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The purpose of this study is to compare the prevalence of hospitalization after an emergency department (ED) visit at an urban safety net hospital for youth with and without a substance use disorder.This study used a retrospective cohort design of adolescents (aged 15-21 y; n = 14,852) treated in the ED and compared the risk of hospitalization within 90 days.A substance use disorder diagnosis in the ED more than doubled the risk of 90-day hospitalization (5.4% vs 2.38%; P0.0001).Compared with youth without a substance use disorder, youth with substance use disorders are likely to require additional services after an ED visit.

Access to inpatient psychiatric beds remains a significant barrier to care for patients having a mental health crisis. A quality improvement initiative described here was designed to increase access to care by increasing efficiency of health care delivery on an adult and adolescent inpatient psychiatric unit. Design and implementation centered on collaborative relationships among hospital administration, physician leadership, frontline physicians, and members of the multidisciplinary treatment team. Initial 5 months of data indicated significant improvements in care access as measured by number of encounters on both units. Reductions in length of stay were made possible by optimizing internal work flows and standardizing goals of hospitalization.

Burnout in the field of behavioural health care is widespread. Occupational burnout can negatively impact providers' well-being and patient care, as well as lead to substantial fiscal cost to healthcare institutions. The objective of this quality improvement project was to develop a single-item survey to rapidly assess individual burnout and workforce well-being among behavioural health staff in our urban, safety-net hospital. We examined the degree of agreement between a single, self-defined burnout item from the Mini-Z and the ProQOL burnout subscale among one hundred and thirty-five nurses, behavioural technicians and administrative staff. Our findings indicate that ProQOL and Mini-Z have a low-to-moderate correlation at a baseline (k = 0.52, 95% CI 0.26, 0.69). However, using a modified ProQOL cut-off score with a binary classification of both surveys yields a moderate-to-high agreement (K = 0.67, 95% CI 0.54, 0.80). To our knowledge, this is the first published comparison of the Mini-Z with the ProQOL instrument. The project adheres to the Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence (SQUIRE) 2.0 reporting guidelines for quality improvement (Ogrinc et al., 2016). A single, validated question measuring burnout allows for more rapid assessment and the maximization of response rates, both of which are important steps in evaluating the level of burnout of the collective whole.

Various states have legalized marijuana for medical purposes and/or decriminalized recreational marijuana use. These changes coincide with a decrease in perceived harmfulness of the drug and an increase in its use among youth. This change is of critical concern because of the potential harmful impact of marijuana exposure on adolescents. Marijuana use has been associated with several adverse mental health outcomes, including increased incidence of addiction and comorbid substance use, suicidality, and new-onset psychosis. Negative impacts on cognition and academic performance have also been observed. As the trend toward legalization continues, the pediatric community will be called on to navigate the subsequent challenges that arise with changing policies. Pediatricians are uniquely positioned to provide innovative care and educate youth and families on the ever-evolving issues pertaining to the impact of marijuana legalization on communities. In this article, we present and analyze the most up-to-date data on the effects of legalization on adolescent marijuana use, the effects of adolescent use on mental health and cognitive outcomes, and the current interventions being recommended for use in pediatric office settings.

The objective of this study was to develop a school-based substance treatment model and evaluate the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of treatment in a school-based setting to improve access to...

Introduction Current adolescent substance treatment models have important limitations. Motivational interviewing (MI) combined with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) may be a promising new approach. The purpose of this study is to develop a manual-standardized MI/ACT intervention for evaluation in future controlled trials. Methods Participants were 41 adolescents and young adults (ages 12–26 years) consecutively admitted to an urban adolescent substance treatment program and the six therapists who administered the intervention. The intervention was 12 weeks of individual, outpatient, manual-standardized MI and ACT combined with contingency management and psychiatric consultation as needed. The outcome measures were the Outcome Rating Scale (ORS), patient satisfaction questionnaires, proportion of days used non-nicotine substances, qualitative interviews of therapists and the Session Rating Scale (SRS). Wilcoxon signed-rank and paired t-tests were used to determine significant change in pre- and post-intervention measures. Results A total of 14 of 23 (61%) youth with pre-intervention ORS scores in the clinical range had end of treatment scores in the non-clinical range and a clinically significant increase of over 5 points. The proportion of youth reaching a week of abstinence was 71% by self-report and 68% by urine drug screen. The proportion of days used at pre-intervention (Mdn = 1.0; IQR 0.4, 1.0) for those with non-zero pre-intervention use (N = 27) was significantly different at post-intervention (Mdn 0.1; IQR 0, 1.0) ( S= 84, p = 0.0014). The average SRS score was 37.9 (SD = 2.2), indicating a high level of satisfaction. Conclusion This study demonstrates the initial feasibility of using an MI/ACT model in adolescent substance treatment. A small-scale, randomized controlled trial of MI/ACT is needed to evaluate the feasibility of larger, controlled trials and to determine the sample size that will be needed for an adequately powered study.

BACKGROUND: The number of medical marijuana patients is increasing. This increase raises important concerns about how medical marijuana use may affect parenting. METHODS: Thirty-two adult medical marijuana patients participated in focus groups. The focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed. The transcriptions were coded by a team that met regularly to resolve coding differences. Codes related to parenting were used to develop a conceptual model for this manuscript. RESULTS: Six of 11 participants who identified being parents reported that using marijuana helped them to be calmer with their children and to manage difficult emotions related to parenting. At the same time, most medical marijuana patients did not want their children to use marijuana. Their concerns about their children led to different strategies related to storing medical marijuana securely and how to communicate with children about medical marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that many medical marijuana patients are concerned about their children using marijuana and may be open to strategies to addressing this issue with their children. These findings also show that some medical marijuana patients may benefit from alternative strategies for managing difficult emotions related to parenting.

Objectives: Evaluate the association between school-based treatment of substance use disorders and academic outcomes by developing a system of simple and easily tracked academic performanc...

Introduction Mental health specialists (MHS, or 68X) play a central role in meeting the growing demand for combat stress care among Service Members. Partnering with civilian institutions may enhance the MHS training experience beyond Advanced Individual Training (AIT). Methods We describe a novel military–civilian collaboration to train U.S. Army Reserve MHS’s in the psychiatric emergency service (PES) of a public, safety-net hospital. Details of implementation are described. The training rotation was evaluated after 1 year through a comprehensive chart abstraction of patients seen as well as surveys of MHS’s and civilian partners. Results The roles of MHS and physician officers in this rotation are described. Over 9 days in the PES, the MHS team evaluated 26 patients. MHS’s described a high-quality training environment (83% rated very good or excellent) in which they frequently saw high-risk patients relevant to military practice. Experience with a certain patient presentation was correlated with comfort assessing and managing that presentation (p < 0.01). Many civilian staff (40%) felt the PES operated better with the presence of the Army team and 50% of civilians agreed their impression of the U.S. Army Reserve improved as a result of the partnership. Hundred percent of specialists and 80% of civilians reported very good to excellent rapport between military and civilian staff. Two civilian respondents (11%) expressed concern that the military team’s presence impeded patient care. Conclusion This is the first military–civilian training collaboration for behavioral health specialists, who have already completed AIT. This program provided well-received and mission-relevant training for MHS’s without notable adverse effects on patient care or team functioning in a civilian environment. Our findings are based on a small sample size, and no other such programs exist against which to compare these results. We propose that such educational partnerships, which have long been effective for other clinical specialists, may benefit the military, civilian communities, and the country.

To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5-defined conduct disorder (CD) with limited prosocial emotions (LPE) among adolescents in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, despite the high rates of CD in this population. We tested previously published methods of LPE categorization in a sample of male conduct-disordered patients in SUD treatment (N = 196). CD with LPE patients did not demonstrate a distinct pattern in terms of demographics or comorbidity regardless of the categorization method utilized. In conclusion, LPE, as operationalized here, does not identify a distinct subgroup of patients based on psychiatric comorbidity, SUD diagnoses, or demographics.

Transplant centers have varying policies for marijuana (MJ) use in donors, transplant candidates, and recipients. Rationales for these differences range from concerns for fungal complications, impaired adherence, and drug interactions. This paper reviews the current status of MJ policies and practices in transplant centers and results of a survey sent to the American Society of Transplantation (AST) membership by the Executive Committee of the AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice.The purpose of the survey was to compare policies and concerns of MJ use to actual observed complications. Of the 3321 surveys sent, 225 members (8%) responded. Transplant centers varied in their approval processes, differing even in organ types within the same institutions. Furthermore, there was discordance among transplant centers in their perceived risks of marijuana use as opposed to complications actually observed. An increasing number of states continue to legalize medical and recreational MJ resulting in widespread availability. Further research is needed to assess the validity of concerns for complications of MJ use in potential donors and recipients. Ultimately, standardized guidelines should be established based on studies and evidence-based criteria to assist transplant programs in their policies around the use of cannabis in their donors and recipients.

Nonmedical use of prescription drugs is a prevalent and serious problem. The United States and various other countries are in the middle of an opioid overdose epidemic. Child psychiatrists play an important role in this epidemic because substance use disorders frequently start in adolescence and young adulthood.

In Colorado, marijuana was legalized for medical use in 2000, commercialized in 2009, and approved for recreational purposes in 2012. Little is known about the association between recent policy changes and adolescent substance treatment outcomes measured by urine drug screens (UDS). This study addressed this research gap.Participants were youth (N = 523) aged 11-19 years who were enrolled in an outpatient motivational interviewing (MI)/cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) plus contingency management (CM) in Denver, Colorado from October 2007 to June 2014. The measures included UDS collected during weekly treatment sessions and sent to a commercial laboratory for quantitative analysis of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)/Creatinine (Cr). Linear regression models and logistic regression models using a Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) approach for repeated measures were completed to answer the study aims.Males, but not females, had a marginally significant increasing trend over time in monthly average THC/Cr (β = 1.99, p = 0.046). There was a significant increasing trend over time (per 30 days) in the odds of having a negative UDS within 6 sessions (OR = 1.02, 95%CI = 1.003-1.04, p = 0.006).Based on these data, substance treatment outcomes from MI and CBT are mixed, but overall treatment appears to remain effective in a state with legalized marijuana. (Am J Addict 2017;26:802-806).

Background In 2009, policy changes were accompanied by a rapid increase in the number of medical marijuana cardholders in Colorado. Little published epidemiological work has tracked changes in the state around this time. Methods Using the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we tested for temporal changes in marijuana attitudes and marijuana-use-related outcomes in Colorado (2003–11) and differences within-year between Colorado and thirty-four non-medical-marijuana states (NMMS). Using regression analyses, we further tested whether patterns seen in Colorado prior to (2006–8) and during (2009–11) marijuana commercialization differed from patterns in NMMS while controlling for demographics. Results Within Colorado those reporting “great-risk” to using marijuana 1–2 times/week dropped significantly in all age groups studied between 2007–8 and 2010–11 (e.g. from 45% to 31% among those 26 years and older; p = 0.0006). By 2010–11 past-year marijuana abuse/dependence had become more prevalent in Colorado for 12–17 year olds (5% in Colorado, 3% in NMMS; p = 0.03) and 18–25 year olds (9% vs. 5%; p = 0.02). Regressions demonstrated significantly greater reductions in perceived risk (12–17 year olds, p = 0.005; those 26 years and older, p = 0.01), and trend for difference in changes in availability among those 26 years and older and marijuana abuse/dependence among 12–17 year olds in Colorado compared to NMMS in more recent years (2009–11 vs. 2006–8). Conclusions Our results show that commercialization of marijuana in Colorado has been associated with lower risk perception. Evidence is suggestive for marijuana abuse/dependence. Analyses including subsequent years 2012+ once available, will help determine whether such changes represent momentary vs. sustained effects.

Legal medical marijuana has been commercially available on a widespread basis in Colorado since mid-2009; however, there is a dearth of information about the impact of marijuana commercialization on impaired driving. This study examined if the proportions of drivers in a fatal motor vehicle crash who were marijuana-positive and alcohol-impaired, respectively, have changed in Colorado before and after mid-2009 and then compared changes in Colorado with 34 non-medical marijuana states (NMMS).Thirty-six 6-month intervals (1994-2011) from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System were used to examine temporal changes in the proportions of drivers in a fatal motor vehicle crash who were alcohol-impaired (≥0.08 g/dl) and marijuana-positive, respectively. The pre-commercial marijuana time period in Colorado was defined as 1994-June 2009 while July 2009-2011 represented the post-commercialization period.In Colorado, since mid-2009 when medical marijuana became commercially available and prevalent, the trend became positive in the proportion of drivers in a fatal motor vehicle crash who were marijuana-positive (change in trend, 2.16 (0.45), p0.0001); in contrast, no significant changes were seen in NMMS. For both Colorado and NMMS, no significant changes were seen in the proportion of drivers in a fatal motor vehicle crash who were alcohol-impaired.Prevention efforts and policy changes in Colorado are needed to address this concerning trend in marijuana-positive drivers. In addition, education on the risks of marijuana-positive driving needs to be implemented.

Background and Objectives The longitudinal risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection following adolescent substance treatment is not known. Therefore, it is not known if adolescent substance treatment should include HIV prevention interventions. To address this important research gap, this study evaluates the longitudinal prevalence and predictors of injection drug use (IDU) and sex risk behaviors among adolescents in substance treatment. Methods Participants were 260 adolescents (13–18 years) in substance treatment and 201 community control adolescents (11–19 years). Participants were assessed at baseline and follow-up (mean time between assessments = 6.9 years for the clinical sample and 5.6 years for the community control sample). Outcomes included self-report lifetime history of IDU, number of lifetime sex partners and frequency of unprotected sexual intercourse. Results At baseline, 7.5% of the clinical sample, compared to 1.0% of the community control sample had a lifetime history of IDU (, p = .001). At follow-up, 17.4% of the clinical sample compared to 0% of the community control sample had a lifetime history of IDU (, p = .0005). The number of baseline substance use disorders and onset age of marijuana use significantly predicted the presence of lifetime IDU at follow-up, after adjusting for baseline age, race, and sex. The clinical sample reported more lifetime sex partners and more frequent unprotected sex than the community control sample at baseline and follow-up. Conclusions Many adolescents in substance treatment develop IDU and report persistent risky sex. Effective risk reduction interventions for adolescents in substance treatment are needed that address both IDU and risky sex. (Am J Addict 2013;22:558–565)

The use of marijuana for the treatment of medical conditions is a highly controversial topic. Misconceptions by both patients and providers concerning the safety of and evidence-based indications for marijuana can complicate treatment planning and outcomes. Maintaining skills such as motivational interviewing, providing evidence-based informed consent, and increasing access to care remain top priorities for providing quality patient care. The goal of this article is to offer guidance to clinical providers who are adapting to the changing realities of medical marijuana and legalized recreational marijuana.

The associations between marijuana use and mental illness are numerous. In the United States, marijuana is the most frequently abused illicit substance, with over 16.7 million Americans reporting past-month use, and it is identified as the primary substance of abuse in 17.1% of substance treatment admissions. A growing body of evidence associates marijuana use with an earlier onset and more adverse course of psychotic disorders. What is less well known is that longitudinal studies associate marijuana use with depression. While infrequent marijuana use does not appear to be associated with depressive disorders, the medicalization of marijuana encourages regular use, and regular use has a modest but significant association with depression that endures even after controlling for possible confounders. Language: en

Because of the high rates of substance use disorders among the general and clinical populations, and the abuse potential of many medications commonly used in the treatment of neurologic illnesses, the treating neurologist must deal with drug misuse and abuse in practice. The most important tool neurologists must have in their arsenal is the ability to assess for and recognize substance use disorders in their patients. Any treatment plan developed for such patients must include ongoing management of substance abuse issues. After a substance use disorder is diagnosed, the neurologist must make proper referrals to adjunctive support interventions (Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous) and chemical dependency specialists, and work closely and in collaboration with these components of the patient's overall treatment. The treating neurologist should be aware of the myriad neurologic sequelae of drug use, because most drugs of abuse, including alcohol, can have neurologic manifestations resulting from acute intoxication, acute withdrawal, or chronic use. Drug use (past and present) should be included in the differential diagnosis for any patient with an atypical constellation of symptoms or with isolated neurologic deficits. If the treatment of a neurologic condition requires the use of a potentially addictive substance, particularly when the patient has a history of substance use disorders, then the clinician must minimize the risk of addiction by giving the least addictive substances and developing a plan to manage the use of the drug throughout the treatment period.

Marijuana use is associated with anxiety, depressive, psychotic, neurocognitive, and substance use disorders. Many US states are legalizing marijuana for medical uses.To determine the prevalence of medical marijuana use and diversion among psychiatric inpatients in Colorado.Some 623 participants (54.6% male) responded to an anonymous 15-item discharge survey that assessed age, gender, marijuana use, possession of a medical marijuana card, diversion of medical marijuana, perceived substance use problems, and effects of marijuana use. Univariate statistics were used to characterize participants and their responses. Chi-square tests assessed factors associated with medical marijuana registration.Of the total number of respondents, 282 (47.6%) reported using marijuana in the last 12 months and 60 (15.1%) reported having a marijuana card. In comparison to survey respondents who denied having a medical marijuana card, those respondents with a medical marijuana card were more likely to have initiated use before the age of 25, to be male, to have used marijuana in the last 12 months, and to have used at least 20 days in the past month. 133 (24.1%) respondents reported that someone with a medical marijuana card had shared or sold medical marijuana to them; 24 (41.4%) of respondents with a medical marijuana card reported ever having shared or sold their medical marijuana.Medical marijuana use is much more prevalent among adults hospitalized with a psychiatric emergency than in the general population; diversion is common. Further studies which correlate amount, dose, duration, and strain of use with particular psychiatric disorders are needed.

Objective To assess the prevalence and frequency of medical marijuana diversion and use among adolescents in substance abuse treatment and to identify factors related to their medical marijuana use. Method This study calculated the prevalence and frequency of diverted medical marijuana use among adolescents (n = 164), ages 14–18 years (mean age=16.09, SD=1.12), in substance abuse treatment in the Denver metropolitan area. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were completed to determine factors related to adolescents' use of medical marijuana. Results Approximately 74% of the adolescents had used someone else's medical marijuana, and they reported using diverted medical marijuana a median of 50 times. After adjusting for gender and race/ethnicity, adolescents who used medical marijuana had an earlier age of regular marijuana use, more marijuana abuse and dependence symptoms, and more conduct disorder symptoms compared with those who did not use medical marijuana. Conclusions Medical marijuana use among adolescent patients in substance abuse treatment is very common, implying substantial diversion from registered users. These results support the need for policy changes that protect against diversion of medical marijuana and reduce adolescent access to diverted medical marijuana. Future studies should examine patterns of medical marijuana diversion and use in general population adolescents.

The longitudinal risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection following adolescent substance treatment is not known. Therefore, it is not known if adolescent substance treatment should include HIV prevention interventions. To address this important research gap, this study evaluates the longitudinal prevalence and predictors of injection drug use (IDU) and sex risk behaviors among adolescents in substance treatment.Participants were 260 adolescents (13-18 years) in substance treatment and 201 community control adolescents (11-19 years). Participants were assessed at baseline and follow-up (mean time between assessments = 6.9 years for the clinical sample and 5.6 years for the community control sample). Outcomes included self-report lifetime history of IDU, number of lifetime sex partners and frequency of unprotected sexual intercourse.At baseline, 7.5% of the clinical sample, compared to 1.0% of the community control sample had a lifetime history of IDU (χ12=10.53, p = .001). At follow-up, 17.4% of the clinical sample compared to 0% of the community control sample had a lifetime history of IDU (χ12=26.61, p = .0005). The number of baseline substance use disorders and onset age of marijuana use significantly predicted the presence of lifetime IDU at follow-up, after adjusting for baseline age, race, and sex. The clinical sample reported more lifetime sex partners and more frequent unprotected sex than the community control sample at baseline and follow-up.Many adolescents in substance treatment develop IDU and report persistent risky sex. Effective risk reduction interventions for adolescents in substance treatment are needed that address both IDU and risky sex.

Background The prevalence of medical marijuana diversion among adolescents in substance treatment and the relationship between medical marijuana diversion and marijuana attitudes, availability, peer disapproval, frequency of use and substance-related problems are not known. Methods 80 adolescents (15–19 years) in outpatient substance treatment in Denver, Colorado, completed an anonymous questionnaire developed for the study and the Drug Use Screening Inventory-Revised (DUSI-R). The proportion ever obtaining marijuana from someone with a medical marijuana license was calculated. Those ever obtaining marijuana from someone with a medical marijuana license were compared to those never obtaining medical marijuana with respect to marijuana attitudes, availability, peer disapproval, frequency of use, DUSI-R substance use problem and overall problem score using Chi-Square analyses and independent t -tests. Results 39 (48.8%) reported ever obtaining marijuana from someone with a medical marijuana license. A significantly greater proportion of those reporting medical marijuana diversion, compared to those who did not, reported very easy marijuana availability, no friend disapproval of regular marijuana use and greater than 20 times of marijuana use per month over the last year. The diversion group compared to the no diversion group also reported more substance use problems and overall problems on the DUSI-R. Conclusions Diversion of medical marijuana is common among adolescents in substance treatment. These data support a relationship between medical marijuana exposure and marijuana availability, social norms, frequency of use, substance-related problems and general problems among teens in substance treatment. Adolescent substance treatment should address the impact of medical marijuana on treatment outcomes.

Objective To evaluate the effect of atomoxetine hydrochloride versus placebo on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorder (SUD) in adolescents receiving motivational interviewing/cognitive behavioral therapy (MI/CBT) for SUD. Method This single-site, randomized, controlled trial was conducted between December 2005 and February 2008. Seventy adolescents (13 through 19 years of age) with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) (DSM-IV) ADHD, a DSM-IV ADHD checklist score greater than or equal to 22, and at least one nontobacco SUD were recruited from the community. All subjects received 12 weeks of atomoxetine hydrochloride + MI/CBT versus placebo + MI/CBT. The main outcome measure for ADHD was self-report DSM-IV ADHD checklist score. For SUD, the main outcome was self-report number of days used nontobacco substances in the past 28 days using the Timeline Followback interview. Results Change in ADHD scores did not differ between atomoxetine + MI/CBT and placebo + MI/CBT (F4,191 = 1.23, p=.2975). Change in days used nonnicotine substances in the last 28 days did not differ between groups (F3,100 = 2.06, p=.1103). Conclusions There was no significant difference between the atomoxetine + MI/CBT and placebo + MI/CBT groups in ADHD or substance use change. The MI/CBT and/or a placebo effect may have contributed to a large treatment response in the placebo group. Clinical Trials Registry Information—A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Atomoxetine for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents with Substance Use Disorder. URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00399763.

To explore change in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk among teens in outpatient treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs).From December 2002 to August 2004, 50 adolescents (13-19 years) with major depressive disorder, conduct disorder, and one or more non-nicotine SUD completed the Teen Health Survey (THS) at the beginning and end of 16 weeks of outpatient cognitive behavioral SUD treatment, which included a one-session HIV intervention. Changes in THS scale scores and specific item responses targeted by the intervention were assessed with paired t tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests.Pre/post mean THS scores significantly improved for two subscales: Measures of HIV Information (14.8-17.6; p.001) and Beliefs about Condom Use (17.6-18.5; p.05). Analyses of specific items showed trends for improvement in intentions to carry condoms and in the number of teens who obtained condoms. Not all of the risks targeted by the intervention showed significant change, but no change was observed in any area that was not specifically targeted.Results from this preliminary study are consistent with the need for specific assessment and targeted intervention to reduce HIV risk in outpatient adolescent SUD treatment.