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This article identifies and presents the main debates and issues that are generating interest in the field of creole studies. It is composed of two main sections. The first one presents the debates currently stimulating creolistics: the nature of pidgins and creoles and the relation between the two, the sociological and typological distinction between pidgins and creoles, the various theories explaining their origin, and their transformation through time. The second part raises issues linked to the social life of these languages, an area of research that, though present since the beginning of creolistics, has remained limited. Using the framework of linguistic ideology, this review surveys the social status of pidgins and creoles, the prejudices that exclude them from being used at schools, and their lack of linguistic legitimacy. It concludes with a discussion of pidgins and creoles on social media.

Pijin, the lingua franca of Solomon Islands, has acquired the functions of a creole in the capital city of Honiara. Yet, though Pijin is the common language of the urban culture of Honiara, it lacks linguistic legitimacy. Speakers of Pijin did not, until recently, consider it a true language in the same way that English and local vernaculars, with which it co-exists, are deemed to be. Specters of inauthenticity and illegitimacy were part of that assessment. In this paper, we consider that the nascent legitimacy ascribed to Pijin by some urban speakers is informed by the affirmation of their own legitimacy as a new socio-cultural group, that of the Pijin-speaking urbanite. This contributes to the complexification of the sociolinguistic scene. We show that while different ways of speaking Pijin are progressively becoming associated with various sociolinguistic groups and seem to constitute emergent social varieties, the question of a Pijin norm is also emerging.

I this article, I propose to consider the ethical dimension of the return of data to the research field site, here the Solomon Islands by focusing on the writing the Pijin Dictionary I published in 2002. I start by discussing the disconnect between the linguistic data we gather and the transformation these data undergo before linguists and anthropologists typically return them. I then focus on the making of the dictionary showing how the techniques of dictionary making and linguistic ideology of research participants and collaborators interact with my own to create a product far removed from the original data. I am questionning the ethics of such a transformation. Finally, I explain that though the dictionary is now 20 years, it is not used by Solomon Islanders who are not taught to read and write in Pijin but in English (the official language of the country). Rather, young Solomon Islanders using social media, are developing their own spelling for the language, neither that of Pijin nor that of English.

Cet article définit les langues pidgins et les créoles et les présente en insistant sur les débats qui animent les études créoles contemporaines, les contextes socio-historiques qui ont servi de creusets au développement de ces langues et les théories proposées pour expliquer leur génèse.

In Honiara, Solomon Islands, middle-class households routinely include young unmarried girls who hail from the villages to work as domestic help (haosgel in Solomon Islands Pijin) for their kin. Using data gathered in Honiara over the last 15 years, and more recently in 2015, the paper explores what is it to be a young haosgel in Honiara today while focusing on a set of issues that are central to the life of these young women: the power and transformation of kinship; the relationship between urban life and domesticity, and the link between agency, gender and resistance. Arguing that the presence of house girls contributes to the establishment of the middle-class, I seek to understand how these young women engage a complex situation in which their urban relatives, usually wealthier than their own parents, act out kinship while playing boss.

A Honiara, capitale des iles Salomon, les maisonnees de la classe moyenne comportent souvent des jeunes filles qui viennent des zones rurales pour y travailler comme domestique (haosgel en pjin des Salomon). A partir de donnees recueillies pendant les quinze dernieres annees et, plus recemment, en 2015, cet article explore ce que c’est qu’etre une haosgel a Honiara. Il met l’accent sur des aspects centraux de la vie de ces jeunes femmes : le pouvoir et la transformation des relations de parente ; le rapport entre la vie urbaine et la domesticite et l’exploitation de leur travail par leur parente. Soutenant l’idee que la presence des haosgel contribue au developpement de la classe moyenne urbaine, j’analyse la facon dont ces jeunes femmes vivent cette situation complexe qui permet a leur famille urbaine, generalement mieux nantie financierement que leur parents, de jouer sur les liens de parente tout en agissant comme patrons.

In the 1970s, ethnographers Hal and Marlene Levine “rarely heard Papua New Guineans say a kind word about their towns. They complained of how expensive it was to live in the towns, and of the violence there, and of the danger and difficulties involved in living amid so many strangers” (Levine and Levine, 1979: 1). A decade earlier, a Port Moresby resident likewise described his town as “a rubbish place, there’s always trouble and too much drinking and fighting” (Rew, 1974: v). Now fifty yea...

Dans les annees 1970, les ethnographes Hal et Marlene Levine ecrivaient que : « [ils] n’avaient que rarement entendu les Neo-Guineens parler favorablement de leurs villes [et que ces derniers] se plaignaient du cout de la vie dans les villes, de la violence qui y regnait et des dangers et difficultes associes a la vie au milieu de tant d’etrangers » (Levine et Levine, 1979 : 1, notre traduction) Une decennie plus tot, un resident de Port Moresby decrivait, de facon similaire, sa ville comme ...

Through the analysis of the various language ideologies that have shaped the sociolinguistic history of Pijin, the lingua franca of Solomon Islands, this article attempts to shed light on the peculiar complexity of the postcolonial linguistic situations where more prestigious and less prestigious languages coexist in the same sociological niche. These ideologies are: reciprocal multilingualism, hierarchical multilingualism, linguistic pragmatism, and linguistic nationalism. Specifically, the article focuses on the development and coalescence of linguistic ideologies that lead Pijin speakers to shift perceptions of Pijin—in a context of urban identity construction that acts as a force of its own. In the case of Pijin, linguistic legitimacy seems to be lagging behind social legitimacy. We show that the development of new ideologies can lead to the re-evaluation of the meaning of symbolic domination of one language (in this case English) over another one (Pijin), without necessarily challenging this symbolic domination. (Language ideology, youth, urbanization, pidgins and creoles, Solomon Islands)*

This article offers an introduction to the methods being developed by scholars interested in studying food and language as interrelated phenomena. First, we explore a few of the intriguing parallels that have inspired a number of researchers to study food and language simultaneously. Then, we look at how the study of language led each of us to the study of food and consider if and how the methods we have used for this new enterprise differ from linguistic anthropological methods used to study other cultural material. Finally, we expand upon the specific methods we have developed for studying how foodways and language use are intertwined. In passing, we note some of the new research terrains and theoretical questions that may be explored by interweaving food-and-language methodologies in these ways. This multiauthored article, which emerged from a roundtable at the 2013 American Anthropological Association Annual meeting on the same topic, has a dialogic structure that reflects the ongoing conversation in which we are engaged while also manifesting the unfinished nature of the project.

Au printemps 2011, des consommateurs de l’Allemagne du nord tombèrent gravement malades, et certains moururent, après avoir, dit-on, consommé des concombres et des tomates provenant d’Espagne infectés par la bactérie ECEH. Dans cet article, nous proposons de faire l’analyse de cette crise alimentaire en nous intéressant à sa représentation dans les courriers des lecteurs de trois journaux européens (Die Welt, El Mundo, Le Monde). Nous montrons comment cette crise alimentaire s’est doublée d’une crise de conscience de la part des consommateurs et de confiance dans le système global alimentaire, les partenaires économiques ainsi que dans les institutions nationales et internationales sensées garantir la sécurité alimentaire., In the spring of 2011, German consumers fell gravely ill, and some died, after having supposedly eaten cucumbers and tomatoes originating from Spain and allegedly infected with the ECEH bacteria. Frightened, some European countries put a ban on the importation of all fresh Spanish produce thus severely threatening the agricultural economy of Spain, and that of Germany as well. In this article, we analyse this food crisis by focusing on how the readers of 3 European newspapers (the German Die Welt, the Spanish El Mundo, and the French Le Monde) reacted to it. We show how the ECEH episode is best understood as a crisis of conscience and a crisis of confidence in the global food system, the economic partners and the institutions that are expected to guarantee food safety., En la primavera de 2011, consumidores de Alemania del norte se enfermaron gravemente y algunos murieron después de haber consumido pepinos y tomates provenientes de España supuestamente infectados por la bacteria ECEH. En este artículo proponemos un análisis de dicha crisis alimentaria interesándonos a su representación en los mensajes de los lectores de tres periódicos europeos (Die Welt, Le Monde, El Mundo). Mostramos cómo dicha crisis alimentaria repercutió en una crisis de consciencia de la parte de los consumidores y de confianza en el sistema global alimentario, en los socios comerciales así como en las instituciones nacionales e internacionales que supuestamente garantizan la seguridad alimentaria.

In this article, I analyze the reasons that have excluded Pijin, the lingua franca of Solomon Islands, South West Pacific, from being used as a medium of instruction, and why this may now become possible. Following a short sociolinguistic sketch, I present the colonial and post-colonial linguistic ideologies that shaped sociolinguistic relationships in Solomon Islands. I then analyze the dynamics between Pijin and English as expressed by various interest groups, and then outline the development of nationalist ideologies that consider Pijin in a new light. The article concludes with a discussion of the impact of PRIDE (Pacific regional initiatives for the delivery of basic education) on the possible integration of Pijin as a medium of instruction in primary schools particularly.

This article considers the usage of the concept of creolization in contemporary social sciences and raises questions about its relevance and usefulness for the study of contemporary sociocultural change. Topics covered include the origin of the concept, its appropriation by social sciences including anthropology, its various meanings and usage, and the various critiques that have been addressed to these.

This is a collection of 19 articles written by educators, policymakers, and linguists addressing the use of Pacific languages in education. The focus is on small island countries, and so Australia is not included. The book, well illustrated and containing many useful maps, is edited by two scholars with extensive research experience in the Pacific. They have grouped the articles around three important themes relevant to local education systems: (a) the roles of vernaculars in formal education; (b) questions of policy, maintenance, and non-governmental programs; and (c) issues, problems, standards, and attitudes. The result is a book that presents a compelling picture of the linguistic situation of various education systems in the Pacific nations. To summarize the situation briefly: Nothing is simple.

In a combination of ethnohistorical records and longitudinal data gathered over a period of 30 years, the development of Solomon Islands Pijin is documented and analyzed in light of the current debate surrounding creolization theory. Using a pragmatic definition of a Creole (Jourdan 1991), the authors argue that pidgins can be very elaborate codes even before they become the mother tongue of children, and that this elaboration is the result of the linguistic creativity of adults. It is further shown that, in sociolinguistic niches where adults and children use the pidgin as their main language, the impact of the latter on the evolution of the language is of a different nature. (Creolization theory, pidgin languages, substrate influences, urbanization, Solomon Islands Pijin)

Cet article expose les modalites de la construction d'une histoire de vie et l'histoire de la relation d'amitie entre l'informateur et l'ethnologue. L'A. propose de definir l'histoire de vie comme un recit qui offre en effet des informations ethnographiques mais qui est aussi le resultat d'une relation humaine privilegiee ou les deux vies des interlocuteurs font l'objet d'une analyse mutuelle, ou les emotions sont des indicateurs sur la vie sociale et culturelle des societes d'origine respectives des interlocuteurs. L'A. presente trois versions de l'histoire de vie de Resina, une femme des Iles Salomon, enregistrees sur une periode de 14 annees. Chaque version, qui remet en cause la precedente, fait l'objet d'une analyse sur les themes de la veracite et du dialogue dans la rencontre ethnologique.

L'anthropologue Roger M.Keesing (enseignant et chercheur a l'universite nationale d'Australie) a acquis un veritable statut et un role d'ancetre aupres de la population Kwaio des Iles Salomon. L'A. rend hommage a Keesing et rappelle comment se sont etablies les relations de confiance entre l'anthropologue et les Kwaio lors des recherches sur le terrain. L'autobiographie des experiences ethnographiques de Keesing s'inscrit dans la tradition initiee par Malinowski ; elle pose la question des relations entre les informateurs et les ethnographes et de leur impact intellectuel et emotionnel sur la construction de l'ethnologie.

L'interet des anthropologues, attires par l'exotisme, ne suit pas l'urbanisation croissante des iles Salomon. L'A. explique ce qu'est la creolisation socio-culturelle et montre comment elle s'agence dans la ville d'Honeira, capitale des iles Salomon ou la « negociation » entre la logique etrangere et la logique ancree localement est de mise. L'A. presente aussi les rapports qui existent entre la creolisation et la construction identitaire dans des milieux caracterises par la rapidite du changement social et la diversite culturelle

Language, our primary tool of thought and perception, is at the heart of who we are as individuals. Languages are constantly changing, sometimes into entirely new varieties of speech, leading to subtle differences in how we present ourselves to others. This revealing account brings together eleven leading specialists from the fields of linguistics, anthropology, philosophy and psychology, to explore the fascinating relationship between language, culture, and social interaction. A range of major questions are discussed: How does language influence our perception of the world? How do new languages emerge? How do children learn to use language appropriately? What factors determine language choice in bi- and multilingual communities? How far does language contribute to the formation of our personalities? And finally, in what ways does language make us human? Language, Culture and Society will be essential reading for all those interested in language and its crucial role in our social lives.

Les villes melanesiennes presentent un exces de culture et une penurie de structures mais la nouvelle culture n'est pas seulement la consequence du colonialisme : les gens participent a ce changement, a la vie culturelle urbaine et decident de la place de la tradition. La realite de cet univers urbain se dechiffre lors de la reproduction sociale, de la construction identitaire

List of figures List of tables List of abbreviations The language and its name Language contact in the early years: 1265 - 1865 Language contact since 1865 Language contact and the Bislama lexicon Beach-la-Mar to Bislama: Emergence of the grammar More reent developments: More on substrate superstrate and independent development Lukluk Bak:Recurrent themes References Bibliography

Solomon Islands Pijin, the lingua franca of the Solomon Islands, has become the primary language for the urban community of Honiara, the nation's capital. In the process, Pijin is undergoing nativization: an increasing number of young children now speak Pijin as their mother tongue. However, English rather than Pijin is the language of social advancement and the key to well-paid jobs in the Solomons. It is also the official language of the country, and the medium of instruction for schools. With more and more urbanites in contact with English, is English having an impact on Pijin? This paper presents preliminary results of a study evaluating the anglicization of Pijin.

Jourdan Christine. Des plantations à la ville. In: Journal de la Société des océanistes, 85, 1987-2. pp. 243-251.