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The α2C -adrenoreceptor antagonist BAY 1193397 is in development for the oral treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of BAY 1193397 were investigated in 3 randomized, single-center phase 1 studies in healthy male subjects: a first-in-human study (single oral doses of 0.5-50 mg), a relative bioavailability and food effect study (single doses of 1 and 10 mg), and a multiple-dose escalation study (using 2 and 5 mg twice daily and 10 and 20 mg once daily for 9 consecutive days). BAY 1193397 was rapidly absorbed in the fasted state, peak concentrations were reached between 0.6 and 2 hours. The mean terminal half-life was in the range of 17 to 20 hours. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve and maximum concentration appeared to be dose proportional, with a negligible food effect. There were no high-accumulation effects of BAY 1193397 after repeated dosing. BAY 1193397 was safe and well tolerated. At supratherapeutic plasma concentrations, there were slight transient increases in norepinephrine levels, heart rate, and blood pressure that were more pronounced after a single dose compared to steady state and appeared to be maximum concentration dependent. The results of the presented studies support the conduct of subsequent clinical trials with BAY 1193397 in patients with diabetes and compromised microcirculation.

Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie Kinder und Jugendliche mit einem niedrigen sozioökonomischen Status (SES) sind signifikant häufiger von psychischen Auffälligkeiten betroffen als Gleichaltrige mit einem hohen SES. Unklar bleibt die Bedeutung des familiären SES in Hinblick auf die Inanspruchnahme fachärztlicher Versorgung. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Inanspruchnahme psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutischer Versorgung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit psychischen Auffälligkeiten in Abhängigkeit von deren SES. Berücksichtigt werden sowohl Symptome psychischer Störungen als auch die damit einhergehende Beeinträchtigung. Methodik Datengrundlage ist die bevölkerungsbezogene BELLA-Studie mit dem Themenschwerpunkt psychische Gesundheit, eine bundesweit repräsentative Unterstichprobe der Studie zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland (KiGGS). Von 2014 bis 2017 wurden 1580 Teilnehmende im Alter von 7 bis 17 Jahren befragt. Der SES umfasst die Indikatoren Haushaltseinkommen, elterliche Bildung und berufliche Stellung der Eltern. Psychische Auffälligkeiten und Beeinträchtigungen wurden mittels des Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ und SDQ-Impact) erhoben. Die Inanspruchnahme fachspezifischer Versorgung umfasst die Behandlung durch Kinder- und Jugendpsychiater, ärztliche und psychologische Psychotherapeuten sowie Psychologen (PPT-Versorgung). Ein hierarchisches binär-logistisches Regressionsmodell wurde zur Vorhersage der Inanspruchnahme berechnet. Ein weiteres Modell diente der Untersuchung von Effekten der SES-Indikatoren auf die Assoziation zwischen psychischen Symptomen und Beeinträchtigungen und der Inanspruchnahme von PPT-Versorgung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (Moderatoranalysen). Ergebnisse Kinder und Jugendlichen aus Familien mit einem niedrigen SES nehmen häufiger PPT-Versorgung in Anspruch als Gleichaltrige aus Familien mit einem hohen SES. Die Inanspruchnahme von PPT-Versorgung steigt signifikant mit dem Vorliegen von Symptomen psychischer Auffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (OR=1,15, p≤0,001) sowie mit der Beeinträchtigung aufgrund psychischer Probleme (OR=1,68, p≤0,001). Moderatoreneffekte für das Haushaltseinkommen, die Bildung oder die berufliche Stellung der Eltern wurden nicht entdeckt. Schlussfolgerung Die Inanspruchnahme von PPT-Versorgung hängt signifikant mit der Symptomlast und den Beeinträchtigungen aufgrund psychischer Auffälligkeiten zusammen, nicht jedoch von dem Einkommen, der Bildung und der beruflichen Stellung der Eltern.

Zusammenfassung. Der KIDSCREEN–27 und der KIDSCREEN–10 Index dienen der Messung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität (gLQ) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. In der vorliegenden Analyse werden beide Instrumente im Selbst- und Elternurteil mit Hilfe von bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Querschnittsdaten psychometrisch geprüft und normiert. Die dazu verwendeten Angaben von 11- bzw. 8- bis 18-Jährigen ( n = 1 163 Selbst- und 1 658 Elternurteile) stammen aus der BELLA-Studie, dem Modul zur psychischen Gesundheit der Studie zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland (KiGGS-Studie) des Robert Koch-Instituts. Die Item- und Skalenkennwerte gemäß der klassischen Testtheorie (KTT) entsprachen denen der europäischen Konstruktionsstichprobe und fielen akzeptabel bis gut aus. Die faktorielle Validität konnte über konfirmatorische und explorative Faktorenanalysen teilweise bestätigt werden, es zeigte sich aber auch ein starker Generalfaktor. Item-Response-Analysen im Partial-Credit-Modell legen die Rasch-Skalierbarkeit nahe, es verblieben aber bedeutsame Residualfaktoren. Es werden nach Alter, Geschlecht und Urteilenden stratifizierte Normwerttabellen bereitgestellt. Insgesamt handelt es sich um verbreitete, bewährte und sehr umfassend psychometrisch evaluierte Instrumente, die einen Vergleich der gLQ von Kindern und Jugendlichen aus verschiedenen europäischen Ländern ermöglichen.

Mental health and well-being are of great interest in health policy and research. Longitudinal surveys are needed to provide solid population-based data. We describe the design and methods of an 11-year follow-up of the German BELLA study in children, adolescents and young adults, and we report on age- and gender-specific courses of general health and well-being, long-term health-related outcomes of mental health problems, and mental health care use. The BELLA study is the module on mental health and well-being within the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). Standardised measures were used at each of the five measurement points of the BELLA study. In the 11-year follow-up, young people aged 7–31 years participated (n = 3492). Individual growth modelling, linear regression and descriptive analyses were conducted. Self-reported general health and well-being were both better in younger (vs. older) and in male (vs. female) participants according to the data from all five measurement points. Mental health problems in childhood and adolescence (measured at baseline) predicted impaired health outcomes at 6-year and 11-year follow-ups. Approximately one out of four children with a diagnosed mental disorder was not undergoing mental health treatment. With its 11-year follow-up, the prospective longitudinal BELLA study provides new and solid data on mental health and well-being from childhood to adulthood in Germany, and these data are important for health promotion and prevention practices. These results are consistent with previous findings. Promising future analyses are planned. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00787-020-01630-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background Adverse cardiac remodeling is a major risk factor for the development of post myocardial infarction (MI) heart failure (HF). This study investigates the effects of the chymase inhibitor fulacimstat on adverse cardiac remodeling after acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial patients with first STEMI were eligible. To preferentially enrich patients at high risk of adverse remodeling, main inclusion criteria were a left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤45% and an infarct size >10% on day 5 to 9 post MI as measured by cardiac MRI. Patients were then randomized to 6 months treatment with either 25 mg fulacimstat (n = 54) or placebo (n = 53) twice daily on top of standard of care starting day 6 to 12 post MI. The changes in LVEF, LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI), and LV end-systolic volume index (LVESVI) from baseline to 6 months were analyzed by a central blinded cardiac MRI core laboratory. Results Fulacimstat was safe and well tolerated and achieved mean total trough concentrations that were approximately tenfold higher than those predicted to be required for minimal therapeutic activity. Comparable changes in LVEF (fulacimstat: 3.5% ± 5.4%, placebo: 4.0% ± 5.0%, P = .69), LVEDVI (fulacimstat: 7.3 ± 13.3 mL/m2, placebo: 5.1 ± 18.9 mL/m2, P = .54), and LVESVI (fulacimstat: 2.3 ± 11.2 mL/m2, placebo: 0.6 ± 14.8 mL/m2, P = .56) were observed in both treatment arms. Conclusion Fulacimstat was safe and well tolerated in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction (LVD) after first STEMI but had no effect on cardiac remodeling.

Zusammenfassung Ziel Abhängigkeit und Missbrauch von verschreibungspflichtigen Medikamenten sind prävalente Störungen, die durch das Suchthilfesystem kaum erreicht werden. Verfahren zur frühen Erkennung von Betroffenen in medizinischen Settings könnte zu einer Verbesserung der Versorgung beitragen, wobei entsprechende Screeningverfahren unzureichend validiert sind. Methodik In einer pro-aktiven, unausgelesenen Stichprobe von 6042 konsekutiven Patienten zweier Allgemeinkrankenhäuser in Lübeck wurde ein Screening mittels des Kurzfragebogens zu Medikamentenabhängigkeit und Missbrauch KMM und der Severity of Dependence Scale durchgeführt. Bei Screening-auffälligen Patienten (n=226, Ausschöpfung 55,3%) sowie einer randomisierten Teilstichprobe von 334 Screening-negativen Patienten wurde eine standardisierte klinische Diagnostik medikamentenbezogener Störungen durchgeführt. Für beide Verfahren wurden optimale Cut-off-Werte und die klinische Validität mittels ROC-Kurven bestimmt. Ergebnisse Von 226 Screening-auffälligen Patienten mit Einnahme abhängigkeitserzeugender Medikamente nach der Anatomical Therapeutical Classification wurde bei 98 Personen eine medikamentenbezogene Störung diagnostiziert. In der Teilstichprobe der Screening-negativen Patienten wurden bei 2 Patienten entsprechende Störungen festgestellt. Bei beiden eingesetzten Screeningverfahren zeigte sich eine gute Sensitivität und Spezifität. Reine Fragebogendaten ohne Prüfung der eingenommenen Medikamente führten jedoch zu hohen Raten falsch-positiver Befunde. Schlussfolgerung Medikamentenbezogene Störungen können ökonomisch und valide durch Fragebogenverfahren identifiziert werden, wenn in einem zweiten Schritt die genaue Medikation erfasst und eine klinische Diagnostik durchgeführt wird. Die Aussagekraft von Screeningverfahren zu medikamentenbezogenen Störungen ohne fallbezogene klinische Validierung ist eingeschränkt.

This study examined health-related quality of life (HRQL) in children across different physical illnesses; estimated parent–child agreement on HRQL reports; compared HRQL between children with and without physical–mental multimorbidity; and tested if multimorbidity was associated with HRQL. Children aged 6–16 years (mean = 11.1; n = 198) with one physical illness and their parents were recruited from a pediatric hospital. Physical illnesses were classified according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)-10, mental illnesses were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents, and HRQL was measured using the KIDSCREEN-27. Children who screened positive for ≥ 1 mental illness were classified as having physical–mental multimorbidity. χ2/t tests compared sample characteristics of children with vs. without multimorbidity; Kruskal–Wallis tests compared KIDSCREEN-27 scores across ICD-10 categories; interclass correlation coefficients estimated parent–child agreement; and multiple regression examined effects of the number of mental illnesses on HRQL. HRQL was similar across ICD-10 categories. Parent–child agreement was fair to good for all HRQL domains, regardless of multimorbidity status. Parent-reported HRQL was significantly lower for children with multimorbidity compared to norms across all domains, whereas child-reported HRQL was significantly lower for physical well-being, psychological well-being, and school environment. Number of mental illnesses was negatively associated with psychological well-being and school environment in a dose–response manner. Children with physical–mental multimorbidity are vulnerable to experiencing lower HRQL, particularly for psychological well-being and school environment. Longitudinal studies documenting trajectories of HRQL and school-based interventions that target these domains of HRQL for children with multimorbidity are warranted.

Endometriosis in an estrogen‐dependent disease that is characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity leading to pain and infertility in many affected women. Highly efficient treatment options which create a hypo‐estrogenic environment can cause side effects such as hot flushes and bone mass loss that are not favorable for premenopausal women. Previous work has demonstrated that increased local or systemic prolactin seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Here we examined two prolactin receptor (PRLR) blocking antibodies in a murine endometriosis interna model which relies on the induction of systemic hyperprolactinemia in female SHN mice. The severity of the disease is determined by the degree of endometrial invasion into the myometrium. In this model, endometriosis was inhibited by clinical gold standards such as progestins and anti‐estrogenic approaches. PRLR blockade completely inhibited endometriosis in this mouse model to the same extent as the anti‐estrogen faslodex or the GnRH antagonist cetrorelix. In contrast to cetrorelix and faslodex, the PRLR antibodies did not decrease relative uterine weights and were thus devoid of anti‐estrogenic effects. We therefore hypothesize that PRLR antibodies may present a novel and highly efficient treatment option for endometriosis with a good safety and tolerability profile. Clinical studies are on the way to test this hypothesis.

PURPOSE This study examined whether the KIDSCREEN-27 was reliable and valid in young children 2-7 years with chronic physical illnesses which included estimating inter-domain correlations and internal consistency; measurement invariance testing; and, discriminant and convergent validity assessments. METHODS Data come from the Multimorbidity in Children and Youth across the Life-course; a longitudinal study of individuals aged 2-16 years with physical illness. The parent-reported KIDSCREEN-27 was administered. Children (2-7 years; n = 106) were compared to adolescents (8-16 years; n = 157). Reliability was estimated using Cronbach α for internal consistency. Multiple group confirmatory factor analysis tested for measurement invariance. Cohen's d and Pearson coefficient were used to assess discriminant validity by sex and age. Convergent validity was tested using Pearson coefficients with the WHODAS 2.0 (child functioning/impairment). Multiple regression examined associations between multimorbidity (co-occurring physical and mental illness) and HRQL. RESULTS Internal consistency reliabilities were α = 0.74-0.88 (children) and α = 0.77-0.88 (adolescents). Inter-domain correlations were relatively low (children: r = 0.18-0.59; adolescents: r = 0.30-0.62) indicating that each KIDSCREEN-27 domain was measuring a unique aspect of health-related quality of life. Measurement invariance was demonstrated (scalar level). Parameter estimates of the invariant models were similar for children and adolescents. Small, non-significant correlations were found for sex and age for children and adolescents. Medium, significant correlations were found for both groups between the KIDSCREEN-27 and WHODAS 2.0. Children and adolescents with multimorbidity had significantly lower physical well-being, psychological well-being, and school environment scores compare to those without multimorbidity. Regression coefficients were similar between groups. CONCLUSION Findings provide evidence of adequate psychometrics for the KIDSCREEN-27 in young children with chronic physical illness.

Background Antisocial behaviour is a common phenomenon in childhood and adolescence. Information on psychosocial risk and resource factors for antisocial behaviour are important for planning targeted prevention and early intervention programs. The current study explores risk and resource factors of antisocial behaviour in children and adolescents based on population-based longitudinal data. Methods We analysed longitudinal data from the German BELLA study (n = 1145; 11 to 17 year-olds) measured at three measurement points covering two years. Latent growth analysis, linear regression models and structural equation modelling were used to explore cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Results Based on baseline data, we found that stronger self-efficacy and worse family climate were each related to stronger antisocial behaviour. Longitudinal data revealed that more severe parental mental health problems, worse family climate at baseline, deteriorating family climate over time, and more social support were each associated with increasing antisocial behaviour over time. We further found a moderating effect for family climate. Conclusions Our study provides important exploratory results on psychosocial risk, resource and protective factors in the context of antisocial behaviour in children and adolescents, which need confirmation by future research. Our exploratory results point in the direction that family-based interventions for antisocial behavior in children and adolescents may benefit from considering the family climate.

The chymase inhibitor fulacimstat is developed as a first-in-class treatment option for the inhibition of adverse cardiac remodeling in patients with left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) after acute myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of the study was to examine the safety and tolerability of fulacimstat in patients with LVD after remote MI. A multicenter, multinational randomized, placebo-controlled study was performed in clinically stable patients (40–79 years of age, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 45% because of MI in medical history) who were on stable evidence-based standard-of-care therapies for LVD post-MI including an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker at doses of at least half the recommended target dose. Patients were treated for 2 weeks with either placebo (n = 12) or 4 different doses of fulacimstat (5 mg twice daily, n = 9; 10 mg twice daily, n = 9; 25 mg twice daily, n = 10; 50 mg once daily, n = 9). Fulacimstat was safe and well tolerated at all examined doses. There were no clinically relevant effects on vital signs or potassium levels compared with placebo treatment. Mean plasma concentrations of fulacimstat increased with the administered dose and reached exposures predicted to be therapeutically active. The safety profile and the absence of effects on blood pressure or heart rate in a chronic patient population having similar comorbidities and receiving similar comedication as patients after acute MI support future clinical trials with fulacimstat in patients after acute MI.

Zusammenfassung Gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität ist ein multidimensionales Konstrukt, welches körperliche, mentale und soziale Komponenten des Wohlbefindens aus subjektiver Sicht des Befragten umfasst. Zur Erhebung der Lebensqualität im Kindes- und Jugendalter stehen verschiedene altersangemessene Instrumente zur Verfügung. Durch den Einsatz von innovativen Verfahren, wie computer-adaptiven Tests, kann Lebensqualität in der Zukunft effizienter und routinemäßiger in der Versorgung erhoben werden.

Der Grundstein fur eine gesunde Entwicklung wird schon in den ersten Lebensjahren gelegt, wobei Eltern die Bedingungen, unter denen ihr Kind aufwachst, masgeblich beeinflussen konnen. Hierbei kann die Bildung der Eltern eine Schlusselrolle spielen. Diese Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen mutterlicher Bildung und der Gesundheit sowie dem Gesundheitsverhalten ihrer Kleinkinder. Im Rahmen der reprasentativen Studie zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland (KiGGS Welle 1, 2009–2012) gaben 1727 Mutter Auskunft zur Gesundheit, zum Gesundheitsverhalten und zu weiteren Merkmalen ihrer Kleinkinder (0 bis 2 Jahre) sowie zu ihrer eigenen Person und zur Familie. Mithilfe logistischer Regressionen wurde der Einfluss der mutterlichen Bildung auf Indizes der Gesundheit und des Gesundheitsverhaltens der Kleinkinder unter Berucksichtigung weiterer Pradiktoren untersucht. Hohere mutterliche Bildung war mit einem besseren Gesundheitsverhalten, aber nicht mit der Gesundheit der Kleinkinder assoziiert; der gefundene Zusammenhang blieb auch unter Hinzunahme weiterer Pradiktoren bedeutsam (finanzielle Sorgen, junges Alter der Mutter bei Geburt des Kindes, Fruhgeburt/niedriges Geburtsgewicht). Bei niedriger Bildung lag eine Kumulation von Risiken vor. Eine hohere mutterliche Bildung kann Kleinkinder bei einem guten Start in ihr Leben unterstutzen. Auswirkungen eines schlechten Gesundheitsverhaltens bei Kleinkindern auf deren Gesundheit zeigen sich eventuell erst in spateren Lebensjahren. Fur Praventions- und Interventionsmasnahmen ist es bedeutend, sensitive Entwicklungsphasen in der Kindheit sowie zugrunde liegende Mechanismen des Zusammenhangs mutterlicher Bildung und kindlichen Gesundheitsverhaltens zu identifizieren.

Zusammenfassung. Aufmerksamkeitsdefizits- / Hyperaktivitätsstörungen (ADHS) treten in der Kindheit und Jugend häufig auf und ziehen oftmals psychische Probleme im Erwachsenenalter nach sich. Der Global-Index der etablierten Conners-Skalen dient als Screening-Instrument für eine ADHS und weitere psychische Auffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in der klinischen Routine sowie in Forschungsstudien. Die vorliegende Untersuchung präsentiert die psychometrische Analyse einer deutschen Eltern- und Selbstberichtsversion des Global-Index sowie Normwerte basierend auf Daten von N = 967 13- bis 17-Jährigen aus der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Die Resultate zeigen für den Eltern- und den Selbstbericht des Global-Index sowie für die zugehörige Subskala Rastlos-Impulsiv jeweils neben einer guten internen Konsistenz Hinweise auf eine ausreichende bis gute konvergente Validität, aber die entsprechenden Kennwerte für die Subskala Emotional-Labil waren nicht ausreichend. Für beide Urteilerperspektiven wurden Stärken, aber auch strukturelle Schwächen entdeckt, die in weiteren Studien untersucht werden sollten. Die Subskala Emotional-Labil sollte mit Vorsicht verwendet werden. Die Befunde sollten nicht auf Kinder und Jugendliche außerhalb des untersuchten Altersbereichs übertragen werden.

Purpose Anger and irritability are common and impairing symptoms in children. The PROMIS Anger scales assess self- and parent-reported irritable and angry mood over the past 7 days. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the German version of the PROMIS Parent Proxy Short Form v1.0—Anger and to provide normative data. Methods To evaluate the psychometric properties, data from the study ADOPT Epidemiology were used. In this study, the PROMIS Anger Scale was administered to a population-based sample of n = 8746 parents of children aged 8–12 years. Psychometric analyses were carried out including the investigation of distribution characteristics, factor structure, model fit, internal consistency, and congruent validity. Normative data were calculated as percentile ranks and T-scores. Results The PROMIS Anger Scale demonstrated good psychometric properties, including satisfactory distribution characteristics, unidimensionality, good internal consistency as well as congruent validity. German normative data for the PROMIS Anger Scale are presented. Conclusion Based on first psychometric analyses, the German version of the PROMIS Anger Scale can be recommended for use in research and practice; however, further investigations using clinical data are needed. The normative data will allow researchers and clinicians an interpretation of the test scores in future applications.

This study examined health-related quality of life (HRQL) in children across different physical illnesses; estimated parent-child agreement on HRQL reports; compared HRQL between children with and without physical-mental multimorbidity; and tested if multimorbidity was associated with HRQL.Children aged 6-16 years (mean = 11.1; n = 198) with one physical illness and their parents were recruited from a pediatric hospital. Physical illnesses were classified according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)-10, mental illnesses were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents, and HRQL was measured using the KIDSCREEN-27. Children who screened positive for ≥ 1 mental illness were classified as having physical-mental multimorbidity. χHRQL was similar across ICD-10 categories. Parent-child agreement was fair to good for all HRQL domains, regardless of multimorbidity status. Parent-reported HRQL was significantly lower for children with multimorbidity compared to norms across all domains, whereas child-reported HRQL was significantly lower for physical well-being, psychological well-being, and school environment. Number of mental illnesses was negatively associated with psychological well-being and school environment in a dose-response manner.Children with physical-mental multimorbidity are vulnerable to experiencing lower HRQL, particularly for psychological well-being and school environment. Longitudinal studies documenting trajectories of HRQL and school-based interventions that target these domains of HRQL for children with multimorbidity are warranted.

The α

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the lives of children and adolescents worldwide. The German COPSY study is among the first population-based longitudinal studies to examine the mental health impact of the pandemic. The objective of the study was to assess changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and mental health in children and adolescents and to identify the associated risk and resource factors during the pandemic. Methods A nationwide longitudinal survey was conducted with two waves during the pandemic (May/June 2020 and December 2020/January 2021). In total, n = 1923 children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 years and their parents participated (retention rate from wave 1 to wave 2: 85%). The self-report and parent-proxy surveys assessed HRQoL (KIDSCREEN-10), mental health problems (SDQ with the subscales emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems), anxiety (SCARED), depressive symptoms (CES-DC, PHQ-2) and psychosomatic complaints (HBSC-SCL). Mixed model panel regression analyses were conducted to examine longitudinal changes in mental health and to identify risk and resource factors. Results The HRQoL of children and adolescents decreased during the pandemic, and emotional problems, peer-related mental health problems, anxiety, depressive and psychosomatic symptoms increased over time, however the change in global mental health problems from wave 1 to wave 2 was not significant, and some changes were negligible. Socially disadvantaged children and children of mentally burdened parents were at particular risk of impaired mental health, while female gender and older age were associated with fewer mental health problems. A positive family climate and social support supported the mental health of children and adolescents during the pandemic. Discussion Health promotion, prevention and intervention strategies could support children and adolescents in coping with the pandemic and protect and maintain their mental health.

Children and adolescents with a low socioeconomic status (SES) are significantly more often affected by mental health problems than their peers with a high SES. So far, little is known about the association between family's SES and utilization of mental health care. This study examines the mental health care utilization by children and adolescents depending on their SES and symptoms of mental health problems as well as the impact of mental health problems.The analysis comprisesd data from the population-based BELLA-study, which investigates mental health in a representative subsample of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). Between 2014 and 2017, 1,580 participants aged 7 to 17 years were examined. SES was measured by the indicators of household income, parental educational attainment and parental occupation status. Symptoms and impairment of mental health problems were measured using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ and SDQ-Impact). To investigate mental health care, the consultation of child and adolescent psychiatrists, medical and psychological psychotherapists and psychologists was considered. A hierarchic binary logistic regression model was calculated predicting mental health care use. In addition, effects of SES-indicators on associations between symptoms and impairment as well as mental health care utilization (moderator analysis) were investigated.Children and adolescents with a low SES were more likely to utilize mental health care services than their peers with a high SES. Mental health care utilization was significantly predicted by symptoms of mental health problems (OR=1.15, p≤0.001) as well as by the impairment caused by these problems (OR=1.68, p≤0.001); we found no significant moderation effects for household income, parental education or parental occupation.The probability of mental health care utilization by children and adolescents is significantly predicted by the symptoms and the impairments caused by mental health problems, but not by household income, parental education or parental occupation.Kinder und Jugendliche mit einem niedrigen sozioökonomischen Status (SES) sind signifikant häufiger von psychischen Auffälligkeiten betroffen als Gleichaltrige mit einem hohen SES. Unklar bleibt die Bedeutung des familiären SES in Hinblick auf die Inanspruchnahme fachärztlicher Versorgung. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Inanspruchnahme psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutischer Versorgung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit psychischen Auffälligkeiten in Abhängigkeit von deren SES. Berücksichtigt werden sowohl Symptome psychischer Störungen als auch die damit einhergehende Beeinträchtigung.Datengrundlage ist die bevölkerungsbezogene BELLA-Studie mit dem Themenschwerpunkt psychische Gesundheit, eine bundesweit repräsentative Unterstichprobe der Studie zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland (KiGGS). Von 2014 bis 2017 wurden 1580 Teilnehmende im Alter von 7 bis 17 Jahren befragt. Der SES umfasst die Indikatoren Haushaltseinkommen, elterliche Bildung und berufliche Stellung der Eltern. Psychische Auffälligkeiten und Beeinträchtigungen wurden mittels des Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ und SDQ-Impact) erhoben. Die Inanspruchnahme fachspezifischer Versorgung umfasst die Behandlung durch Kinder- und Jugendpsychiater, ärztliche und psychologische Psychotherapeuten sowie Psychologen (PPT-Versorgung). Ein hierarchisches binär-logistisches Regressionsmodell wurde zur Vorhersage der Inanspruchnahme berechnet. Ein weiteres Modell diente der Untersuchung von Effekten der SES-Indikatoren auf die Assoziation zwischen psychischen Symptomen und Beeinträchtigungen und der Inanspruchnahme von PPT-Versorgung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (Moderatoranalysen).Kinder und Jugendlichen aus Familien mit einem niedrigen SES nehmen häufiger PPT-Versorgung in Anspruch als Gleichaltrige aus Familien mit einem hohen SES. Die Inanspruchnahme von PPT-Versorgung steigt signifikant mit dem Vorliegen von Symptomen psychischer Auffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (OR=1,15, p≤0,001) sowie mit der Beeinträchtigung aufgrund psychischer Probleme (OR=1,68, p≤0,001). Moderatoreneffekte für das Haushaltseinkommen, die Bildung oder die berufliche Stellung der Eltern wurden nicht entdeckt.Die Inanspruchnahme von PPT-Versorgung hängt signifikant mit der Symptomlast und den Beeinträchtigungen aufgrund psychischer Auffälligkeiten zusammen, nicht jedoch von dem Einkommen, der Bildung und der beruflichen Stellung der Eltern.

Children of parents with mental health problems (CPM) have an increased risk for impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study aims at investigating the age- and gender-specific course of HRQoL and at exploring predictors of HRQoL in CPM based on longitudinal data (baseline, 1-year and 2-year follow-up) of a German population-based sample. Longitudinal data from the German BELLA study was analyzed (n = 1429; aged 11 to 17 years at baseline). The SCL-S-9 in combination with the cutoff for the General Severity Index (GSI) from the longer SCL-90-R served to identify CPM (n = 312). At first, we compared domain-specific HRQoL according to the KIDSCREEN-27 in CPM versus Non-CPM. Focusing on CPM, we used individual growth modeling to investigate the age and gender-specific course, and to explore effects of risk and (personal, familial and social) resource factors on self-reported HRQoL in CPM. Self-reported HRQoL was reduced in CPM compared to Non-CPM in all domains, but in social support & peers. However, a minimal important difference was only reached in girls for the domain autonomy & parent relation. Internalizing and externalizing mental health problems were associated with impaired HRQoL in CPM. Self-efficacy, social support and family climate were identified as significant resources, but parental mental health problems over time were not associated with any investigated domain of HRQoL in CPM. Adolescent female CPM may be especially at risk for reduced HRQoL. When developing support programs for CPM, self-efficacy, social support and family climate should be considered, HRQoL and mental health problems in CPM should be addressed.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted the lives of children and adolescents worldwide. Numerous cross-sectional studies indicate high levels of emotional and behavioral problems and a decrease in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents during the first months of the pandemic. However, longitudinal studies on changes in HRQoL and mental health in children and adolescents during the pandemic are limited. The German COPSY study is one of the first representative longitudinal studies to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HRQoL and mental health in children and adolescents in two waves during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A representative online survey was conducted between May and June 2020 among n = 1,586 families with 7- to 17-year-old children and adolescents. The second wave was conducted between December 2020 and January 2021 and included n = 1,625 families, of whom n = 1,288 had already participated in the first wave. The data collected was compared with pre-pandemic reference data from the representative BELLA and HBSC studies. The self-report and parent-proxy versions of the survey included internationally established instruments for measuring HRQoL (KIDSCREEN-10), mental health problems (SDQ), anxiety (SCARED), depressive symptoms (CES-DC) and psychosomatic complaints (HBSC-SCL). Results: The majority of the children and adolescents reported being burdened by the COVID-19 pandemic in both waves of the study. In the second wave, the proportions of children and adolescents reporting low HRQoL, anxiety, depressive symptoms and psychosomatic complaints had increased compared both to pre-pandemic data and to the first wave. Socially disadvantaged children as well as the children of mentally ill parents were at risk of being particularly adversely affected. A positive family climate was found to be an important resource mitigating the burden caused by the pandemic. Discussion: Health promotion, prevention and early intervention strategies need to be implemented to support children and adolescents in coping with the COVID-19 pandemic and to protect and maintain their HRQoL and mental health.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented changes in the lives of 1.6 billion children and adolescents. First non-representative studies from China, India, Brazil, the US, Spain, Italy, and Germany pointed to a negative mental health impact. The current study is the first nationwide representative study to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and mental health of children and adolescents in Germany from the perspective of children themselves. A representative online survey was conducted among n = 1586 families with 7- to 17-year-old children and adolescents between May 26 and June 10. The survey included internationally established and validated instruments for measuring HRQoL (KIDSCREEN-10), mental health problems (SDQ), anxiety (SCARED), and depression (CES-DC). Results were compared with data from the nationwide, longitudinal, representative BELLA cohort study (n = 1556) conducted in Germany before the pandemic. Two-thirds of the children and adolescents reported being highly burdened by the COVID-19 pandemic. They experienced significantly lower HRQoL (40.2% vs. 15.3%), more mental health problems (17.8% vs. 9.9%) and higher anxiety levels (24.1% vs. 14.9%) than before the pandemic. Children with low socioeconomic status, migration background and limited living space were affected significantly more. Health promotion and prevention strategies need to be implemented to maintain children’s and adolescents’ mental health, improve their HRQoL, and mitigate the burden caused by COVID-19, particularly for children who are most at risk. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00787-021-01726-5.

Background Mental health problems in children, adolescents and young adults are highly prevalent and cause a significant burden for both individuals and society, resulting in a high relevance to public health. Longitudinal studies are needed to provide profound population-based data on mental health and well-being. In the present study, first results of the 11-year follow-up of the German BELLA study are presented. These include age- and gender-specific courses of general health and well-being, long-term health outcomes of mental health problems, and the utilisation of mental health services. Methods The longitudinal BELLA study is the module on mental health and well-being within the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). The BELLA study has gathered data since 2003 at five measurement points using standardised measures. In the most recent 11-year follow-up, N = 3,492 young people aged 7 to 31 years participated. Individual growth modeling, linear regression and descriptive analyses were conducted. Results Self-reported general health and well-being were both better in younger than older and in male compared to female participants using data from all five measurement points. Mental health problems in childhood and adolescence (measured at baseline) were associated with adverse general, mental and physical health outcomes at 6-year and 11-year follow-ups. About 75 % of children and adolescents with a diagnosed mental disorder were under mental health treatment. Conclusions With its 11-year follow-up, the longitudinal BELLA study provides new data on mental health and well-being in German children, adolescents and young adults. Our findings are important for the development of targeted mental health promotion and early prevention strategies. Promising future analyses are planned. Key messages The BELLA study provides data on developmental trajectories of mental health from childhood to adulthood, on long-term health outcomes of mental health problems and on mental health care use. The findings of the present study are of great relevance for the development of targeted health promotion and prevention programs.

Background Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in adolescents and young adults worldwide, and causes severe impairments in psychological health, social functioning and employment. The identification of risk and resource factors for depression is an important research aim. The present study aims to investigate which individual, familial and social risk and resource factors in childhood and adolescence are associated with depressive symptoms five years later in a population-based cohort in Germany. Methods Analyses were performed using data from the longitudinal BELLA study. Data on risk and resource factors were collected among N = 632 children and adolescents aged 11 to 17 years. Depressive symptoms were measured five years later. The effects of risk and resource factors on depression were investigated using multivariate linear regression analyses. In subsequent models, we explored potential moderator effects of resource factors on the relationship between risk factors and depressive symptoms. Results A negative mother-child relationship was associated with stronger depressive symptoms in girls, while school stress was identified as a risk factor in boys. Peer competence was associated with fewer depressive symptoms in girls, and family cohesion served as a resource factor in boys. Moreover, self-efficacy moderated the association between negative mother-child relationship and depressive symptoms. Family cohesion acted as a moderator between peer problems and depressive symptoms. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence of gender-specific risk and resource factors for depressive symptoms. Individuals who are exposed to one of the identified risk factors must be monitored during the transition from childhood to adolescence and young adulthood. Gender-sensitive health promotion and early prevention programs are needed. Key messages Information concerning risk and resource factors for the development of depressive symptoms during adolescence and emerging adulthood are of high interest for public health, research and practice. The findings of the present study are of great relevance for the development of gender-sensitive health promotion and early prevention programs.

Background The protease chymase generates multiple factors involved in tissue remodelling including angiotensin II (Ang II) and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This study investigated the effects of the chymase inhibitor fulacimstat on albuminuria in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus and a clinical diagnosis of DKD. Methods In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, patients were on the maximum tolerated dose of either an Ang II receptor blocker or an Ang-converting enzyme inhibitor since at least 3 months before the screening visit. Eligible patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to treatment with either 25 mg fulacimstat (n = 99) or placebo (n = 48) twice daily on top of standard of care. Results The randomized patients had a mean urine albumin–creatinine ratio (UACR) of 131 mg/g (range: 29–2429 mg) and a mean (standard deviation) estimated glomerular filtration rate of 60.8 ± 16.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 before treatment start. Fulacimstat was safe and well tolerated, and achieved mean total trough concentrations that were ∼9-fold higher than those predicted to be required for minimal therapeutic activity. UACR increased by 27.4% [coefficient of variation (CV) 86%] and 3% (CV 88.9%) after 24 weeks of treatment with placebo or fulacimstat, respectively. Analysis of covariance revealed a least square mean UACR ratio (fulacimstat/placebo) of 0.804 (90% CI 0.627–1.030, P = 0.1477), indicating a statistically non-significant UACR reduction of 19.6% after fulacimstat treatment compared with placebo. Conclusions Fulacimstat was safe and well tolerated but did not reduce albuminuria in patients with DKD. These findings do not support a therapeutic role for chymase inhibition in DKD.

Introduction: Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in adolescents and young adults worldwide, and causes a high burden for both individuals and society. The present study aims to investigate the role of risk and resource factors for depressive symptoms during adolescence and emerging adulthood in a German population-based cohort. Methods: Within the longitudinal BELLA study, data on risk and resource factors were collected among n = 632 children and adolescents aged 11 to 17 years. Depressive symptoms were measured five years later. Multivariate linear regression models served to investigate effects of risk and resource factors on depressive symptoms. Regression models were stratified by gender. Moreover, we explored potential interaction effects. Results: A negative mother-child relationship predicted depressive symptoms in girls, whereas school stress served as a risk factor in boys. Peer competence was associated with fewer depressive symptoms in girls, and family cohesion was identified as a resource factor in boys. In addition, few moderating effects of resource factors on the association between risk factors and depressive symptoms were found. Limitations: As the BELLA study is a population-based observational study, we only identified associations between risk and resource factors and no cause-effect relationships. Conclusions: Findings provide evidence of gender-specific risk and resource factors for depression. Individuals who are exposed to risk factors must be monitored during the transition into adulthood. Gender-sensitive prevention and early intervention programs are needed.

Abstract. Objective: This study served to establish German norms for the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire self-report (SDQ-S) by using data from a representative epidemiological sample from the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS study). Although the German version of the SDQ has been widely used and normative data for the parent version (SDQ-P) exist, no German norms for the self-report version have been reported, so that practitioners had to rely on the available British norms. In addition, we investigated whether sex- and age-specific norms are necessary. Methods: At the baseline of the KiGGS study, SDQ-S ratings were collected from n = 6,726 children and adolescents between 11 and 17 years (n = 3,440 boys und n = 3,286 girls). We assessed the internal consistency and age/sex effects of the SDQ-S. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the factor structure of the SDQ-S. Banding scores were developed to differentiate children and adolescents with levels of difficulties and categorized them as “normal,” “borderline,” and “abnormal.” General as well as age- and sex-specific bandings were created for both total score and subscales of SDQ-S. In addition, the German norms of the SDQ-S were compared with those of the UK, Norway, and Thailand. Results: The five-factor solution of the SDQ-S (including Emotional symptoms, Conduct problems, Hyperactivity/Inattention, Peer problems, and Prosocial behavior) provided a satisfactory fit to the data. Moderate internal consistencies (Cronbach’s α) were observed for the scales Emotional symptoms, Hyperactivity/Inattention, and Total difficulties score, whereas insufficient internal consistency was found for the scales Peer problems and Conduct problems. However, using McDonald’s ω as a more appropriate measure of homogeneity, internal consistencies were found to be satisfactory for all subscales and for Total difficulties. Normative banding scores were established conservatively to avoid producing too many false positives in the category “abnormal.” In line with previous research, girls showed more emotional problems but fewer Peer problems than boys. German normative bandings of SDQ-S were similar to the original British bandings and those of other countries. Conclusions: This study of the German SDQ-S in a large representative epidemiological sample presents evidence of partly moderate to good psychometric properties. It also supports the usefulness of SDQ-S as an effective and efficient instrument for child and adolescent mental health problems in Germany. German normative banding scores of SDQ-S established in this study were comparable with the original British norms as well as with those of other countries, so that SDQ-S can be recommended as a psychopathological broadband-screening tool.

Whether parental mental health problems facilitate or hinder the use of mental health care of the parents´ children is still unclear. The present cross sectional study examined mental health care use and potential predictors in a population based sample. Children of parents with mental health problems (CPM) were nearly 5 times more likely to use mental health care compared to children of parents without mental health problems. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the most important predictors of mental health care use for CPM were active family life (OR = 2.67) and children´s own mental health problems (OR = 1.18 self-report, 1.17 parent-report). Additionally, parental strain showed a tendency to predict mental health care use (OR = 2.45). This study demonstrates that parental mental health problems are associated with mental health care use in their children and that improving certain family factors may support children´s mental health care use.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented changes in the lives of 1.6 billion children and adolescents. First non-representative studies from China, India, Brazil, the US, Spain, Italy, and Germany pointed to a negative mental health impact. The current study is the first nationwide representative study to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and mental health of children and adolescents in Germany from the perspective of children themselves. Methods: A representative online survey was conducted among n = 1,586 families with 7- to 17-year-old children and adolescents between May 26 and June 10. The survey included internationally established and validated instruments for measuring HRQoL (KIDSCREEN-10), mental health problems (SDQ), anxiety (SCARED), and depression (CES-DC). Results were compared with data from the nationwide, longitudinal, representative BELLA cohort study (n = 1,556) conducted in Germany before the pandemic. Results: Two-thirds of the children and adolescents reported being highly burdened by the COVID-19 pandemic. They experienced significantly lower HRQoL (40.2% vs. 15.3%), more mental health problems (17.8% vs. 9.9%) and higher anxiety levels (24.1% vs. 14.9%) than before the pandemic. Children with low socioeconomic status, migration background and limited living space were affected significantly more. Discussion: Health promotion and prevention strategies need to be implemented to maintain children’s and adolescents’ mental health, improve their HRQoL, and mitigate the burden caused by COVID-19, particularly for children who are most at risk.

Introduction Adverse cardiac remodelling represents the most important risk factor for the development of heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction (MI). Chymase is a protease that generates locally pro-fibrotic factors such as angiotensin II, TGFβ, and matrixmetallproteases that contribute to tissue remodelling. Purpose This phase IIa study examined the effects of the chymase inhibitor fulacimstat on functional parameters of adverse cardiac remodelling after acute MI. Methods A double-blind, multinational, randomized, placebo-controlled study was performed in patients after first STEMI who were treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention within 24h of symptom onset. To enrich for patients at risk of adverse remodelling, main inclusion criteria were a left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)≤45% and an infarct size>10% on day 5 to 9 post MI as measured by cardiac MRI. On day 6 to 12 post MI, patients were randomized to treatment with either 25 mg fulacimstat (n=54) or placebo (n=53) twice daily on top of standard of care. The changes in LVEF, LVEDVI, and LVESVI from baseline to 6 months of treatment were analyzed by a central blinded cardiac MRI core laboratory. Results Fulacimstat was safe and well tolerated, 64.8% of patients treated with fulacimstat and 75.5% of patients treated with placebo reported treatment emergent adverse events. Fulacimstat achieved exposures that were approximately 10-fold higher than those predicted to be required for minimal therapeutic activity. After six months of treatment, there were no effects of fulacimstat compared to placebo on the changes in LVEF, LVEDVI, and LVESVI (see Table). Analysis of primary efficacy parameters Parameter Placebo Fulacimstat p-value LVEF (%) baseline 37.2±6.1 39.1±5.5 0.15 6 months 41.2±8.4 42.6±8.4 0.45 delta 4.0±5.0 3.5±5.4 0.69 LVEDVI (mL/m2) baseline 80.0±17.1 77.4±18.2 0.51 6 months 85.1±19.1 84.7±23.4 0.94 delta 5.1±18.9 7.3±13.3 0.54 LVESVI (mL/m2) baseline 50.5±13.0 47.3±12.3 0.26 6 months 51.1±16.9 49.6±18.1 0.71 delta 0.6±14.8 2.3±11.2 0.56 Data are given as mean ± standard deviation. Conclusion Fulacimstat was safe and well tolerated in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction (LVD) after first STEMI but had no effect on adverse cardiac remodelling in the experimental setting of this study. Acknowledgement/Funding The study was funded by its sponsor BAYER AG

Despite recent studies failing to prove beneficial effects of iNO therapy in patients with CDH, its use is still widespread. The aim of this work was to analyze iNO use in a retrospective cohort focusing on outcome parameters. Patients 378 CDH patients born and treated in Mannheim University Medical Center, Department for Neonatology, between 2010 and 2017 constituted our cohort. Therapy was based on the standardized protocol of the CDH EURO Consortium.General data (sex, birth weight, gestational age etc.) and therapy-related data (duration of iNO application, OI after 60 mins, need for ECMO support etc.) were collected from clinical reports and then conducted using SAS for both mono- and multivariate analyses.Out of 378 newborns with CDH, 265 received iNO (70.1%), of whom 82 (30.9%) showed a significant OI reduction of ≥5 pts after 60 mins (=responders), median OI improved by 1.85 pts overall. Among initial responders iNO, application reduced the need for ECMO support (p=0.0054), increased the time to ECMO initiation (p=0.005) and reduced mortality (p=0.0396).A group of 43 patients considerably benefited from iNO and thererfore as they did not need ECMO support. Even though iNO therapy has failed to prove significant beneficial effects for non-responders, the application is still to be considered an essential treatment method in the transitional period of CDH patients.A more critical approach towards iNO application in nonresponders should be promoted. Further extensive multicenter studies on treatment alternatives for CDH-PAH are desirable.Obwohl aktuelle Studien keinen Beweis für den positiven Nutzen einer iNO-Therapie bei Kindern mit CDH liefern, ist die Anwendung weit verbreitet. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die iNOAnwendung in einer retrospektiven Kohorte bezüglich verschiedener „outcome“-Parameter zu analysieren.Eingeschlossen wurden 378 CDH-Patienten, die zwischen 2010 und 2017 in der Klinik für Neonatologie des Universitätsklinikum Mannheim behandelt wurden. Die Therapie erfolgte anhand des standardisierten Protokolls des CDH EURO Consortium.Allgemeine (Geschlecht, Geburtsgewicht, Gestationsalter usw.) und therapiebezogene Daten (Dauer iNO Anwendung, OI n. 60 Min., ECMO-Notwendigkeit usw.) wurden aus Patientenakten akquiriert und mithilfe von SAS verarbeitet (mono- /multivariate Analyse). Ergebnisse Von 378 Neugeborenen mit CDH erhielten 265 iNO (70,1%), von denen 82 (30,9%) nach 60 Min. eine signifikante Erniedrigung des OI um ≥5 Pkt. zeigten (=„responder“). Insgesamt verbesserte sich der mediane OI um 1,85 Pkt. Unter „respondern“ reduzierte die Anwendung von iNO den ECMO-Bedarf (p=0,0054), verlängerte die Zeit bis ECMO-Beginn (p=0,005) und reduzierte die Mortalität (p=0,0396).Eine Gruppe von 43 Patienten profitierte von iNO und musste nicht an die ECMO angeschlossen werden. Obwohl sich keine signifikanten vorteilhaften Effekte bei den „non-respondern“ zeigten, sollte iNO weiterhin als zentraler Behandlungspfeiler während der Stabilisierungsperiode von CDH-Patienten betrachtet werden.Es sollte ein kritischerer Umgang mit dem Einsatz von iNO bei „non-respondern“ angestrebt werden. Weiterreichende multizentrische Studien über Behandlungsalternativen für CDH-PHT sind wünschenswert.

The basis for healthy development is established during the first years of one's life. In this early phase, parents can significantly influence the health conditions under which their child grows up. Parental education can play a key role in this regard. This study examines the association of maternal education with health and health behavior in infants.A subsample of the representative German KiGGS study (Wave 1, 2009-2012) on the health of children and adolescents was investigated. Data from 1727 mothers who reported on health-specific characteristics of their infants (0 to 2 years), on their own educational background, and on characteristics of the family were analyzed. The influence of maternal education on indices of health and health behavior in infants was investigated by means of logistic regression; additional predictors were considered in regression models.Higher maternal education was associated with better health behavior, but not with overall infant health. The impact of maternal education on health behavior remained significant when considering other predictors (financial worries, low maternal age at childbirth, premature birth/low birth weight). Overall, low maternal education was accompanied by an accumulation of additional risks.Higher maternal education can help infants have a good start in their lives. The impact of poor health behavior on infant health may not become apparent until later in their lives. For prevention and intervention, it is important to identify sensitive stages of development during childhood and the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between maternal education and infant health behavior.

This meta-analytic review aimed to estimate the magnitude of health-related quality of life (HrQoL) impairments, as assessed by the KIDSCREEN questionnaires, both self- and parent-reported, in 8- to 18-years-old children/adolescents with chronic health conditions. To identify studies using the KIDSCREEN questionnaires, three electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, EBSCOhost Psychology & Behavioral Sciences) were searched. The final search (February 14–15, 2018) revealed 528 non-duplicated articles, of which 23 papers (21 studies) directly compared the HrQoL of pediatric patients to community/healthy controls and were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs were estimated using the inverse-variance random-effects method. Of the 21 studies, 16 used self-reports, one used parent-reports and four adopted a multi-informant approach. Self-reported data were retrieved from 20 studies (4852 cases/28,578 controls), and parent-reported data were retrieved from four studies (511 cases/433 controls). Pediatric patients presented significant HrQoL impairments in the domains of physical well-being (MD = − 4.84, 95% CI − 6.44/− 3.24 for self-reports; MD = − 6.86, 95% CI − 10.42/− 3.29 for parent-reports) and peers and social support (MD = − 1.29, 95% CI − 2.25/− 0.34 for self-reports; MD = − 3.90, 95% CI − 5.28/− 2.52 for parent-reports), compared to community/healthy peers. Between-studies heterogeneity was explained by diagnostic categories, instrument version and informants. The identification of significant HrQoL impairments among pediatric patients, specifically in the physical and social domains, highlights the importance of routine psychosocial assessment and intervention in primary pediatric healthcare services. Specific recommendations include the use of profile measures, both self- and parent-reports, and the prioritization of oncology, endocrinology and neurology services.

Psychische Auffalligkeiten im Kindes- und Jugendalter sind haufig und gelten als eine der grosen Herausforderungen in der Kindergesundheit. Die „Befragung zum seelischen Wohlbefinden und Verhalten“ (BELLA) wird seit 2003 als Modul des Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS) des Robert Koch-Instituts zur Erfassung der psychischen Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland durchgefuhrt. In diesem Beitrag werden Zahlen aus der 3. Welle der Studie vorgestellt (2009–2012), die an 2814 Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 3 bis 17 Jahren erhoben wurden. Insgesamt zeigten 17,2 % der Kinder und Jugendlichen diagnostisch oder klinisch bedeutsame Hinweise auf psychische Auffalligkeiten. Diese Auffalligkeiten haben ein hohes Risiko zu chronifizieren. Nur 21,6 % der Kinder und Jugendlichen mit psychischen Auffalligkeiten waren in den letzten 12 Monaten wenigstens einmal in Kontakt mit Fachversorgern, wie Psychiatern, Psychologen oder Psychotherapeuten. Ein niedriger soziookonomischer Status sowie psychische Belastungen der Eltern zeigten sich als Risikofaktoren fur die psychische Gesundheit der Kinder, wahrend ein positives Familienklima und soziale Unterstutzung sich als wichtige Ressourcen erwiesen. Durch praventive Programme sollten Risikofaktoren gemindert und Ressourcen gestarkt werden, um der Entwicklung von psychischen Auffalligkeiten vorzubeugen. Im Beitrag werden daruber hinaus ein Kita-Praventionsprogramm und Fruherkennungsdienste fur psychische Auffalligkeiten beschrieben. Die individuellen Beeintrachtigungen und gesellschaftlichen Kosten, die durch psychische Auffalligkeiten verursacht werden, sind enorm. Daher sind alle Akteure aufgerufen, sich nachhaltig dafur einzusetzen, die psychische Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen zu schutzen und zu fordern.