancy, Other: Co-inventor on a patent related to the MCL35 assay filed at the National Institutes of Health, United States of America.; Roche/Genentech: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy; NanoString: Patents & Royalties: Named inventor on a patent licensed to NanoString, Research Funding; Abbvie: Consultancy; AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy, Research Funding.

Rate and state frictional parameters are typically determined using two types of experimental protocols: velocity steps and slide-hold-slide events. Here we take a new approach by examining the fri...

Although incontinence is common in hospital, the prevalence and predictors of continence aid use (continence wear and catheters) are poorly described. A one-day cross-sectional study was conducted in a large university hospital assessing consecutive inpatients (≥55) for their pre-admission and current use of continence aids. Barthel Index, Clinical Frailty Scale and Charlson Co-morbidity scores were recorded. Appropriateness was defined by local guidelines. 355 inpatients, median age 75±17 years, were included; 53% were male. Continence aid use was high; prevalence was 46% increasing to 58% for those ≥75. All-in-one pads were the most common, an overall prevalence of 31%. Older age, lower Barthel and higher frailty scores were associated with continence aid use in multivariate analysis. Inappropriate use of aids was high at 45% with older age being the only independent predictor. Continence aids are often used inappropriately during hospitalisation by older patients. Concerted efforts are required to address this issue.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) aims to gather and store atmospheric CO2, often in geologic reservoirs, to mitigate the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations that lead to climate change. While the majority of CCS projects to date focus on structurally trapping CO2 in gaseous form in porous sedimentary rocks, carbon mineralization approaches storage from a much more secure perspective by storing CO2 as a solid carbonate mineral phase. During the carbon mineralization process, interactions between the host rock and the fluids flowing through the rock’s permeable pathways exert a primary control on the evolution of permeability of the system. Precipitation of mineral phases within the fracture network can significantly reduce the permeability of the overall system (clogging), whereas mineral dissolution and volume positive mineral reactions (leading to cracking) can enhance permeability. The coupling between these competing processes dictates reservoir permeability and thus the long-term storage capacity and lifetime of CO2 storage reservoirs. Experimental studies are therefore vital to understand the chemo-mechanical controls on dissolution, precipitation, and carbonation-induced cracking, as well as to quantify their effect on the permeability of the system. In this study, we perform experiments using a new AutoLab triaxial deformation apparatus equipped with independently servo-controlled axial load, confining, and fluid pressures. Samples are prepared via cold press from Twin Sisters peridotite powdered to a mean particle size of 94 µm. Experimental conditions are set to reproduce shallow crust conditions at viable injection depths and are controlled at a confining pressure of 20 MPa and fluid pressures of 10 MPa. Experimental temperatures range from 20 to 150 °C. Pore fluids are mixed in a joint mixing vessel using deionized water and sodium bicarbonate forming a solution of 0.6 M concentration. The solution is then pressurized using CO2 (99.9% purity) to a pressure of 3.5 MPa serving both as a vehicle for CO2 transport and as pH buffer. Permeability, ultrasonic wave velocities, axial strain, pH and fluid composition are monitored during these flow-through experiments. Preliminary results relate progress of the mineral carbonation reaction through the sample with a systematic decrease in permeability and an associated increase in P wave velocity. The results of this experimental study will be used to constrain the most favourable conditions for CO2 storage in a solid form, which is fundamental to the upscaling of carbon mineralization as an innovative, efficient and safe method for CO2 storage.

PURPOSE: We performed detailed genomic analysis on 87 cases of de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of germinal center type (GCB DLBCL) to identify characteristics that are associated with survival in those treated with R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The cases were extensively characterized by combining the results of immunohistochemistry, cell-of-origin gene expression profiling (Nanostring), double-hit gene expression profiling (DLBCL90), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) cytogenetic analysis for double/triple-hit lymphoma, copy number analysis (CNA), and targeted deep sequencing using a custom mutation panel of 334 genes. RESULTS: We identified four distinct biologic subgroups with different survivals, and with similarities to the genomic classifications from two large retrospective studies of DLBCL. Patients with the double-hit signature but no abnormalities of TP53, and those lacking EZH2 mutation and/or BCL2 translocation, had an excellent prognosis. However, patients with an EZB-like profile had an intermediate prognosis, whereas those with TP53 inactivation combined with the double-hit signature had an extremely poor prognosis. This latter finding was validated using two independent cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: We propose a practical schema to utilize genomic variables to risk-stratify patients with GCB DLBCL. This schema provides a promising new approach to identify high-risk patients for new and innovative therapies.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to draw a picture of the current landscape of library assessment based on the data gathered in interviews. The authors will focus specifically on the continuum between micro and strategic assessment and share the lessons learned from diverse institutions and geographies about how to build a culture of assessment. Design/methodology/approach Between 2015 and 2017, the researchers have interviewed more than 75 library directors and leaders, library assessment practitioners, and academic experts on four continents about library assessment and its current state in their institutions. Findings The results reveal a varied landscape, with libraries in widely varying stages of assessment performance and readiness. Originality/value This paper presents the results of a large-scale study over more than two years. More than 75 people have been interviewed in five countries. The scale and scope of the work is both significant and unique.

Background and purpose The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 2 for ≥3 months, chronic kidney disease (CKD)) in ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) is unknown, as estimates have been based on single-point estimates of renal function. Studies investigating the effect of renal dysfunction (eGFR 2, renal dysfunction) on post-stroke outcomes are limited to hospitalized cohorts and have provided conflicting results. Methods We investigated rates, determinants and outcomes of renal dysfunction in ischemic stroke and TIA in the North Dublin Population Stroke Study. We also investigate the persistence of renal dysfunction in 90-day survivors to determine the prevalence of CKD. Ascertainment included hot and cold pursuit using multiple overlapping sources. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards modeling. Results In 547 patients (ischemic stroke in 76.4%, TIA in 23.6%), the mean eGFR at presentation was 63.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 (SD 22.1). Renal dysfunction was observed in 44.6% (244/547). Among 90-day survivors, 31.2% (139/446) met criteria for CKD. After adjusting for age and stroke severity, eGFR 2 (hazard ratio 2.53, p = 0.01) independently predicted 28-day fatality but not at two years. Poor post-stroke functional outcome (Modified Rankin Scale 3–5) at two years was more common in those with renal dysfunction (52.5% vs. 20.6%, p Conclusion Renal dysfunction and CKD are common in ischemic stroke and TIA. Renal dysfunction is associated with considerable post-stroke morbidity and mortality. Further studies are needed to investigate if modifiable mechanisms underlie these associations.

Glass floors require the trading of architectural intuition for faith in the invisible as structural. They heighten the awareness of standing above something; the refraction of glass, conveying a jewel-like preciousness; its reflections, momentary glimpses of solidity. In many in situ archaeological sites, glass floors reveal the gaps between body, weight, and archaeological feature; an awareness of the destructive power of gravity threatening the object of archaeology below. Standing on this “solid” air conveys supernatural levitation, but, at height, can also instil a disconcerting and visceral fear because the floor cannot be seen. The article examines architectural instances of glass, specifically in sites of art, tourism, and archaeology, and predominantly in floors, which suspend occupants above, or at least confuse the relationships between floor, feet, and standing. It is particularly interested in the difficulties of assuming that glass provides an uncomplicated visual relationship between viewers and in situ archaeology.