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Generation of soil water content data takes place in numerous research institutions across Europe, each arranging, describing and implementing its data collection in ways that fit purposes, conventions, standards, terminologies, and limitations specific to their case. This practice drives data consumers into a maze of portals, services, people, and ad hoc approaches, while data – when eventually obtained - is often interpretable in different ways, depending on where it comes from.The situation could improve by making data and metadata more FAIR across institutions. Hence, the effort of ENVRI-FAIR to harmonise data and services, part of which is the presented use case that gathered the contribution of six research entities: LifeWatch ERIC, AnaEE, ICOS, SIOS, DANUBIUS-RI, and eLTER. A means to improve FAIRness is the stack of semantic web technologies, which add semantics to metadata schemata, dataset structures, and data itself. Semantics allow data consumers to search for data using their preferred terms, to interpret search results correctly, and to link together data of different provenance in order to reuse it. Data querying and processing also become more meaningful with semantics, as all fields and values now refer or map to a common semantic model, creating a single network of (meta)data (Knowledge Graph). Eventually, all nodes and links of the graph carry meaning and are potentially queryable from a single endpoint, even if they may partly reside in separate repositories.The solution we implemented makes use of a semantic model, a set of queries to retrieve information from the model, and a web application to run the queries and serve the output. The model is constructed as a mash-up of new and existing semantic entities and relationships. Entities of the graph were initially defined based on the netCDF structure of the AnaEE data series, a number of complex search queries submitted in text by the project participants, and a list of concepts to describe soil data context. The entities were then connected structurally, either with OWL and RDFS properties or with ad hoc relationships, working principally in agreement with the participants, who acted as domain experts, data producers, and data consumers. Eventually, entities were mapped to or replaced by externally defined ones from well-established and recognised semantic artefacts. The reused components of the graph include ontologies, controlled vocabularies for application interoperability and for domain expertise (e.g., the AnaEE thesaurus, DCAT, GeoSPARQL), and the SKOS model for linking domain thesauri.The final service is a desktop web application – a dashboard - built with Angular framework and with a semantic graph database (GraphDB) at its backend, and serves as an entry point for (meta)data in the model. Among others, users may search for datasets by type of soil texture or pedological class in the site where data was collected, or they may search using terms from the thesaurus of their preference. Spatial search and dataset location are also enabled, while results are aggregated in tables and histograms and they are visually rendered on an interactive map.

Soil water content (SWC) is a key variable in many ecosystem processes as the vegetation dynamic, the biogeochemical cycles, water balance, soil physical properties. However, SWC presents very strong spatial variations linked to the heterogeneity of the soil, the vegetation,climatic conditions and relief. This variability is also temporal, linked to the temporal dynamics of plant cover and climate. In situ measurement methods are very local, requiring large, expensive and intrusive sampling. Modelling therefore remains an essential tool for providing a representation of soil moisture at scales of interest for many applications (hydrology, ecology, agronomy). Models are nevertheless relatively complex and require a large number of contextual variables, such as the local climate, plant cover and its rooting, soil properties and topography. It is therefore important to be able to surround the soil moisture measurements by the acquisition of contextual variables that allow the interpretation of the measurements and feed the models. For this purpose, research infrastructures offer favourable framework that is complementary to existing networks by producing both quality soil moisture measurements and by describing the context variables. A use case dedicated to SWC was conducted in the frame of the ENVRI-FAIR project involving the main environmental Research Infrastructures having sites measuring SWC: AnaEE, eLTER, LifeWatch, ICOS, DANUBIUS and SIOS. A first step of the use case was to identify users’ needs, by defining criteria to identify relevant datasets and useful metadata to document the datasets. A survey was done with about 100 answers. The main foreseen uses are environmental model calibration, data assimilation, remote sensing product calibration, global change studies and environmental monitoring. To use SWC data, the main information expected by the users are soil characteristics, the geolocation and the ecosystem type. Concerning the availability of contextual variables, the climate, the soil physical characteristics and ecosystem managements were mentioned as the most important. From that survey, a semantic model was proposed to determine and name the main metadata that are used by the querying tools and the dataset description. The EML standard was used for metadata discovery and the LifeWatch ERIC Metatada Catalogue was used to collect a dataset from each involved Research Infrastructure and ensure the interoperability. Even if the metadata fields provided by the EML standard sufficiently describe the SWC datasets, they have shown limitation for advanced queries on the existence of contextual variables or on the datasets exploitation metadata and thus a dedicated portal was developed for advanced searches. DCAT model and its extension developed in the frame of ENVRI-FAIR was preferred whenever possible and all metadata were gathered in a RDF triple store. The metadata collection flows and the alignment of the vocabularies were important issues. The availability of the metadata through machine to machine process was analysed and Recommendations to data providers to annotate their datasets were also given. These concerns the dataset description itself but also the site description that holds part of the useful information. An evaluation of the vocabulary alignment effort was assessed considering both automatic and the remaining manual alignments.

Research infrastructures play an increasingly essential role in scientific research. They provide rich data sources for scientists, such as services and software packages, via catalog and virtual research environments. However, such research infrastructures are typically domain-specific and often not connected. Accordingly, researchers and practitioners face fundamental challenges introduced by fragmented knowledge from heterogeneous, autonomous sources with complicated and uncertain relations in particular research domains. Additionally, the exponential growth rate of knowledge in a specific domain surpasses human experts’ ability to formalize and capture tacit and explicit knowledge efficiently. Thus, a knowledge management system is required to discover knowledge effectively, automate the knowledge acquisition based on artificial intelligence approaches, integrate the captured knowledge, and deliver consistent knowledge to agents, research communities, and end-users. In this study, we present the development process of a knowledge management system for ENVironmental Research Infrastructures, which are crucial pillars for environmental scientists in their quest for understanding and interpreting the complex Earth System. Furthermore, we report the challenges we have faced and discuss the lessons learned during the development process.

The study of ecosystem characteristics and functioning requires multidisciplinary approaches and mobilises multiple research teams. Data are collected or computed in large quantity but are most often poorly standardised and therefore heterogeneous. In this context the development of semantic interoperability is a major challenge for the sharing and reuse of these data. This objective is implemented within the framework of the AnaEE (Analysis and Experimentation on Ecosystems) Research Infrastructure dedicated to experimentation on ecosystems and biodiversity. A distributed Information System (IS) is developed, based on the semantic interoperability of its components using common vocabularies (AnaeeThes thesaurus and OBOE-based ontology extended for disciplinary needs) for modelling observations and their experimental context. The modelling covers the measured variables, the different components of the experimental context, from sensor and plot to network. It consists in the atomic decomposition of the observations, identifying the observed entities, their characteristics and qualification, naming standards and measurement units. This modelling allows the semantic annotation of relational databases and flat files for the production of graph databases. A first pipeline is developed for the automation of the annotation process and the production of the semantic data, annotation that may represent a huge conceptual and practical work without such automation. A second pipeline is devoted to the exploitation of these semantic data through the generation i) of standardized GeoDCAT and ISO metadata records and ii) of data files (NetCDF format) from selected perimeters (experimental sites, years, experimental factors, measured variables...). Carried out on all the data generated by the experimental platforms, this practice will produce semantically interoperable data that meets the linked opendata standards. The work carried out contributes to the development and use of semantic vocabularies within the ecology research community. The genericity of the tools make them usable in different contexts of ontologies and databases.

L’infrastructure nationale de recherche IN-SYLVA France rassemble les acteurs français publics et privés de la recherche forestière en génétique, sylviculture et des cycles biogéochimiques (https://www6.inrae.fr/in-sylva-france/). Elle fédère i) les réseaux d'expérimentations in situ tempérés et tropicaux gérés (5000 essais expérimentaux sur 4000 ha), ii) les laboratoires analytiques (écologie fonctionnelle, propriétés du bois et génomique) ainsi que iii) les ressources numériques pour la gestion des données et la modélisation. Un des enjeux majeur de cette infrastructure est fédérer les Systèmes d'Information (SI) des différentes composantes d’IN-SYLVA France pour le porter à connaissance des ressources et services offerts par l’infrastructure, la structuration de ces services, leur accessibilité et leur interopérabilité. Le projet a permis de construire le cahier des charges du Système d’Information de IN-SYLVA France, d’évaluer les solutions techniques développées pour des projets de même nature, d’initier le développement du portail IN-SYLVA France et de son alimentation, d’élaborer les standards pour les métadonnées et les référentiels, et enfin de soutenir le développement des SI des partenaires pour l'alimentation du portail et l'accès aux données. Au-delà, le travail conduit pour le développement du SI a significativement contribué à renforcer les échanges entre partenaires sur les problématiques de gestion des données/métadonnées pour leur partage et réutilisation et à acculturer la communauté IN-SYLVA France à des pratiques de gestion des données vertueuses pour le développement d’une science plus ouverte. L’infrastructure IN-SYLVA France et le travail réalisé sur la gestion des connaissances ont été présentés au congrès forestier mondial de 2019. Les codes développés sont hébergés sur la forge ‘forgemia’ de INRAE. le Cahier des charges du SI IN-SYLVA France, ainsi que les référentiels partagés pour l’expérimentation forestière sylvicole et de génétique sont disponibles sur le site https://data.inrae.fr/dataverse/.

International audience; In this letter, a reconfigurable unit-cell for transmitarray antenna working at X-band is presented. It is designed to provide 1-bit phase quantization using p-i-n diodes. The unit-cell is based on multi-layer frequency selective surfaces with the use of two substrates and a combination of a C-patch and a ring slot loaded by a rectangular gap. It is optimized using full-wave electromagnetic simulation and verified by using waveguide simulator. The experimental results show that the unit-cell provides two values of transmission phase with a step of 180° at 11.5 GHz. Furthermore, the unit-cell has a low thickness of 0.19 lambda 0 , and is low-cost and easy to fabricate.

International audience; We investigate the performance of a fast reconstruction algorithm based a Backpropagation algorithm for 3D Microwave Imaging of Body Part Anomalies.

International audience; Adaptation is a major stake of forest management in the climate change context The genetic diversity of forest trees confers them a huge – yet not boundless – adaptive potential Taking evolutionary mechanisms into account in adaptive forest management practices will reinforce the capacity of managed forests to respond to climate-induced changes and hazards By laying the emphasis on forests under natural regeneration conditions,we propose a general conceptual framework that includes knowledge on these mechanisms in decision- making processes, in a silvicultural approach through and for evolution This general framework will encompass diverse and complex local situations by relying on knowledge of local contexts from forest managers. We developed a simple analysis grid based on a small number of parameters characterising evolutionary mechanisms to understand the impact of silvicultural practices on the genetic diversity dynamics and the maintenance of the evolutionary potential of forest tree populations After recalling the current state of knowledge on the evolutionary mechanisms of forest trees, we examined the expected effects of current or innovative silvicultural practices on these mechanisms To illustrate the complexity of these interacting mechanisms, we further studied the evolutionary consequences of biotic interactions and of interactions in a highly heterogeneous environment Silviculture through and for evolution can contribute to the adaptation of forests to climate change This will require combining short-term and long-term objectives We further propose lines ofresearch and experimentation to support this approach.; L’adaptation est un enjeu majeur de la gestion forestière dans le contexte du changement climatique La diversité génétique qui caractérise les arbres forestiers leur confère un potentiel adaptatif très important mais pas illimité Prendre en compte les mécanismes de l’évolution dans les pratiques de gestion forestière adaptative renforcera la capacité des forêts gérées à répondre aux changements et aux aléas induits par le climat. En mettant l’accent sur le cas des forêts en régénération naturelle, nous proposons un cadre conceptuel général permettant d’intégrer la connaissance de ces mécanismes dans la prise de décision, dans une démarche de sylviculture par et pour l’évolution Ce cadre général pourra être décliné dans des situations locales diverses et complexes en s’appuyant sur la connaissance du contexte qu’ont les gestionnaires forestiers Nous développonsune grille d’analyse simple, basée sur un petit nombre de paramètres caractérisant les mécanismes de l’évolution, pour comprendre l’impact des pratiques sylvicoles sur la dynamique de la diversité génétique et le maintien du potentiel d’évolution des populations d’arbres forestiers Après avoir rappelé l’état des connaissances sur les mécanismes de l’évolution chez les arbres forestiers, nous examinons les effets attendus de pratiques forestières actuelles ou innovantes sur ces mécanismes Pour illustrer la complexité des mécanismes en interaction, nous développons plus en détail les conséquences évolutives des interactions biotiques et celles d’un environnement fortement hétérogène La sylviculture par et pour l’évolution peut contribuer à l’adaptation des forêts au changement climatique Elle nécessite de combiner des objectifs à court et à long terme Nous proposons des pistes de recherche et d’expérimentation pour accompagner cette démarche.

Dans les forêts de montagne, la croissance est limitée à haute altitude par les faibles températures, mais, en région méditerranéenne la sécheresse et les fortes températures constituent aussi un facteur limitant, cette fois-ci à basse altitude. Par ailleurs, peu d'études ont explicitement étudié les effets à court terme (annuel) et à long terme (décennal) de l'interaction entre la sylviculture et les conditions climatiques sur la croissance des arbres. Nos études sur le Ventoux ont permis d'aborder ces questions, car ce massif sous influence du climat méditerranéen présente des gradients climatiques importants avec l'altitude.

This paper deals with a detailed study of an original system dedicated to scattering measurements of millimeter waves in the ${W}$ -band. The system’s main innovations lie in its high-precision swivel arm, semianechoic environment, flexibility for positioning the object on the measurement tower, as well as the postprocessing developed to correct measurement errors. We use canonical objects, i.e., cylinders, for tests and evaluate measurement errors and system performance by comparisons with the theoretical scattered field, which has an analytical expression. For the sake of generality, we work with both vertical–vertical and horizontal–horizontal polarizations. We propose a complete workflow that performs noise suppression and positioning error correction, relying on two quantities: 1) the cutoff frequency of a low-pass filter and 2) the predetermination of the position of the device under test (DUT). The originality of our approach is that both quantities are fully defined by the measurement data without a priori knowledge of the DUT. Since different steps of the workflow are generic, it can easily be transposed to any scattering measurement system. Finally, once corrected, measurements at 75, 95, and 110 GHz exhibit signal-to-noise ratios of close to 15 dB for dielectric cylinders and up to 25 dB for metallic ones. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such values have been exhibited in the ${W}$ -band.

International audience; Phenology is a bio-indicator of climate evolution. Measurements of phenological stages on perennial species provide actually significant illustrations and assessments of the impact of climate change. Phenology is also one of the main key characteristics of the capacity of adaptation of perennial species, generating questions about its consequences on plant growth and development or on fruit quality. Predicting phenology evolution and adaptive capacities of perennial species needs to override three main methodological limitations: 1) existing observations and associated databases are scattered and sometimes incomplete, rendering difficult implementation of multi-site study of genotype-environment interaction analyses 2) there are not common protocols to observe phenological stages 3) access to generic phenological models platforms is still very limited. In this context, the PERPHECLIM project, which is funded by the Adapting Agriculture and Forestry to Climate Change Meta-Program ( ACCAF) from INRA ( French National Institute of Agronomic Research), aims to develop the necessary infrastructure at INRA level ( observatories, information system, modeling tools) to enable partners to study the phenology of various perennial species ( grapevine, fruit trees and forest trees). Currently, the PERPHECLIM project involves 28 research units in France, mainly from INRA institutes. Five activities have been developed: define protocols and observation forms to observe phenology for various species of interest for the project : organize observation training, develop generic modeling solutions to simulate phenology ( Phenological Modelling Platform software and modelling platform solutions), support the building of research projects at national and international levels, develop environment/genotype observation networks for fruit-tree species, and develop an information system to manage data and documentation concerning phenology. Finally, the PERPHECLIM project aims to build strong collaborations with public ( Observatoire des Saisons) and private ( technical institutes) sector partners in order to allow a more direct transfer of knowledge.

International audience; This article deals with microwave tomography for brain stroke imaging using state-of-the-art numerical modeling and massively parallel computing. Iterative microwave tomographic imaging requires the solution of an inverse problem based on a minimization algorithm (e.g., gradient based) with successive solutions of a direct problem such as the accurate modeling of a whole-microwave measurement system. Moreover, a sufficiently high number of unknowns is required to accurately represent the solution. As the system will be used for detecting a brain stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) as well as for monitoring during the treatment, the running times for the reconstructions should be reasonable. The method used is based on high-order finite elements, parallel preconditioners from the domain decomposition method and domain-specific language with the opensource FreeFEM++ solver.

Cypress (Cupressus sp.pl) is a genus within the Cupressaceae family. This family covers all of the Earth's continents except for Antarctica, and it includes about 160 species. The most important taxa for allergic diseases belong to five different genera: Cupressus, Hesperocyparis, Juniperus, Cryptomeria, and Chamaecyparis. Cupressaceae species share a common pollen type that can even include the genus Taxus (Taxaceae) when this plant is also present. As Juniperus oxycedrus pollinates in October, Cupressus sempervirens in January and February, Hesperocyparis arizonica (prev. Cupressus arizonica) in February and March, and Juniperus communis in April, the symptomatic period is long-lasting. Due to global warming, the pollination period tends to last longer, and there is a trend for Cupressaceae bioclimate niches to migrate north. In Mediterranean areas, C. sempervirens (Italian cypress or Mediterranean cypress) is by far the most common pollinating species. It accounts for half of the total pollination level. The group 1 major allergens belong to the pectate-lyase family, and members share 70 to 97% sequence homology within the different Cupressaceae. Group 2 allergens correspond to the polygalacturonase protein family, while group 3, a minor allergen, belongs to the family of "thaumatin-like proteins," a pathogenesis-related protein 5. Group 4 allergens are Ca++-binding protein (4 EF-hands). Aside from these four groups, about 15 other allergens have been reported. Prominent among these is a basic low-molecular mass cross-reactive allergen that was identified recently, and which is suspected to be involved in pollen food syndromes which are common with peach and citrus. The prevalence of cypress allergy in the general population ranges from 0.6 to 3%, depending on the degree of exposure to the pollen. Depending on the geographic area and the studied population, 9 to 65% of outpatients consulting an allergist may have sensitization to cypress pollen. Repeated cross-sectional studies performed at different time intervals have demonstrated a threefold increase in the percentage of cypress allergy around the Mediterranean area. Risk factors include a genetic predisposition and/or a strong exposure to pollen, and the natural history of cypress allergy allows identification of a subgroup of patients as allergic rather than atopic. Concerning the clinical expression, rhinitis is the most prevalent symptom, while conjunctivitis is the most disabling. Pharmacological treatment of cypress allergies is not different from that of other seasonal allergies. Immunotherapy has been used, initially by subcutaneous injections, but currently mostly through the sublingual route. Although clinical trials have included only a limited number of patients, it has proven effective and safe. Avoidance can be implemented at the individual level, as well as at the community level, through the use of alternative plants, low-pollinating cypresses, or by trimming hedges before pollination.

International audience; Brain strokes are one of the leading causes of disability and mortality in adults in developed countries. The ischemic stroke (85% of total cases) and hemorrhagic stroke (15%) must be treated with opposing therapies, thus the nature of the stroke must be determined quickly in order to apply the appropriate treatment. Recent studies in biomedical imaging have shown that strokes produce variations in the complex electric permittivity of brain tissues, which can be detected by means of microwave tomography. Here we present some synthetic results obtained with an experimental microwave tomography-based portable system for the early detection and monitoring of brain strokes. The determination of electric permittivity first requires the solution of a coupled forward-inverse problem. We make use of massive parallel computation from domain decomposition method and regularization techniques for optimization methods. Synthetic data are obtained with electromagnetic simulations corrupted by noise, which have been derived from measurements errors of the experimental imaging system. Results demonstrate the possibility to detect hemorrhagic strokes with microwave systems when applying the proposed reconstruction algorithm with edge preserving regularization.

National audience

ISBN 978-981-13-7086-1 ISSN : 1876-1100; International audience; We present an efficient approch for reconstructing images of small objects and Foreign Objects Debris (FODs) from scattered field synthetic data and measurements in W-band (75-110 GHZ), taking advantages of spatial and polarization diversities, and process them with either qualitative or quantitative inverse methods. The target application is FOD detection for airport runways. We investigate FOD detection and identification capabilities through two approaches: a quantitative reconstruction under 2D assumption and qualitative reconstruction using a Backpropagation algorithm (BP). Most existing systems are monostatic but rapid advances in millimeter-wave technologies make it realistic to imagine the deployment of multistatic radars on either side of airport runways. In the following, we investigate the contribution of multistatic measurements, on the reconstruction of typical debris, courtesy of DGAC (French Civil Aviation).

International audience; The motivation of this work is the detection of cerebrovascular accidents by microwave tomographic imaging. This requires the solution of an inverse problem relying on a minimization algorithm (for example, gradient-based), where successive iterations consist in repeated solutions of a direct problem. The reconstruction algorithm is extremely computationally intensive and makes use of efficient parallel algorithms and high-performance computing. The feasibility of this type of imaging is conditioned on one hand by an accurate reconstruction of the material properties of the propagation medium and on the other hand by a considerable reduction in simulation time. Fulfilling these two requirements will enable a very rapid and accurate diagnosis. From the mathematical and numerical point of view, this means solving Maxwell's equations in time-harmonic regime by appropriate domain decomposition methods, which are naturally adapted to parallel architectures.

Scattering properties of millimeter waves (mmW) remain relatively unknown compared to lower frequency bands, although their study is of interest considering the increasing number of civil applications, especially in the $W$ -band. In this communication, we present an efficient measurement setup that provides scattering measurements with spatial and polarization diversities. The targeted application is foreign object debris (FOD) detection and identification for surveillance of airport runways. Most existing systems are monostatic but rapid advances in mmW technology pushes toward the deployment of multistatic radars on either side of airport runways. In the following, we investigate the contribution of multistatic measurements with a special focus on the reconstruction of glass and brake pad debris, courtesy of DGAC (French civil aviation). We also present an efficient approach for making images of FODs. For this, we process scattered field measurements with an additive (with respect to polarization) backpropagation algorithm. First images include all measured points taken from the upper hemisphere. In order to get closer to the final application, we restrict the field of view to receivers facing the transmitter. Both approaches provide very good shape reconstruction of the glass debris and the central zone of the brake pad. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that full-3-D measurements have been conducted on FODs in the $W$ -band. It is also the first example of a 3-D qualitative image of FOD obtained from measured data in the $W$ -band.

International audience; The influence on the complex permittivity of cultivars (varieties), maturation, quality indices (e.g. soluble solids content), moisture or temperature can be used for sensing and monitoring for developing new generation of sensors for a nondestructive control of agricultural products for improving quality. The main application concerns here apples. The study includes modeling, simulations and measurements of the scattered field in far and near-field zones (excluding the interactive zone) regions of apples to check the feasibility of monitoring apple growth, maturation, quality indices and defects.

International audience; We present an innovative system dedicated to millimeter wave scattering measurements in W-band. The principal innovations are the high-precision swivel arm, use of a semi-anechoic environment, flexibility for positioning the object under study, and post-processing to correct measurement errors. Different test objects are used for evaluating the performance of the system for VV- and HH-polarizations.

International audience; Brain stroke is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. There are two types of stroke, ischemic or cerebral infarction (85% of cases) and hemorrhagic (15%). The diagnosis must be made quickly (within 3 to 4 hours after the onset of symptoms) to determine the nature of the stroke and proceed to treatment. Recent works have shown the modification of the complex permittivity according to the nature of stroke [1] in the microwave domain. We are interested here in the detection of brain strokes using microwave tomography. We present results obtained by electromagnetic simulations coupled to a realistic noise model of measurements. The forward problem is based on a massively parallel computing using domain decomposition method, and an inverse problem based on L-BFGS algorithm with a regularization based on total variation (TV).

Humans now spent most of their time indoor where they can be exposed to various aerocontaminants, among which pollen. The question of remanence of pollen grains indoor is important because allergic patients could get symptoms from these indoor pollen far away from the pollination period but the temporal relationship between both phenomenons is poorly documented. In this study, we monitored pollen counts both in house dust samples and outdoor pollen traps during the whole pollen season in Southern France and computed the influx and remanence of various pollen species throughout the pollen season. Five families living in the same street volunteered to participate. Monitoring of indoor pollen counts was performed at four occasions through sampling of house dust from the living room. During the same period, outdoor pollen counts were monitored using a Burkard pollen trap. Pollens from 73 taxa were identified on the house dust samples collected indoor. For each pollen type, indoor pollen count dynamics were consistent with the observed pollen counts in Burkard traps over the whole pollination period. Two groups of pollen types can be defined on the basis of these results: the first group includes Platanus, Quercus and Cupressaceae which exhibit high remanence and a low penetration, and the second group contains species with high penetration but various remanence. Date of sampling was the main factor affecting penetration coefficients very low in winter, to moderate in spring and huge in summer. Pollen type, housing and sampling time period have bearing on penetration and remanence of pollen grains indoor.

AnaEE France - L'apport de l'expérimentation à l'étude de la biodiversité. Séminaire Ecoscope : Données et évaluation de la biodiversité. Quels enjeux, quels défis ?

International audience; Dielectric properties or permittivity of agricultural products, such as fruits, are of interest for several reasons. Theinfluence on the complex permittivity of cultivars (varieties), maturation, quality indices (e.g. soluble solids content), moisture or temperature can be used for sensing and monitoring for developing new generation of sensors for improving quality control of agricultural products. The application here concerns the nondestructive control of apples. The main idea of the study is to model, simulate and measure the scattered field in far and near-field zones (excluding the interactive zone) regions of apples to check the feasibility of monitoring apple growth, maturation, quality indices and defects of from scattered field measurements.

Highlights:• The climate-radial growth relationship of fir is studied along altitudinal gradients.• Summer drought of current and previous years is the main factor limiting fir growth.• Spring drought of the previous year is correlated with higher growth.• The climate-growth relationship varies among fir stands but not among trees.• The recent climate change has not altered the fir growth response to climate.Abstract:Tree ring widths provide very useful information to assess factors controlling tree radial growth and to estimate future growth trajectories under climate change. Radial growth variability has already been largely studied among tree populations that experience different environmental conditions and was most recently analyzed among individuals within populations. In the present study we assessed, over the 1960–2011 period, the growth response of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) individuals originating from ten populations located along two altitudinal gradients (1000–1600 m a.s.l.) in the south east of France. Tree ring increments were estimated from wood cores collected from 129 adult trees. Results showed that (i) 30% of the growth variance among individuals was explained by competition; (ii) the climates of both the current and previous years were correlated with growth. Most of the climatic variables affecting growth were consistent with those identified in previous studies and with the known physiology of the species: negative effects of summer drought of the current and past years as well as a positive effect of the spring temperature of the current year. However in our study, fir growth was also enhanced by previous year spring droughts. The growth responses to precipitation, temperature, and, relative humidity of the current and previous years varied between sites and/or altitudinal levels, reflecting population acclimation by plasticity or genetic adaptation to local conditions. By contrast, only summer rainfall induced variable responses between individual trees, result attributed to the edaphic micro local heterogeneity. The recent climate change did not significantly alter the fir growth response to climate.

International audience; Key message Silver fir transplantations along elevational gradients revealed a high diversity but no local adaptation. Populations displayed similar abilities to adapt to new environments including those due to climate change. Context The sustainability of forest stands depends on the ability of species and communities to adapt by combining plasticity and genetic evolution. Although well-documented at the scale of species distributions, the variability and adaptation of forest tree genetic resources are less understood at the short-distance scale. Aims We analysed the effects of genetic and environmental factors on the local-scale phenotypic diversity of traits related to adaptation in Abies alba. We also sought to highlight local adaptation, revealing past selection. Methods Six adaptive traits related to growth, phenology and survival were measured on seedlings from 57 half-sib families collected from 15 provenances and planted in a nine-site reciprocal transplant experiment distributed along three elevational gradients. Results Most part of the phenotypic variability was attributed to the environmental factors. Provenances and families had also significant effects on seedling performances, but the genetic variability was mostly attributed to the families. No pattern of local adaptation was observed, except in the presence of lateral branches in the driest garden. Conclusion The absence of local adaptation suggests a similar ability of all silver fir populations to develop in the various environments. This result provides favourable conditions for coping with the ongoing climate change without exotic resources enrichment.

International audience; This communication investigates a bi-static scattering measurement system for mm-Wave imaging purposes in the W-band (75-110 GHz). The main benefit of using millimeter waves is the high resolution provided by short wavelengths (2.7 to 4 mm). The specific interest in the W-band stems from the increasing number of applications. The system provides multi-frequency, multi-view (multiple receiver positions) data at a single incidence, as the emitter is fixed. In the context of future imaging applications, we seek high accuracy in the measurements. For this, we compare the experimental results obtained from two PEC cylinders with the analytic solution. Raw measurement data have been calibrated during postprocessing in order to account for misalignment errors and noise of the measurement system. Therefore the large cylinder is used as the reference target for deriving the calibration coefficients and the small cylinder is used as a test object. Averaged values of the signal-to-noise ratio over the W-band are 15.5 dB and 10 dB for the large and the small cylinder, respectively. Measurement results are used for the first time in W-band for quantitative imaging.

International audience; State-of-the-art radomes exploit frequency selective mediaso as to be transparent for the frequencies of the antenna protectedby them and opaque to other frequencies. This feature helps inreducing the radar cross section of the antenna and in protecting it frominterference. The study of a frequency selective radome is a dauntingtask, since the radome is usually large in terms of wavelengths, hencefull wave analyses are prohibitive. In this paper an approximatetechnique, based on the physical optics concept, is proposed to attainan estimation of the behavior of a radome shielded antenna in a shorttime with a commonly available computer. Results are validatedagainst a full wave technique over a relatively small radome.

Seed production is a strong indicator of plant fitness and plays a major role in population dynamics. However, the environmental and Seed production is a strong indicator of plant fitness and plays a major role in population dynamics. However, the environmental and endogenous factors driving seed production are still poorly described and are often hard to disentangle. Consequently, we combined principal components analysis and mixed-effects linear models that can consider the multicollinearity of the explanatory variables and quantify their respective influence on the spatio-temporal variability in reproduction. We applied this method to analyze the relationships between cone production in Abies alba Mill. trees (6829 individual reports of cone production). We estimated the relationships between cone production and climate, elevation, tree size (diameter and height), age, crown defoliation rate, and past radial growth. We found that the distribution of annual cone production was highly skewed; 21% of the trees did not produce any cones, whereas 3.7% produced more than 100 cones in a single year. Among the endogenous factors, tree size explained 57% of the variation in cone production with large trees being the most productive. Low radial growth rates in previous years were mostly associated with higher cone production (14% of the variation), while elevation and crown defoliation had non-monotonic effects on reproduction. Finally, years of high cone production were strongly correlated with the difference between the April temperatures of the two previous years and were also associated with a dry spring 2 yr prior to cone production followed by a humid spring the previous year. These results highlight the complexity of the abiotic and biotic factors involved in reproduction and their respective and interactive influence on the interannual and interindividual variability in cone production.endogenous factors driving seed production are still poorly described and are often hard to disentangle. Consequently, we combined principal components analysis and mixed-effects linear models that can consider the multicollinearity of the explanatory variables and quantify their respective influence on the spatio-temporal variability in reproduction. We applied this method to analyze the relationships between cone production in Abies alba Mill. trees (6829 individual reports of cone production). We estimated the relationships between cone production and climate, elevation, tree size (diameter and height), age, crown defoliation rate, and past radial growth. We found that the distribution of annual cone production was highly skewed; 21% of the trees did not produce any cones, whereas 3.7% produced more than 100 cones in a single year. Among the endogenous factors, tree size explained 57% of the variation in cone production with large trees being the most productive. Low radial growth rates in previous years were mostly associated with higher cone production (14% of the variation), while elevation and crown defoliation had non-monotonic effects on reproduction. Finally, years of high cone production were strongly correlated with the difference between the April temperatures of the two previous years and were also associated with a dry spring 2 yr prior to cone production followed by a humid spring the previous year. These results highlight the complexity of the abiotic and biotic factors involved in reproduction and their respective and interactive influence on the interannual and interindividual variability in cone production.

National audience; Due to the major technological advances both in genomics and phenomics, it is now possible to quickly obtain large amounts of data at low cost. One of the consequences is the critical need for data management, with the opportunity to make these datasets interoperable, thus enhancing their reuse and enrichment. GnpIS[1] is an original information system (IS) able to manage these data. It was designed to integrate and link genetic, genomic, phenomic and environmental data into a single environment, allowing plant (crops and forest trees) and fungi researchers to store, query and explore information from different angles. Here I will present the “Forest tree GnpIS”, a GnpIS focused on forest tree data. The forest tree resources are accessible through a web portal (https://urgi.versailles.inra.fr/gnpis/). This main entry point is a google-like search, a tool using keywords for data discovery. The bird’s eye view obtained allows navigation through the data with dedicated tools facilitating more specific queries and data retrieval. Cards were developed to gather all representative information on major elements (accession, markers, trials …). This IS is regularly improved with new functionalities answering specific needs raised by scientists and released several times a year. Data are supplied by local sources (files and databases) produced and managed by research teams. In order to make data submission easier, workflows are implemented to automate data flow: 1) extraction from local sources and insertion in GnpIS, 2) extraction from GnpIS and insertion into international IS (such as Evoltree eLab). Ash, pine, spruce, willow, poplar and oak data (genetic resources, phenotypes, genotypes, polymorphisms and genetic maps) have been integrated into this forest IS (https://urgi.versailles.inra.fr/Species/Forest-trees/Database-overview). It is possible from a genome browser and its annotation to access genetic maps results (via markers and QTL) and from a QTL for a trait of interest to get the phenotyping results of this trait and to select the accessions with the most interesting results. To refine your selection, you can study the accessions pedigree and genotyping results. Integration of the data produced within the French Common Garden network (over 1,000 trials with genotypes gathered from ~15 species) is in progress and data from other species are expected soon.