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The National Academy of Inventors (NAI) held the Eighth Annual Meeting of the NAI in Houston, TX, in April 2019. The event, whose theme was "Connecting the Innovation Community," consisted of lectures, presentations, and discussions on the most pressing issues facing academic invention today. In his State of the Academy address, Paul R. Sanberg, president of the NAI, discussed the year's advances, including two new initiatives launched in 2018: the Senior Members program and the Global Academic Inventors Network. He also provided updates on existing programs, such as the NAI Fellows program and the Chapter program.

Algae are capable of accumulating nutrients from aqueous waste, which makes them a potential fertilizer. The ability of the fast growing Chlorella vulgaris strain IPPAS C1 to accumulate phosphorus (P) was probed in V-shaped plastic foil photobioreactors. The P uptake was 0.13–0.53 g(P)·m−2·day−1 when the algal culture densities were kept between 0.1 and 1.0 g(DW)·L−1 in a typical summer irradiance of Central Europe. The algal biomass can be effectively utilized for soil fertilization only if the algal cells release nutrients into the soil in a form that would be available to roots and at a rate sufficient to support plant growth. To examine this, we compared the growth of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., in two nutrient-deficient substrates: “Null Erde” and sand, with and without fertilization by wet and spray-dried algae. Plants grown in the two nutrient-deficient substrates supplemented by mineral fertilizer served as a control representing optimal nutrient supply. Plants grown in a high-nutrient substrate (SoMi 513) were used as an additional reference representing the maximum growth potential of wheat. Wheat growth was monitored for 8 weeks and measured, including the increase of the leaf area as well as shoot and root dry weight in 10 randomized replicates for each substrate and fertilization variant. After harvest, the biomass and N, P, and C contents of the plant shoots and roots were recorded. Algae fertilization of “Null Erde” led to wheat growth, including root hair production, which was similar to mineral-fertilized “Null Erde” and only slightly less vigorous than in the nutrient-rich SoMi 513 substrate. The plants grown in sand were smaller than the plants in “Null Erde” but fertilization by algae nevertheless led to growth that was comparable to mineral fertilizer. These results unambiguously demonstrate that algal biomass is a viable option for delivering nutrients to support agriculture on marginal soils.

Growth of Chlorella vulgaris was characterized as a function of irradiance in a laboratory turbidostat (1L) and compared to batch growth in sunlit modules (5-25L) of the commercial NOVAgreen photobioreactor. The effects of variable sunlight and culture density were deconvoluted by a mathematical model. The analysis showed that algal growth was light-limited due to shading by external construction elements and due to light attenuation within the algal bags. The model was also used to predict maximum biomass productivity. The manipulative experiments and the model predictions were confronted with data from a production season of three large-scale photobioreactors: NOVAgreen (

In times of dwindling petroleum reserves, microalgae may pose an alternate energy resource. Their growth is vast under favorable conditions. However, producing microalgae for energy in an economically as well as ecologically feasible way is a difficult task and the prospects are challenging. The chapter gives an insight into perspectives of growing microalgae as a crop, highlighting some of their exceptional energy storage properties in regard to commercial exploitation. Large scale algae production techniques and concepts up to downstream processes are presented. Today, conversion to fuels is constrained by energy usage and costs – but future combination of fuel production with added value products may improve balances and lower the industrial CO2 footprint. These challenges drive research and industry worldwide to constant improvement, supported by numerous funding opportunities. Microalgae in their tremendous diversity are a young and still very much unexplored crop. It is a challenge worth addressing.

The effects of flooding on rhizospheric organic acid concentrations of three abundant flooding tolerant plant species (Alternanthera philoxeroides Mart., Arundinella anomala Steud., Salix variegata Franch.) from the water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR, Yangtze River) were investigated. Soil solution samples of eight low molecular weight organic acids were obtained from rhizotrons using micro suction cups during 3 weeks of waterlogging, after 6 weeks flooding and after a 1 week recovery. To estimate the contribution of water temperature and microbial community, plants in sterile glass bead substrate and original Yangtze sediment were submerged in laboratory at +10°, +20° and +30°C. Waterlogged plants did seldom express a significantly different pattern of rhizospheric organic acid (OA) composition compared to control plants. Flooding caused no burst of organic acid concentration in soil solution: All species express a silencing strategy. Average OA levels were higher in A. anomala rhizosphere than in the other two species, but increased again after resurfacing in all species. Temperature had a stronger influence in sediment than in sterile setup. In contrast to field measurements, succinate, malate and citrate were detected in the sterile setup. Microbial contribution appeared to have great influence on increasing OA occurrence.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Live imaging methods have become extremely important for the exploration of biological processes. In particular, non-invasive measurement techniques are key to unravelling organism-environment interactions in close-to-natural set-ups, e.g. in the highly heterogeneous and difficult-to-probe environment of plant roots: the rhizosphere. pH and CO2 concentration are the main drivers of rhizosphere processes. Being able to monitor these parameters at high spatio-temporal resolution is of utmost importance for relevant interpretation of the underlying processes, especially in the complex environment of non-sterile plant-soil systems. This study introduces the application of easy-to-use planar optode systems in different set-ups to quantify plant root-soil interactions. METHODS pH- and recently developed CO2-sensors were applied to rhizobox systems to investigate roots with different functional traits, highlighting the potential of these tools. Continuous and highly resolved real-time measurements were made of the pH dynamics around Triticum turgidum durum (durum wheat) roots, Cicer arietinum (chickpea) roots and nodules, and CO2 dynamics in the rhizosphere of Viminaria juncea. KEY RESULTS Wheat root tips acidified slightly, while their root hair zone alkalized their rhizosphere by more than 1 pH unit and the effect of irrigation on soil pH could be visualized as well. Chickpea roots and nodules acidified the surrounding soil during N2 fixation and showed diurnal changes in acidification activity. A growing root of V. juncea exhibited a large zone of influence (mm) on soil CO2 content and therefore on its biogeochemical surrounding, all contributing to the extreme complexity of the root-soil interactions. CONCLUSIONS This technique provides a unique tool for future root research applications and overcomes limitations of previous systems by creating quantitative maps without, for example, interpolation and time delays between single data points.

Plant phenotyping is an emerging discipline in plant biology. Quantitative measurements of functional and structural traits help to better understand gene–environment interactions and support breeding for improved resource use efficiency of important crops such as bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Here we provide an overview of state-of-the-art phenotyping approaches addressing three aspects of resource use efficiency in plants: belowground roots, aboveground shoots and transport/allocation processes. We demonstrate the capacity of high-precision methods to measure plant function or structural traits non-invasively, stating examples wherever possible. Ideally, high-precision methods are complemented by fast and high-throughput technologies. High-throughput phenotyping can be applied in the laboratory using automated data acquisition, as well as in the field, where imaging spectroscopy opens a new path to understand plant function non-invasively. For example, we demonstrate how magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can resolve root structure and separate root systems under resource competition, how automated fluorescence imaging (PAM fluorometry) in combination with automated shape detection allows for high-throughput screening of photosynthetic traits and how imaging spectrometers can be used to quantify pigment concentration, sun-induced fluorescence and potentially photosynthetic quantum yield. We propose that these phenotyping techniques, combined with mechanistic knowledge on plant structure–function relationships, will open new research directions in whole-plant ecophysiology and may assist breeding for varieties with enhanced resource use efficiency varieties.

Twenty-five primary cervical adenocarcinomas and five cervical infiltrates from endometrial or rectal adenocarcinomas were analyzed for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA by polymerase chain reaction with consensus and type-specific primers. Sixty-four percent (16 of 25) of the primary carcinomas and 20% (one of five) of the secondary infiltrates were positive for HPV types 16 and/or 18 DNA. Among the primary tumors HPV DNA was found in 80% of the endocervical cell-type tumors and in 60% of the endometrioid tumors, whereas two undifferentiated scirrhous carcinomas, one clear cell carcinoma, and one serous-papillary tumor were HPV negative. Human papillomavirus-positive patients were younger than HPV-negative patients (mean ages, 49.2 v 64.2 years). Our results indicate that papillomaviruses play a major role in the etiology of cervical adenocarcinomas, at least in premenopausal women. However, in contrast to other studies, HPV type 18 was not the predominant type of HPV, HPV types 16 and 18 occurring with similar frequency in our patients.